A characterisation of passive and active interactions and their influence on student's achievement using Moodle LMS Logs

During the last years, there has been much concern about learning management systems' (LMS) effectiveness when compared to traditional learning and about how to assess students' participation during the course. The tracking and monitoring capabilities of most recent LMS have made it possible to analyse every interaction in the system. The issues addressed on this study are: a) Is LMS student's interaction an indicator of academic performance?; b) Are different results in performance expected between distance and in-class LMS-supported education?; c) How can LMS interactions from logs be categorised?; d) May this categorisation detect 'learning witnesses'? To answer these questions, a set of interaction types from Moodle LMS activity record logs has been analysed during two years in online and in-class Master's degrees at the UPM. The results show partial or no evidence of influence between interaction indicators and academic performance, although the proposed categorisation may help detect learning witnesses.

Adaptive liquid-crystal phase-only passive devices

This PhD work is focused on liquid crystal based tunable phase devices with special emphasis on their design and manufacturing. In the course of the work a number of new manufacturing technologies have been implemented in the UPM clean room facilities, leading to an important improvement in the range of devices being manufactured in the laboratory. Furthermore, a number of novel phase devices have been developed, all of them including novel electrodes, and/or alignment layers. The most important manufacturing progress has been the introduction of reactive ion etching as a tool for achieving high resolution photolithography on indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass and quartz substrates. Another important manufacturing result is the successful elaboration of a binding protocol of anisotropic conduction adhesives. These have been employed in high density interconnections between ITO-glass and flexible printed circuits. Regarding material characterization, the comparative study of nonstoichiometric silicon oxide (SiOx) and silica (SiO2) inorganic alignment layers, as well as the relationship between surface layer deposition, layer morphology and liquid crystal electrooptical response must be highlighted, together with the characterization of the degradation of liquid crystal devices in simulated space mission environment. A wide variety of phase devices have been developed, with special emphasis on beam steerers. One of these was developed within the framework of an ESA project, and consisted of a high density reconfigurable 1D blaze grating, with a spatial separation of the controlling microelectronics and the active, radiation exposed, area. The developed devices confirmed the assumption that liquid crystal devices with such a separation of components, are radiation hard, and can be designed to be both vibration and temperature sturdy. In parallel to the above, an evenly variable analog beam steering device was designed, manufactured and characterized, providing a narrow cone diffraction free beam steering. This steering device is characterized by a very limited number of electrodes necessary for the redirection of a light beam. As few as 4 different voltage levels were needed in order to redirect a light beam. Finally at the Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna (Military University of Technology) in Warsaw, Poland, a wedged analog tunable beam steering device was designed, manufactured and characterized. This beam steerer, like the former one, was designed to resist the harsh conditions both in space and in the context of the shuttle launch. Apart from the beam steering devices, reconfigurable vortices and modal lens devices have been manufactured and characterized. In summary, during this work a large number of liquid crystal devices and liquid crystal device manufacturing technologies have been developed. Besides their relevance in scientific publications and technical achievements, most of these new devices have demonstrated their usefulness in the actual work of the research group where this PhD has been completed. El presente trabajo de Tesis se ha centrado en el diseño, fabricación y caracterización de nuevos dispositivos de fase basados en cristal líquido. Actualmente se están desarrollando dispositivos basados en cristal líquido para aplicaciones diferentes a su uso habitual como displays. Poseen la ventaja de que los dispositivos pueden ser controlados por bajas tensiones y no necesitan elementos mecánicos para su funcionamiento. La fabricación de todos los dispositivos del presente trabajo se ha realizado en la cámara limpia del grupo. La cámara limpia ha sido diseñada por el grupo de investigación, es de dimensiones reducidas pero muy versátil. Está dividida en distintas áreas de trabajo dependiendo del tipo de proceso que se lleva a cabo. La cámara