8 resultados para Pb isótopos

em Universidad Politécnica de Madrid


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The Stark full widths at half of the maximal line intensity (FWHM, ω) have been measured for 25 spectrallines of PbIII (15 measured for the first time) arising from the 5d106s8s, 5d106s7p, 5d106s5f and 5d106s5g electronic configurations, in a lead plasma produced by ablation with a Nd:YAG laser. The optical emission spectroscopy from a laser-induced plasma generated by a 10 640 Å radiation, with an irradiance of 2 × 1010 W cm− 2 on a lead target (99.99% purity) in an atmosphere of argon was analysed in the wavelength interval between 2000 and 7000 Å. The broadening parameters were obtained with the target placed in argon atmosphere at 6 Torr and 400 ns after each laser light pulse, which provides appropriate measurement conditions. A Boltzmann plot was used to obtain the plasma temperature (21,400 K) and published values of the Starkwidths in Pb I, Pb II and PbIII to obtain the electron number density (7 × 1016 cm− 3); with these values, the plasma composition was determined by means of the Saha equation. Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) conditions and plasma homogeneity has been checked. Special attention was dedicated to the possible self-absorption of the different transitions. Comparison of the new results with recent available data is also presented.

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Transitionprobabilities and oscillatorstrengths of 176 spectral lines with astrophysical interest arising from 5d10ns (n = 7,8), 5d10np (n = 6,7), 5d10nd (n = 6,7), 5d105f, 5d105g, 5d10nh (n = 6,7,8), 5d96s2, and 5d96s6p configurations, and radiativelifetimes for 43 levels of PbIV, have been calculated. These values were obtained in intermediate coupling (IC) and using relativistic Hartree–Fock calculations including core-polarization effects. For the IC calculations, we use the standard method of least-square fitting from experimental energy levels by means of the Cowan computer code. The inclusion in these calculations of the 5d107p and 5d105f configurations has facilitated a complete assignment of the energy levels in the PbIV. Transitionprobabilities, oscillatorstrengths, and radiativelifetimes obtained are generally in good agreement with the experimental data.

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Pb17Li is today a reference breeder material in diverse fusion R&D programs worldwide. Extracting dynamic and structural properties of liquid LiPb mixtures via molecular dynamics simulations, represent a crucial step for multiscale modeling efforts in order to understand the suitability of this compound for future Nuclear Fusion technologies. At present a Li-Pb cross potential is not available in the literature. Here we present our first results on the validation of two semi-empirical potentials for Li and Pb in liquid phase. Our results represent the establishment of a solid base as a previous but crucial step to implement a LiPb cross potential. Structural and thermodynamical analyses confirm that the implemented potentials for Li and Pb are realistic to simulate both elements in the liquid phase.

