Health and safety in the construction : subject pending to be included in the curriculum of architecture in Spain

The art of construction is a risky activity that directly affects the life and physical integrity of persons. Since the approval of Law 31/1995, of November 8, Prevention of Occupational Risks was the first legislation that established the current basis in all sectors and then transposed into Spanish law Directive 92/57/CEE called Royal Decree 1627/1997 of October 24, on minimum safety and health dispositions in construction works, measures have been proposed to develop a mixed body of scientific literature composed of researchers and professionals in the field of occupational safety and health, but even today there is still no clear and firm proposal, showing a lack of awareness in the occupational risk prevention and, therefore, a consolidation of the culture of prevention in society. Therefore, the technicians, who make up the building process, can incur in very high responsibilities, such as: Author of the project, Coordinator of Safety and Health during the preparation of the project and during the execution of works, Site Management: Site Manager. This involves the immediate creation of a general training in prevention for all architects starting when still studying, as well as specific training, appropriate and complementary to all the architects that will be devoted to the specialty of occupational safety and health in construction works. That is, first, we must make the responsible bodies aware of the urgent need to integrate risk prevention in the curricula of architecture and later in the continuing education of the profession. It is necessary that our teaching must conform to the laws on safety and health, due to the fact that the law recognizes our academic degrees and professional qualifications to perform functions in that area

Estimación de la aceleración producida sobre cuerpos que impactan sobre barandillas de seguridad

La normas que regulan los sistemas provisionales de protección de borde especifican las cargas que deben resistir y los máximos desplazamientos que pueden experimentar. Sin embargo, no se ocupan del posible efecto sobre el trabajador cuando impacta sobre uno de estos sistemas. En este trabajo se han medido las aceleraciones producidas en elementos que simulan cuerpos humanos contra barandillas de seguridad.

Evaluación de barandillas de madera según las normas EN-13374 y OSHA-1926.502

Se han evaluado analíticamente sistemas provisionales de protección de borde formados por barandillas de madera y postes de acero siguiendo las directrices de las normas EN-13374 y OSHA-1926.502. La primera norma tiene su ámbito de aplicación en Erupa y la segunda en Estados Unidos y numerosos países del centro y del sur de América.

Evaluación de barandillas de seguridad de madera bajo cargas de impacto moderadas

Se han evaluado experimentalmente barandillas de seguridad, con elementos horizontales de madera y postes de acero, bajo cargas de impacto con energías de 500J y 1100J. Los ensayos se han realizado en distintas secciones y con maderas de pino silvestre de distinta calidad. Los ensayos realizados permiten determinar para cada calidad de madera la sección necesaria para resistir un impacto de 500J o 1100J.

Análisis de las metodologías de evaluación de riesgos en obras de edificación. Nueva metodología adaptada a edificación

La evaluación de riesgos examina la prevención analizando probabilidad de que se produzca un daño en base a exposición al peligro. Diversas metodologías analizan trabajo y entorno, dependiendo del tipo de empresa, de trabajo, cantidad de trabajadores, localización, etc., evaluando independientemente riesgos específicos de seguridad, higiene, ergonomía y psicosociología. Se basan en valoraciones subjetivas de causas y consecuencias de accidentes. Como los puestos de trabajo en edificación son muy variables en el tiempo, con interdependencias y desplazamientos por la obra, se ha realizado una investigación teórico-analítica de metodologías de evaluación de riesgos laborales, proponiéndose una nueva adaptada a obras de edificación y a factores de riesgo reales. Se denomina nivel de la acción preventiva y se basa en la tolerancia del riesgo, añadiendo el factor de la realidad constructiva, y en los riesgos de complejidad de obra, entorno social y respuesta económica del contratista.

Environmental risk assessment in open pit blasting operations: compliance with ISO 31010:2010

All activities of an organization involve risks that should be managed. The risk management process aids decision making by taking account of uncertainty and the possibility of future events or circumstances (intended or unintended) and their effects on agreed objectives. With that idea, new ISO Standard has been drawn up. ISO 31010 has been recently issued which provides a structured process that identifies how objectives may be affected, and analyses the risk in term of consequences and their probabilities before deciding on whether further treatment is required. In this lecture, that ISO Standard has been adapted to Open Pit Blasting Operations, focusing in Environmental effects which can be managed properly. Technique used is Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), which is applied in all possible scenarios, providing to Blasting Professionals the tools to identify, analyze and manage environmental effects in blasting operations. Also this lecture can help to minimize each effect, studying each case. This paper also can be useful to Project Managers and Occupational Health and Safety Departments (OH&S) because blasting operations can be evaluated and compared one to each other to determine the risks that should be managed in different case studies. The environmental effects studied are: ground vibrations, flyrock and air overpressure (airblast). Sometimes, blasting operations are carried out near populated areas where environmental effects may impose several limitations on the use of explosives. In those cases, where these factors approach certain limits, National Standards and Regulations have to be applied.