limpia está completamente cubierta de un material libre de polvo. Todas las entradas de suministro de gas y agua están selladas. El aire filtrado es constantemente bombeado dentro de la zona limpia, a fin de crear una sobrepresión evitando así la entrada de aire sin filtrar. Las personas que trabajan en esta zona siempre deben de estar protegidas con un traje especial. Se utilizan trajes especiales que constan de: mono, máscara, guantes de látex, gorro, patucos y gafas de protección UV, cuando sea necesario. Para introducir material dentro de la cámara limpia se debe limpiar con alcohol y paños especiales y posteriormente secarlos con nitrógeno a presión. La fabricación debe seguir estrictamente unos pasos determinados, que pueden cambiar dependiendo de los requerimientos de cada dispositivo. Por ello, la fabricación de dispositivos requiere la formulación de varios protocolos de fabricación. Estos protocolos deben ser estrictamente respetados a fin de obtener repetitividad en los experimentos, lo que lleva siempre asociado un proceso de fabricación fiable. Una célula de cristal líquido está compuesta (de forma general) por dos vidrios ensamblados (sándwich) y colocados a una distancia determinada. Los vidrios se han sometido a una serie de procesos para acondicionar las superficies internas. La célula se llena con cristal líquido. De forma resumida, el proceso de fabricación general es el siguiente: inicialmente, se cortan los vidrios (cuya cara interna es conductora) y se limpian. Después se imprimen las pistas sobre el vidrio formando los píxeles. Estas pistas conductoras provienen del vidrio con la capa conductora de ITO (óxido de indio y estaño). Esto se hace a través de un proceso de fotolitografía con una resina fotosensible, y un desarrollo y ataque posterior del ITO sin protección. Más tarde, las caras internas de los vidrios se acondicionan depositando una capa, que puede ser orgánica o inorgánica (un polímero o un óxido). Esta etapa es crucial para el funcionamiento del dispositivo: induce la orientación de las moléculas de cristal líquido. Una vez que las superficies están acondicionadas, se depositan espaciadores en las mismas: son pequeñas esferas o cilindros de tamaño calibrado (pocos micrómetros) para garantizar un espesor homogéneo del dispositivo. Después en uno de los sustratos se deposita un adhesivo (gasket). A continuación, los sustratos se ensamblan teniendo en cuenta que el gasket debe dejar una boca libre para que el cristal líquido se introduzca posteriormente dentro de la célula. El llenado de la célula se realiza en una cámara de vacío y después la boca se sella. Por último, la conexión de los cables a la célula y el montaje de los polarizadores se realizan fuera de la sala limpia (Figura 1). Dependiendo de la aplicación, el cristal líquido empleado y los demás componentes de la célula tendrán unas características particulares. Para el diseño de los dispositivos de este trabajo se ha realizado un estudio de superficies inorgánicas de alineamiento del cristal líquido, que será de gran importancia para la preparación de los dispositivos de fase, dependiendo de las condiciones ambientales en las que vayan a trabajar. Los materiales inorgánicos que se han estudiado han sido en este caso SiOx y SiO2. El estudio ha comprendido tanto los factores de preparación influyentes en el alineamiento, el comportamiento del cristal líquido al variar estos factores y un estudio de la morfología de las superficies obtenidas.

Evolution not revolution of farming systemswill best feed and green the world

The challenge to properly feed a world population of 9.2 billion by 2050, that must be achieved on essentially currently cropped area, requires that food production be increased by 70%. This large increase can only be achieved by combinations of greater crop yields and more intensive cropping adapted to local conditions and availability of inputs. Farming systems are dynamic and continuously adapt to changing ecological, environmental and social conditions, while achieving greater production and resource-use efficiency by application of science and technology. This article argues that the solution to feed and green the world in 2050 is to support this evolution more strongly by providing farmers with necessary information, inputs, and recognition. There is no revolutionary alternative. Proposals to transform agriculture to low-input and organic systems would, because of low productiv- ity, exacerbate the challenge if applied in small part, and ensure failure if applied more widely. The challenge is, however, great. Irrigation, necessary to increase cropping intensity in many areas cannot be extended much more widely than at present, and it is uncertain if the current rate of crop yield increase can be maintained. Society needs greater recognition of the food-supply problem and must increase funding and support for agricultural research while it attends to issues of food waste and over consumption that can make valuable reductions to food demand from agriculture

