45 resultados para Nonlinear structural behavior

em Universidad Politécnica de Madrid


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As has been shown in the literature, an interface between two dielectric materials, one of which has an intensity-dependent refractive index is capable of exhibing a wide range of complex and potentially useful optical phenomena.

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In this article, a model for the determination of displacements, strains, and stresses of a submarine pipeline during its construction is presented. Typically, polyethylene outfall pipelines are the ones treated by this model. The process is carried out from an initial floating situation to the final laying position on the seabed. The following control variables are considered in the laying process: the axial load in the pipe, the flooded inner length, and the distance of the control barge from the coast. External loads such as self-weight, dead loads, and forces due to currents and small waves are also taken into account.This paper describes both the conceptual framework for the proposed model and its practical application in a real engineering situation. The authors also consider how the model might be used as a tool to study how sensitive the behavior of the pipeline is to small changes in the values of the control variables. A detailed description of the actions is considered, especially the ones related to the marine environment such as buoyancy, current, and sea waves. The structural behavior of the pipeline is simulated in the framework of a geometrically nonlinear dynamic analysis. The pipeline is assumed to be a two-dimensional Navier_Bernoulli beam. In the nonlinear analysis an updated Lagrangian formulation is used, and special care is taken regarding the numerical aspects of sea bed contact, follower forces due to external water pressures, and dynamic actions. The paper concludes by describing the implementation of the proposed techniques, using the ANSYS computer program with a number of subroutines developed by the authors. This implementation permits simulation of the two-dimensional structural pipe behavior of the whole construction process. A sensitivity analysis of the bending moments, axial forces, and stresses for different values of the control variables is carried out. Using the techniques described, the engineer may optimize the construction steps in the pipe laying process

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Los terremotos constituyen una de las más importantes fuentes productoras de cargas dinámicas que actúan sobre las estructuras y sus cimentaciones. Cuando se produce un terremoto la energía liberada genera movimientos del terreno en forma de ondas sísmicas que pueden provocar asientos en las cimentaciones de los edificios, empujes sobre los muros de contención, vuelco de las estructuras y el suelo puede licuar perdiendo su capacidad de soporte. Los efectos de los terremotos en estructuras constituyen unos de los aspectos que involucran por su condición de interacción sueloestructura, disciplinas diversas como el Análisis Estructural, la Mecánica de Suelo y la Ingeniería Sísmica. Uno de los aspectos que han sido poco estudiados en el cálculo de estructuras sometidas a la acciones de los terremotos son los efectos del comportamiento no lineal del suelo y de los movimientos que pueden producirse bajo la acción de cargas sísmicas, tales como posibles despegues y deslizamientos. En esta Tesis se estudian primero los empujes sísmicos y posibles deslizamientos de muros de contención y se comparan las predicciones de distintos tipos de cálculos: métodos pseudo-estáticos como el de Mononobe-Okabe (1929) con la contribución de Whitman-Liao (1985), y formulaciones analíticas como la desarrollada por Veletsos y Younan (1994). En segundo lugar se estudia el efecto del comportamiento no lineal del terreno en las rigideces de una losa de cimentación superficial y circular, como la correspondiente a la chimenea de una Central Térmica o al edificio del reactor de una Central Nuclear, considerando su variación con frecuencia y con el nivel de cargas. Finalmente se estudian los posibles deslizamientos y separación de las losas de estas dos estructuras bajo la acción de terremotos, siguiendo la formulación propuesta por Wolf (1988). Para estos estudios se han desarrollado una serie de programas específicos (MUROSIS, VELETSOS, INTESES y SEPARSE) cuyos listados y detalles se incluyen en los Apéndices. En el capítulo 6 se incluyen las conclusiones resultantes de estos estudios y recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones. ABSTRACT Earthquakes constitute one of the most important sources of dynamic loads that acting on structures and foundations. When an earthquake occurs the liberated energy generates seismic waves that can give rise to structural vibrations, settlements of the foundations of buildings, pressures on retaining walls, and possible sliding, uplifting or even overturning of structures. The soil can also liquefy losing its capacity of support The study of the effects of earthquakes on structures involve the use of diverse disciplines such as Structural Analysis, Soil Mechanics and Earthquake Engineering. Some aspects that have been the subject of limited research in relation to the behavior of structures subjected to earthquakes are the effects of nonlinear soil behavior and geometric nonlinearities such as sliding and uplifting of foundations. This Thesis starts with the study of the seismic pressures and potential displacements of retaining walls comparing the predictions of two types of formulations and assessing their range of applicability and limitations: pseudo-static methods as proposed by Mononobe-Okabe (1929), with the contribution of Whitman-Liao (1985), and analytical formulations as the one developed by Veletsos and Younan (1994) for rigid walls. The Thesis deals next with the effects of nonlinear soil behavior on the dynamic stiffness of circular mat foundations like the chimney of a Thermal Power Station or the reactor building of a Nuclear Power Plant, as a function of frequency and level of forces. Finally the seismic response of these two structures accounting for the potential sliding and uplifting of the foundation under a given earthquake are studied, following an approach suggested by Wolf (1988). In order to carry out these studies a number of special purposes computer programs were developed (MUROSIS, VELETSOS, INTESES and SEPARSE). The listing and details of these programs are included in the appendices. The conclusions derived from these studies and recommendations for future work are presented in Chapter 6.

