3 resultados para PMI

em Universidad Politécnica de Madrid


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Uno de los pilares fundamentales que defienden el grupo de Normas ISO 9000 para garantizar la eficacia y eficiencia de los Sistemas de Gestión de la Calidad es la Mejora Continua. Para llevar a cabo el proceso de Mejora Continua es preciso empezar detectando y analizando donde estamos fallando y qué podemos mejorar. Organizaciones como PMI® asignan a esta actividad un proceso propio, que llaman también Lecciones Aprendidas y debe estar presente siempre, en todos los proyectos, ya que sólo conociendo nuestros fallos y analizando sus causas podemos tomar acciones preventivas que eviten que vuelvan a repetirse. Desafortunadamente, la experiencia práctica nos dice que, en la mayoría de los casos, esta actividad o no se ejecuta, o no se realiza de forma eficaz. La primera actividad que debería llevarse a cabo para detectar y analizar donde estamos fallando es la inspección del producto, en nuestro caso el edificio de viviendas, y realizar un listado de los defectos encontrados. Esta tarea, que debería realizarla la empresa constructora y ser supervisada por la Dirección de Ejecución de Obra, generalmente, no se realiza con el rigor suficiente que permita entregar al usuario su vivienda sin defectos aparentes. Se consideran repasos de postventa, dejando en el usuario final la responsabilidad de verificar el correcto acabado del producto que acaba de adquirir y que en la mayoría de los casos será la compra de mayor importe que realice en su vida. Cuando adquirimos cualquier objeto, un coche, un televisor, un teléfono móvil, etc., el fabricante es el responsable de verificar que el producto que está entregando al cliente o al suministrador no tiene daños o defectos aparentes. Sin embargo, cuando compramos una vivienda es el comprador o usuario final el que realiza, en la mayoría de los casos, esta verificación.

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En la comunicación se comparan cuatro sistemas de certificación en dirección de proyectos: IPMA, PMI, P2M y PRINCE2. Estos modelos tienen sus propios cuerpos de conocimiento y estándares, sus propios procesos de certificación y se aplican a nivel mundial. De estos modelos, IPMA y PMI son los que tienen un mayor reconocimiento internacional, PRINCE2 es reconocido principalmente en Europa, y P2M en Japón. Quince indicadores se han utilizado para comparar sus diferentes aspectos. Los resultados de la comparación nos han permitido conocer las similitudes y diferencias que existen entre los cuatro sistemas de certificación en dirección de proyectos. Las guías y estándares para la dirección de proyectos han sido desarrollados para diferentes propósitos: 1) brindar conocimiento y prácticas para la dirección de proyectos individuales (Proyectos), 2) brindar conocimiento y prácticas para la dirección de proyectos empresariales (Organizaciones), y 3) el desarrollo, evaluación y certificación de personas (Personas). De este modo, IPMA ha desarrollado sus guías y estándares para Proyectos y Personas; PMI para Proyectos, Organizaciones y Personas; PRINCE2 para Organizaciones; y P2M para Proyectos y Organizaciones.

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According to the PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge), project management is “the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements” [1]. Project Management has proven to be one of the most important disciplines at the moment of determining the success of any project [2][3][4]. Given that many of the activities covered by this discipline can be said that are “horizontal” for any kind of domain, the importance of acknowledge the concepts and practices becomes even more obvious. The specific case of the projects that fall in the domain of Software Engineering are not the exception about the great influence of Project Management for their success. The critical role that this discipline plays in the industry has come to numbers. A report by McKinsey & Co [4] shows that the establishment of programs for the teaching of critical skills of project management can improve the performance of the project in time and costs. As an example of the above, the reports exposes: “One defense organization used these programs to train several waves of project managers and leaders who together administered a portfolio of more than 1,000 capital projects ranging in Project management size from $100,000 to $500 million. Managers who successfully completed the training were able to cut costs on most projects by between 20 and 35 percent. Over time, the organization expects savings of about 15 percent of its entire baseline spending”. In a white paper by the PMI (Project Management Institute) about the value of project management [5], it is stated that: “Leading organizations across sectors and geographic borders have been steadily embracing project management as a way to control spending and improve project results”. According to the research made by the PMI for the paper, after the economical crisis “Executives discovered that adhering to project management methods and strategies reduced risks, cut costs and improved success rates—all vital to surviving the economic crisis”. In every elite company, a proper execution of the project management discipline has become a must. Several members of the software industry have putted effort into achieving ways of assuring high quality results from projects; many standards, best practices, methodologies and other resources have been produced by experts from different fields of expertise. In the industry and the academic community, there is a continuous research on how to teach better software engineering together with project management [4][6]. For the general practices of Project Management the PMI produced a guide of the required knowledge that any project manager should have in their toolbox to lead any kind of project, this guide is called the PMBOK. On the side of best practices 10 and required knowledge for the Software Engineering discipline, the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) developed the SWEBOK (Software Engineering Body of Knowledge) in collaboration with software industry experts and academic researchers, introducing into the guide many of the needed knowledge for a 5-year expertise software engineer [7]. The SWEBOK also covers management from the perspective of a software project. This thesis is developed to provide guidance to practitioners and members of the academic community about project management applied to software engineering. The way used in this thesis to get useful information for practitioners is to take an industry-approved guide for software engineering professionals such as the SWEBOK, and compare the content to what is found in the PMBOK. After comparing the contents of the SWEBOK and the PMBOK, what is found missing in the SWEBOK is used to give recommendations on how to enrich project management skills for a software engineering professional. Recommendations for members of the academic community on the other hand, are given taking into account the GSwE2009 (Graduated Software Engineering 2009) standard [8]. GSwE2009 is often used as a main reference for software engineering master programs [9]. The standard is mostly based on the content of the SWEBOK, plus some contents that are considered to reinforce the education of software engineering. Given the similarities between the SWEBOK and the GSwE2009, the results of comparing SWEBOK and PMBOK are also considered valid to enrich what the GSwE2009 proposes. So in the end the recommendations for practitioners end up being also useful for the academic community and their strategies to teach project management in the context of software engineering.