Orbital debris mitigation through deorbiting with passive electrodynamic drag

The increase of orbital debris and the consequent proliferation of smaller objects through fragmentation are driving the need for mitigation strategies. The issue is how to deorbit the satellite with an efficient system that does not impair drastically the propellant budget of the satellite and, consequently, reduces its operating life. We have been investigating, in the framework of a European-Community-funded project, a passive system that makes use of an electrodynamics tether to deorbit a satellite through Lorentz forces. The deorbiting system will be carried by the satellite itself at launch and deployed from the satellite at the end of its life. From that moment onward the system operates passively without requiring any intervention from the satellite itself. The paper summarizes the results of the analysis carried out to show the deorbiting performance of the system starting from different orbital altitudes and inclinations for a reference satellite mass. Results can be easily scaled to other satellite masses. The results have been obtained by using a high-fidelity computer model that uses the latest environmental routines for magnetic field, ionospheric density, atmospheric density and a gravity field model. The tether dynamics is modelled by considering all the main aspects of a real system as the tether flexibility and its temperature-dependent electrical conductivity. Temperature variations are computed by including all the major external and internal input fluxes and the thermal flux emitted from the tether. The results shows that a relatively compact and light system can carry out the complete deorbit of a relatively large satellite in a time ranging from a month to less than a year starting from high LEO with the best performance occurring at low orbital inclinations.

Assessing the dynamic behavior of wsn motes and rfid semi-passive tags for temperature monitoring.

A notorious advantage of wireless transmission is a significant reduction and simplification in wiring and harness. There are a lot of applications of wireless systems, but in many occasions sensor nodes require a specific housing to protect the electronics from hush environmental conditions. Nowadays the information is scarce and nonspecific on the dynamic behaviour of WSN and RFID. Therefore the purpose of this study is to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of the sensors. A series of trials were designed and performed covering temperature steps between cold room (5 °C), room temperature (23 °C) and heated environment (35 °C). As sensor nodes: three Crossbow motes, a surface mounted Nlaza module (with sensor Sensirion located on the motherboard), an aerial mounted Nlaza where the Sensirion sensor stayed at the end of a cable), and four tags RFID Turbo Tag (T700 model with and without housing), and 702-B (with and without housing). To assess the dynamic behaviour a first order response approach is used and fitted with dedicated optimization tools programmed in Matlab that allow extracting the time response (?) and corresponding determination coefficient (r2) with regard to experimental data. The shorter response time (20.9 s) is found for the uncoated T 700 tag which encapsulated version provides a significantly higher response (107.2 s). The highest ? corresponds to the Crossbow modules (144.4 s), followed by the surface mounted Nlaza module (288.1 s), while the module with aerial mounted sensor gives a response certainly close above to the T700 without coating (42.8 s). As a conclusion, the dynamic response of temperature sensors within wireless and RFID nodes is dramatically influenced by the way they are housed (to protect them from the environment) as well as by the heat released by the node electronics itself; its characterization is basic to allow monitoring of high rate temperature changes and to certify the cold chain. Besides the time to rise and to recover is significantly different being mostly higher for the latter than for the former.

Quantum key distribution based on selective post-processing in passive optical networks

One of the main obstacles to the widespread adoption of quantum cryptography has been the difficulty of integration into standard optical networks, largely due to the tremendous difference in power of classical signals compared with the single quantum used for quantum key distribution. This makes the technology expensive and hard to deploy. In this letter, we show an easy and straightforward integration method of quantum cryptography into optical access networks. In particular, we analyze how a quantum key distribution system can be seamlessly integrated in a standard access network based on the passive optical and time division multiplexing paradigms. The novelty of this proposal is based on the selective post-processing that allows for the distillation of secret keys avoiding the noise produced by other network users. Importantly, the proposal does not require the modification of the quantum or classical hardware specifications neither the use of any synchronization mechanism between the network and quantum cryptography devices.