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En la presente tesis se estudian los contenidos geoquímicos de los sedimentos de llanura de inundación en diversas cuencas fluviales seleccionadas con el objetivo de contribuir a un mejor conocimiento de sus condiciones medioambientales. En cada cuenca, se ha muestreado un perfil vertical de llanura de inundación, dividiéndolo en tramos que generalmente corresponden a diferentes episodios de inundación. Estos sedimentos se depositan durante los episodios de crecidas una vez que la corriente sobrepasa los límites del canal. Se caracterizan normalmente por tener un tamaño de grano fino y una estructura en capas horizontales que corresponden a los sucesivos episodios de inundación. Muestran dos ventajas principales con respecto a otros medios de muestreo en geoquímica como suelos o sedimentos de corriente: • Pueden almacenar sedimento antiguo así como actual, con lo que se puede estudiar la historia geoquímica de una zona específica en un mismo punto de muestreo (perfil vertical). • Los sedimentos de llanuras de inundación son capaces de caracterizar grandes áreas de drenaje. El origen de los sedimentos es más diverso que en el sedimento de corriente, debido a las mayores áreas de donde proceden las aguas de las avenidas. Las cuencas han sido seleccionadas según las actividades antropogénicas que en ellas se llevan a cabo, en concreto, actividades urbanas e industriales, minería y agricultura. Así mismo, se han estudiado, como referencia, dos cuencas donde no se espera encontrar ningún tipo de actividad contaminante. Una vez hecha la selección, los sedimentos aluviales de las cuencas se han estudiado cuidadosamente para asegurar que no existen depósitos de acreción lateral en el punto seleccionado. Posteriormente se ha procedido al muestreo del perfil vertical. Las muestras han sido analizadas mediante ICP-MS (ataque total) e INAA para conocer los contenidos totales de los elementos traza y mayoritarios. Los análisis de la fracción extraíble se han llevado a cabo mediante ICP-MS (ataque con agua regia). Así mismo, algunas muestras seleccionadas han sido sometidas a una extracción secuencial para un estudio más detallado. La presencia de materia orgánica ha sido estimada mediante el análisis de Carbono Orgánico Total (TOC). Finalmente, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de isótopos de Pb en muestras escogidas en los perfiles, con el objetivo de hacer una evaluación ambiental. Los contenidos metálicos aumentan hacia la superficie en algunos de los perfiles, mientras en otros muestran una distribución muy constante exceptuando algún nivel específico con un aumento de los contenidos de la mayoría de los metales. Ha sido posible determinar la influencia de las actividades antropogénicas en algunos de los perfiles. Aquellos que pertenecen a cuencas mineras, urbanas o industrializadas muestran generalmente altos contenidos en elementos metálicos. Es el caso de los perfiles muestreados en los ríos Odiel y Tinto, Besaya, Besós y Manzanares. Algunos de estos perfiles pueden incluso correlacionarse con periodos de tiempo en los que ha tenido lugar una actividad antropogénica más intensa. Los perfiles que mejor se correlacionan con la actividad antropogénica de la cuenca son el perfil de Rivas en el río Manzanares (Madrid), que refleja un crecimiento de la contaminación producida por las actividades urbana e industrial en las últimas décadas, y el río Tinto, que muestra un crecimiento llamativo de los contenidos en su mayoría metálicos que puede estar relacionado con el incremento de la actividad minera que tuvo lugar hace aproximadamente 125 años. El análisis de los isótopos de Pb ha resultado ser una herramienta útil en la evaluación ambiental de estos sedimentos. Con este estudio y mediante la comparación con fuentes naturales y antropogénicas, ha sido posible diferenciar las muestras afectadas por diferentes fuentes de plomo, así como detectar las más afectadas antropogénicamente. ABSTRACT The geochemical composition of overbank sediments of some selected river basins is studied in this thesis in order to contribute to a better knowledge of the environmental conditions surrounding them. In each basin a vertical overbank profile has been sampled, dividing it into stretches that usually correspond to different flood events. The overbank sediments are those deposited during a flood event once the flow spills over the channel banks. They are usually characterized by a very fine grain size and a structure of horizontal layers, which correspond to successive flood events. These sediments show two main advantages regarding other sampling media in geochemistry, like soils or stream sediments: • They can store sediment deposited in the past as well as in current times, so that the history of a specific location can be studied at the very same point (vertical profile). • The overbank sediments are able to characterize a large drainage area. The origin of the sediment is wider than in the stream sediments due to the larger areas where the flood water comes from. The basins have been selected depending on the anthropogenic activities developed in them, namely, urban and industrial activities, mining activities and agricultural activities. As well, two pristine basins have been studied as a reference. Afterwards, the alluvial sediments in the basins have been carefully studied in order to sample a vertical profile and make sure that lateral accretion materials are not present in the profile. The samples have been analysed by ICP-MS (total digestion) and INAA to know the total contents of trace and major elements. Analysis of the mobile fraction has been carried out by ICP-MS (aqua regia); as well some of the samples have been subjected to sequential extraction for a more detailed study. The presence of organic matter has been estimated by the analysis of the Total Organic Carbon (TOC). Finally, a lead isotope analysis of some of the samples in the profiles was carried out in order to make an environmental assessment. Metal contents grow towards the surface in some of the profiles, while others show a very steady distribution, except for some of them with a growth of most of the metals in a specific level. XI It has been possible to determine the influence of the anthropogenic activities in some of the profiles. The ones that belong to mining and urban or industrialized basins show generally high contents of metal elements. This is the case of the profiles sampled in the Odiel and Tinto Rivers, the Besaya River, the Besós River and the Manzanares River. Some of these profiles can even correlate with the periods of time when a more intense activity in their respective basins has taken place. The profiles which best correlate with the anthropogenic activity are the Rivas profile in the Manzanares River, which reflects a growth of the pollution produced by urban and industrial activities in the city of Madrid in the last decades and the Tinto profile, which shows a very dramatic growth of the elemental contents (mostly metals) which can be related to the increase of the mining activities that took place in the last 125 years. The analysis of lead isotopes has turned out to be a powerful tool in the environmental assessment in this type of sediments. With this study and through the comparison with natural and anthropogenic sources, it has been possible to determine samples affected by different sources of lead and to detect the most anthropogenicaly affected ones.