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A constitutive model is presented for the in-plane mechanical behavior of nonwoven fabrics. The model is developed within the context of the finite element method and provides the constitutive response for a mesodomain of the fabric corresponding to the area associated to a finite element. The model is built upon the ensemble of three blocks, namely fabric, fibers and damage. The continuum tensorial formulation of the fabric response rigorously takes into account the effect of fiber rotation for large strains and includes the nonlinear fiber behavior. In addition, the various damage mechanisms experimentally observed (bond and fiber fracture, interfiber friction and fiber pull-out) are included in a phenomenological way and the random nature of these materials is also taken into account by means of a Monte Carlo lottery to determine the damage thresholds. The model results are validated with recent experimental results on the tensile response of smooth and notched specimens of a polypropylene nonwoven fabric.

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Based on laser beam intensities above 109 W/cm2 with pulse energy of several Joules and duration of nanoseconds, Laser Shock Processing (LSP) is capable of inducing a surface compressive residual stress field. The paper presents experimental results showing the ability of LSP to improve the mechanical strength and cracking resistance of AA2024-T351 friction stir welded (FSW) joints. After introducing the FSW and LSP procedures, the results of microstructural analysis and micro-hardness are discussed. Video Image Correlation was used to measure the displacement and strain fields produced during tensile testing of flat specimens; the local and overall tensile behavior of native FSW joints vs. LSP treated were analyzed. Further, results of slow strain rate tensile testing of the FSW joints, native and LSP treated, performed in 3.5% NaCl solution are presented. The ability of LSP to improve the structural behavior of the FSW joints is underscored.

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For safety barriers the load bearing capacity of the glass when subjected to the soft body impact should be verified. The soft body pendulum test became a testing standard to classify safety glass plates. The classification of the safety glass do not consider the structural behavior when one sheet of a laminated glass is broken; in situations when the replacement of the plate could not be very urgent, structural behavior should be evaluated. The main objective of this paper is to present the structural behavior o laminated glass plates, though modal test and human impact test, including the post fracture behavior for the laminated cases. A god reproducibility and repeatability is obtained. Two main aspects of the structural behavior can be observed: the increment of the rupture load for laminated plates after the failure of the first sheet, and some similarities with a tempered monolithic behavior of equivalent thickness.