Performance of bare-tether systems under varying magnetic and plasma conditions

Electrodynamic tethered systems, in which an exposed portion of the conducting tether itself collects electrons from the ionosphere, promise to attain currents of 10 A or more in low Earth orbit. For the first time, another desirable feature of such bare-tether systems is reported and analyzed in detail: Collection by a bare tether is relatively insensitive to variations in electron density that are regularly encountered on each revolution of an orbit. This self-adjusting property of bare-tether systems occurs because the electron-collecting area on the tether is not fixed, but extends along its positively biased portion, and because the current varies as collecting length to a power greater than unity. How this adjustment to density variations follows from the basic collection law of thin cylinders is shown. The effect of variations in the motionally induced tether voltage is also analyzed. Both power and thruster modes are considered. The performance of bare-tether systems to tethered systems is compared using passive spherical collectors of fixed area, taking into consideration recent experimental results. Calculations taking into account motional voltage and plasma density around a realistic orbit for bare-tether systems suitable for space station applications are also presented.

QKD in dense WDM passive optical networks

Quantum cryptography in communications networks

Passive design strategies and performance of Net Energy Plus Houses

The first step in order to comply with the European Union goals of Near to Zero Energy Buildings is to reduce the energy consumption in buildings. Most of the building consumption is related to the use of active systems to maintain the interior comfort. Passive design strategies contribute to improve the interior comfort conditions, increasing the energy efficiency in buildings and reducing their energy consumption. In this work, an analysis of the passive strategies used in Net Energy Plus Houses has been made. The participating houses of the Solar Decathlon Europe 2012 competition were used as case studies. The passive design strategies of these houses were compared with the annual simulations, and the competition monitored data, especially during the Passive Monitored Period. The analysis included the thermal properties of the building envelope, geometric parameters, ratios and others passive solutions such as Thermal Energy Storage systems, evaporative cooling, night ventilation, solar gains and night sky radiation cooling. The results reflect the impact of passive design strategies on the houses' comfort and efficiency, as well as their influence in helping to achieve the Zero Energy Buildings category.