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In this paper, we report calculated values of the Stark widths and shifts for 72 spectral lines of Pb v. They were calculated using the Griem semi-empirical approach. A set of wavefunctions obtained from Hartree–Fock relativistic calculations including core polarization effects was used. Stark widths and shifts corresponding to lines arising from 5d9ns (n = 7, 8), 5d9 6p, 5d9 6d and 5d9 5f configurations of Pb v. Stark widths and shifts are presented for an electron density of 1017 cm−3 and temperatures T = 1.6–5.0 (104 K). The 2142.5, 2167.9 and 2278.6 Å lines of Pb v recently measured are included in our calculations. In this case, we have included for comparison calculations without core polarization effects. There is good agreement between our calculations and the above-cited experimental values.

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Tenemos una Metodología Multiescala por medio de la cual es posible estudiar las propiedades mecanicas de los isótopos de Hidrógeno. Observamos transiciones de Fase acorde con las reportadas por estudios experimentales. Existen discontinuidades en la variación de la velocidad del sonido que deben ser mejor estudiadas. Proponemos nuevas estructuras cristalinas para el Hidrógeno en Altas Presiones P mayor que 200 Gpa.

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Ternary molybdates and tungstates ABO4 (A=Ca, Pb and B= Mo, W) are a group of materials that could be used for a variety of optoelectronic applications. We present a study of the optoelectronic properties based on first-principles using several orbitaldependent one-electron potentials applied to several orbital subspaces. The optical properties are split into chemical-species contributions in order to quantify the microscopic contributions. Furthermore, the effect of using several one-electron potentials and orbital subspaces is analyzed. From the results, the larger contribution to the optical absorption comes from the B-O transitions. The possible use as multi-gap solar cell absorbents is analyzed.

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El objetivo principal del presente proyecto es implantar un sistema de calidad en un laboratorio de caracterización de residuos, con el fin de obtener la acreditación otorgada por la Entidad Nacional de Acreditación (ENAC) como laboratorio de caracterización de residuos metalúrgicos no férreos. El sistema de calidad a implantar se basa en la Norma UNE-EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 (requisitos generales para la competencia de los laboratorios de ensayo y calibración). Se trata por tanto de determinar los principales residuos de proceso y operación, de la metalurgia del Al, Cu, Zn y Pb, para posteriormente y mediante las normas UNEEN-CEN identificar los ensayos normalizados de caracterización de dichos residuos. y adecuar dichos ensayos a la norma. Finalmente se describe el proceso de implantación del sistema de calidad basado en la citada norma, y se hace un estudio económico que incluye tanto los gastos de inversión en equipos como los gastos de operación y mantenimiento (CAPEX y OPEX). Todo ello para poder ser acreditados por un organismo como ENAC.