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Los nudos son los defectos que más disminuyen la resistencia de piezas de madera en la escala estructural, al ocasionar no solo una discontinuidad material, sino también la desviación de las fibras que se encuentran a su alrededor. En la década de los 80 se introdujo la teoría de la analogía fluido-fibra, como un método que aproximaba adecuadamente todas estas desviaciones. Sin embargo en su aplicación tridimensional, nunca se consideraron las diferencias geométricas en el sentido perpendicular al eje longitudinal de las piezas estructurales, lo cual imposibilitaba la simulación numérica de algunos de los principales tipos de nudos, y disminuía la precisión obtenida en aquellos nudos en los que la modelización sí era viable. En este trabajo se propone un modelo programado en lenguaje paramétrico de un software de elementos finitos que, bajo una formulación en tres dimensiones más general, permitirá estudiar de forma automatizada el comportamiento estructural de la madera bajo la influencia de los principales tipos de nudos, a partir de la geometría visible de los mismos y la posición de la médula en la pieza, y el cual ha sido contrastado experimentalmente, simulando de forma muy precisa el comportamiento mecánico de vigas sometidas a ensayos de flexión a cuatro puntos. Knots are the defects that most reduce the strength of lumber at the structural level, by causing not only a material discontinuity but also the deviation of the fibers that surround them. In the 80's it was introduced the theory of the flow-grain analogy as a method to approximating adequately these deviations. However, in three-dimensional applications, geometrical differences in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the structural specimens were never considered before, which prevented the numerical simulation of some of the main types of knots, and decreased the achieved precision in those kind of knots where modeling itself was possible. This paper purposes a parametric model programmed in a finite element software, in the way that with a more general three-dimensional formulation, an automated study of the structural behavior of timber under the influence of the main types of knots is allowed by only knowing the visible geometry of such defects, and the position of the pith. Furthermore that has been confirmed experimentally obtaining very accurately simulations of the mechanical behavior of beams under four points bending test.

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Early 18th century treatise writer Tomas Vicente Tosca1 includes in his Tratado de la montea y cortes de Canteria [On Masonry Design and Stone Cutting], what is an important documentary source about the lantern of Valencia Cathedral. Tosca writes about this lantern as an example of vaulting over cross arches without the need of buttresses. A geometrical description is followed by an explanation of the structural behavior which manifests his deep understanding of the mechanics of masonry structures. He tries to demonstrate the absence of buttresses supporting his thesis on the appropriate distribution of loads which will reduce the "empujos" [horizontal thrusts] to the point of not requiring more than the thickness of the walls to stand (Tosca [1727] 1992, 227-230). The present article2 assesses T osca' s appreciation studying how loads and the thrusts they generate are transmitted through the different masonry elements that constitute this ciborium. In order to do so, we first present a geometrical analysis and make considerations regarding its materials and construction methods to, subsequently, analyze its stability adopting an equilibrium approach within the theoretical framework of the lower bound limit analysis.

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Early 18th century treatise writer Tomas Vicente Tosca1 includes in his Tratado de la montea y cortes de Canteria [On Masonry Design and Stone Cutting], what is an important documentary source about the lantern of Valencia Cathedral. Tosca writes about this lantern as an example of vaulting over cross arches without the need of buttresses. A geometrical description is followed by an explanation of the structural behavior which manifests his deep understanding of the mechanics of masonry structures. He tries to demonstrate the absence of buttresses supporting his thesis on the appropriate distribution of loads which will reduce the "empujos" [horizontal thrusts] to the point of not requiring more than the thickness of the walls to stand (Tosca [1727] 1992, 227-230). The present article2 assesses T osca' s appreciation studying how loads and the thrusts they generate are transmitted through the different masonry elements that constitute this ciborium. In order to do so, we first present a geometrical analysis and make considerations regarding its materials and construction methods to, subsequently, analyze its stability adopting an equilibrium approach within the theoretical framework of the lower bound limit analysis.

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Cable-stayed bridges represent nowadays key points in transport networks and their seismic behavior needs to be fully understood, even beyond the elastic range of materials. Both nonlinear dynamic (NL-RHA) and static (pushover) procedures are currently available to face this challenge, each with intrinsic advantages and disadvantages, and their applicability in the study of the nonlinear seismic behavior of cable-stayed bridges is discussed here. The seismic response of a large number of finite element models with different span lengths, tower shapes and class of foundation soil is obtained with different procedures and compared. Several features of the original Modal Pushover Analysis (MPA) are modified in light of cable-stayed bridge characteristics, furthermore, an extension of MPA and a new coupled pushover analysis (CNSP) are suggested to estimate the complex inelastic response of such outstanding structures subjected to multi-axial strong ground motions.