La cabaña moderna. Microrrelatos de arquitecturas en busca de sentido

Desde la revolución ilustrada e industrial de finales del s. XVIII se ha venido desarrollando, con fuerza inigualada a lo largo de la historia, algo que es consustancial al hombre y que le ha permitido constituirse como tal frente al resto de animales: la técnica. Como sentencia Ortega, no hay hombre sin técnica. Pero, al mismo tiempo, va quedando cada vez más claro -como también nos señala Ortega- que el sentido y la causa de la técnica están fuera de ella, y que la técnica no es en rigor lo primero, sino que su finalidad le ha de ser prefijada por un deseo original pre-técnico. Si esto no fuera así el hombre perdería su propio sentido, pues el hombre es puro afán, un ente cuyo ser consiste no en lo que ya es, sino en la que aún no es. Sin embargo, el progresivo desencantamiento del mundo como consecuencia del desarrollo de la sociedad industrial vino a sustituir los viejos mitos por una interpretación racional y abstracta que renunciaba a cualquier búsqueda de sentido que trascendiese los hechos brutos. De este modo, la perdida de sentido del hombre frente a la técnica desarrollada por él mismo le dejaba desnortado y convertido en un sujeto pasivo en manos de un malentendido progreso. Frente a esta pérdida de sentido detectada ya a principios del siglo XX y denunciada con más fuerza a partir de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el postmodernismo del último tramo del pasado siglo pudo no sólo oficializar su desaparición, sino consignar su deslegitimación. Ante a esto, sostenemos la necesaria existencia de sentido en cualquier arquitectura que se desarrolle plenamente y, especialmente, en la arquitectura de la modernidad -y aún de la modernidad tardía o postmodernidad- muchas de las veces no explicitado como tal frente al sobredimensionamiento técnico que ha venido marcando la pauta desde la revolución industrial. Al mismo tiempo, ya no se puede hablar de un único sentido, universalizable, sino de una pluralidad de sentidos que definirán distintas arquitecturas. Partiendo de la petitio principii de que el tema capital de la arquitectura en la modernidad ha sido la vivienda, el objeto arquitectónico que reúne las mejores características para desarrollar esta búsqueda de sentido lo hemos encontrado en la cabaña moderna, donde se cumple el aforismo corbusierano que señala que “quand l’économie est au maximum, l’intensité est au maximum”. Al mismo tiempo “al representar la plenitud a través de su misma negación”, la cabaña moderna se puede entender como una sublimación de la arquitectura a través de pequeños objetos donde han quedado destiladas las distintas esencias de la modernidad. Mediante el análisis de seis pequeñas construcciones situadas en archipiélagos arquitectónicos radicalmente distantes –el campamento de Ocatillo (F. Ll. Wright, 1929); la Caja (R. Erskine, 1942); el Cabanon (Le Corbusier, 1952); la casa cúpula en Carbondale (R. B. Fuller, 1960); el refugio en Oropesa (F. J. Sáenz de Oíza, c.1967-1977) y el pabellón de invitados en Kempsey (G. Murcutt, 1992)- la aparente aporía que supone la cabaña moderna, frente a la más lógica, en principio, cabaña primitiva, cobra sentido. Efectiva mente, el referente mítico de la cabaña primitiva, tal y como fue enunciado por Laugier, se correspondía con el estadio más primitivo de la modernidad, con sus orígenes, precisamente porque la crítica que se hacía en ella de la arquitectura se basaba en criterios exclusivamente técnicos que remitían a los orígenes constructivos de la arquitectura como fórmula para salir del entramado retórico en el que ésta se encontraba perdida. La cabaña moderna trasciende, sin embargo, aquella primitiva fase de la modernidad, de la que la cabaña de Laugier es paradigma, en la medida en que la crítica que se realiza ahora es doble, pues a la crítica de carácter técnico que encontramos en cada una de las cabañas se le añade una crítica de sentido que no se encuentra supeditada, en ninguno de los casos, a la componente técnica, tal y como sin embargo sucedía con Laugier, donde la pretendida regeneración moral de la arquitectura era consecuencia directa de su depuración técnica. En la cabaña moderna, al contrario, encontramos una pluralidad de sentidos que orientan y fuerzan el desarrollo de la techné en direcciones que llegan a ser radicalmente diferentes, construyendo unos relatos que habrán de ser, por tanto, necesariamente parciales, pero de los que la arquitectura, en cualquier caso no podrá prescindir si es que quiere seguir siendo fiel a sí misma, tal y como, efectivamente, lo comprendieron Wright, Erskine, Le Corbusier, Fuller, Sáenz de Oíza y Murcutt, cuando se esforzaron por que estas pequeñas arquitecturas que hemos visitado, tan sólo unas cabañas, fueran unas cabañas con sentido, unas cabañas modernas. ABSTRACT Since the illustrated and industrial revolution of the XVIII century it has been developing, with unequally strength through history, something that is inherent to man and that has allowed him to become himself against the rest of animals: technique. As Ortega says, there is no man without technique. But, at the same time, it is becoming increasingly clear –as Ortega also says- that the sense and the cause of the technique are beyond technique itself, and that technique is not actually the first thing, but that its purpose must be predefined by a pre-technique original desire. If it were not like this, man would lose his own sense, because man is pure desire, an entity whose being is not what already is, but what still doesn’t is. However, the progressive disenchantment of the world as the result of the development of the industrial society came to change the old myths by a rational and abstract interpretation that renounced to any search of meaning that transcended the brute facts. Thereby, the loss of sense of man against the technique developed by man himself let him aimless and converted in a passive object in the hands of a misunderstood progress. Against this loss of sense already detected at the beginning of the XX century and denounced in a stronger way since the Second World War, the postmodernism of the late decades of the last century could not only formalize its disappearance, but also consign its delegitimization. On the contrary, we maintain the necessary existence of sense in any architecture that is fully developed and, specially, in the modern architecture –and even in the late Modernism or Postmodernism- many times not made explicit as such against the technique oversizing that has been setting the pattern since the industrial revolution. At the same time, we can not talk about an only and universal sense, but about a plurality of senses that will define different architectures. On the basis of the petitio principii that dwelling has been the capital issue of modern architecture, the architectonic object that possesses the best features for developing this search of sense has been found in the modern hut, where is fulfil the Corbusieran aphorism that says that “quand l’économie est au maximum, l’intensité est au maximum”. At the same time, “representing plenitude through its own negation” the modern hut can be understood as a sublimation of architecture through small objects where the different essences of modernity have been distilled. Through the analysis of six small buildings located in radically distant architectonic archipelagos –the Ocatillo dessert camp (F. Ll. Wright, 1929); the Box (R. Erskine, 1942); the Cabanon (Le Corbusier, 1952); the dome-home in Carbondale (R. B. Fuller, 1960); the retreat in Oropesa (F. J. Sáenz de Oíza, c. 1967-1977) and the guest house in Kimpsey (G. Murcutt, 1992)- the apparent aporia that represents the modern hut, against the, initially, more logical primitive hut, makes sense. Indeed, the mythical reference of the primitive hut, as it was enunciated by Laugier, belonged to the most primitive state of modernity, with its origins, precisely because the criticism of the architecture that was made there was based in exclusively technique criteria, referring to the constructive origins of architecture as the formula to get out of the rhetoric labyrinth in which architecture was lost at the moment. However, the modern hut transcends that primitive phase of modernity, of which Laugier’s hut is paradigm, since the criticism that is made is double, because to the criticism on the technique that we find in every hut we must add a criticism on the sense that is never subordinated to the technique component, as it was the case in Laugier, where the intended architectonic moral regeneration was a direct consequence of its technical depuration. In the modern hut, on the contrary, we find a plurality of senses that guides and drives the development of techné in radically different directions, building narratives that must be, then, necessarilly partial, but of which architecture could never leave aside if it still wants to be faithful to itself, as Wright, Erskine, Le Corbusier, Fuller, Sáenz de Oíza and Murcutt seemed to understand when they tried hardly to make these small architectures that we have visited, these huts, huts full of sense, modern huts.

Contribution to the Analysis of Waveguides and Design of Passive Components at Millimeter and Submillimeter-Waves

Esta tesis está dedicada al análisis de las guías de onda y el diseño de los componentes pasivos con énfasis en aplicaciones de alta frecuencia. En primer lugar, se lleva a cabo el análisis de las guías de onda con conductores metálicos no ideales, con el objetivo de establecer el límite superior en frecuencia de las aproximaciones habitualmente utilizadas en microondas para el cálculo de las pérdidas óhmicas. Posteriormente, se presenta el diseño de diferentes componentes pasivos de guía de ondas: filtros, transductores de modos ortogonales (OMT), polarizadores, duplexores y alimentadores de antena, funcionando en frecuencias desde 10 a 750 GHz. Para el correcto diseño de componentes a altas frecuencias se requiere, en primer lugar, comprender los nuevos procesos de fabricación y después adecuar los diversos componentes para cumplir especificaciones eléctricas y geométricas simultáneamente. Para esto, se presentan modificaciones y nuevas geometrías de guiado de ondas para diferentes aplicaciones y procesos tecnológicos. Además se discuten sus ventajas sobre las soluciones ya existentes. Además, el trabajo presentado en esta tesis se ocupa del desarrollo completo de dispositivos: diseño, fabricación y caracterización de los componentes ya mencionados. Por último, algunos de los dispositivos desarrollados han sido diseñados para ser integrados en diferentes sistemas. De esta forma, se mejoran las prestaciones y capacidades de dichos sistemas.

Passive neutron area monitor with pairs of TLDs as neutron detector

A passive neutron area monitor has been designed using Monte Carlo methods; the monitor is a polyethylene cylinder with pairs of thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD600 and TLD700) as thermal neutron detector. The monitor was calibrated with a bare and a thermalzed 241AmBe neutron sources and its performance was evaluated measuring the ambient dose equivalent due to photoneutrons produced by a 15 MV linear accelerator for radiotherapy and the neutrons in the output of a TRIGA Mark III radial beam port.

Finite element code-based modeling of a multi-feature isolation system and passive alleviation of possible inner pounding

The existing seismic isolation systems are based on well-known and accepted physical principles, but they are still having some functional drawbacks. As an attempt of improvement, the Roll-N-Cage (RNC) isolator has been recently proposed. It is designed to achieve a balance in controlling isolator displacement demands and structural accelerations. It provides in a single unit all the necessary functions of vertical rigid support, horizontal flexibility with enhanced stability, resistance to low service loads and minor vibration, and hysteretic energy dissipation characteristics. It is characterized by two unique features that are a self-braking (buffer) and a self-recentering mechanism. This paper presents an advanced representation of the main and unique features of the RNC isolator using an available finite element code called SAP2000. The validity of the obtained SAP2000 model is then checked using experimental, numerical and analytical results. Then, the paper investigates the merits and demerits of activating the built-in buffer mechanism on both structural pounding mitigation and isolation efficiency. The paper addresses the problem of passive alleviation of possible inner pounding within the RNC isolator, which may arise due to the activation of its self-braking mechanism under sever excitations such as near-fault earthquakes. The results show that the obtained finite element code-based model can closely match and accurately predict the overall behavior of the RNC isolator with effectively small errors. Moreover, the inherent buffer mechanism of the RNC isolator could mitigate or even eliminate direct structure-tostructure pounding under severe excitation considering limited septation gaps between adjacent structures. In addition, the increase of inherent hysteretic damping of the RNC isolator can efficiently limit its peak displacement together with the severity of the possibly developed inner pounding and, therefore, alleviate or even eliminate the possibly arising negative effects of the buffer mechanism on the overall RNC-isolated structural responses.

Analysis of the damage domains of sbo sequences with rcp passive thermal shutdown

The integrated Safety Assessment (ISA) methodology, developed by the Spanish Nuclear Safety Council (CSN), has been applied to a thermal-hydraulic analysis of PWR Station Blackout (SBO) sequences in the context of the IDPSA (Integrated Deterministic-Probabilistic Safety Assessment) network objectives. The ISA methodology allows obtaining the damage domain (the region of the uncertain parameters space where the damage limit is exceeded) for each sequence of interest as a function of the operator actuations times. Given a particular safety limit or damage limit, several data of every sequence are necessary in order to obtain the exceedance frequency of that limit. In this application these data are obtained from the results of the simulations performed with MAAP code transients inside each damage domain and the time-density probability distributions of the manual actions. Damage limits that have been taken into account within this analysis are: local cladding damage (PCT>1477 K); local fuel melting (T>2499 K); fuel relocation in lower plenum and vessel failure. Therefore, to every one of these damage variables corresponds a different damage domain. The operation of the new passive thermal shutdown seals developed by several companies since Fukushima accident is considered in the paper. The results show the capability and necessity of the ISA methodology, or similar, in order to obtain accurate results that take into account time uncertainties.

Low-cost manufacturing by fused filament fabrication of microwave waveguide passive devices for space applications

Presentación en poster de impresión 3D de guias de onda.