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El Colegio de Nuestra Señora de la Antigua de Monforte de Lemos (1593-1619) constituye el principal ejemplo del clasicismo herreriano de Galicia. Esta tesis analiza los aspectos técnicos de la construcción de sus bóvedas de cantería, en el marco disciplinar de la Historia de la Construcción. El Colegio contiene varios tipos de bóvedas entre las que destacan su cúpula trasdosada y su escalera monumental. Además, se conservan los documentos notariales históricos que describen las obras y una de las monteas más importantes de Galicia. Las bóvedas han sufrido movimientos y algunas presentan importantes deformaciones, que han suscitado preocupación sobre su estabilidad. El estudio se organiza en tres epígrafes: geometría, construcción y mecánica, tres aspectos estrechamente interrelacionados en este tipo de estructuras. La parte de estudio geométrico parte de un levantamiento en el que se emplea una estación total sin reflectante, una técnica que permite una medición muy precisa de la forma real de las bóvedas. Como complemento se ha recurrido a técnicas de escáner fotográfico. Con los datos de las mediciones se han elaborado los dibujos de las bóvedas, y analizado sus medidas e irregularidades. Se ha incluido un análisis metrológico por métodos inductivos, que ha puesto de manifiesto la unidad utilizada en la construcción. El estudio se completa con la recopilación de las reglas de dimensionamiento que figuran en los tratados, que se comparan con las dimensiones de las bóvedas analizadas. En el estudio constructivo se registran los despieces y la configuración constructiva y se contrastan, por un lado, con las soluciones que aparecen en los principales tratados de los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII, y por otro, con las descripciones que se encuentran en los documentos históricos del Colegio. Se ha prestado especial atención al estudio de estos documentos, que han permitido conocer algunos aspectos originales del proceso de construcción de estas bóvedas. En una de las paredes del claustro se ha identificado una montea inédita cuyo levantamiento y análisis se incorpora en esta parte. En el estudio mecánico se analiza la estabilidad dentro del marco teórico del Moderno Análisis Límite de Estructuras de Fábricas. La comprensión del comportamiento estructural, unida a la precisión de los levantamientos, ha permitido explicar los movimientos de las fábricas e inferir la geometría original de algunas de las bóvedas, no siempre evidente en los casos de fuertes deformaciones. Los estudios realizados hasta ahora en bóvedas de los siglos XVI y XVII permiten vislumbrar un panorama de soluciones constructivas más rico que el que recogen los tratados históricos. Las nuevas técnicas de medición sin contacto abren nuevas posibilidades para analizar estas estructuras. Los casos estudiados todavía son escasos y se necesita un conjunto más amplio para poder realizar un análisis general. Esta tesis aporta el estudio de uno de esos casos con el fin de contribuir al mejor conocimiento de la construcción en España en los siglos XVI y XVII. ABSTRACT The Colegio de Nuestra Señora de la Antigua (1593-1619), in Monforte de Lemos, Spain, is the best example in Galicia of the classicism influenced by the Monastery of El Escorial and his architect, Juan de Herrera. This thesis analyzes the technical aspects of the construction of its masonry vaults within the discipline of Construction History. The Colegio exhibits various types of vaults, among which the extradosed ashlar dome and the grand staircase are particularly worth mentioning. In addition, the legal documents containing thorough specifications of the work, as well as one of the construction drawings at actual size —one of the best examples in Galicia—, have both been preserved to this date. Some of the vaults have undergone important deformations that have raised concerns about their stability. The study is organized in three sections: geometry, construction, and mechanics, the three clearly interrelated in this type of structures. The geometrical study starts out with a metric survey using a reflectorless total station, a technique that allows a very precise measurement of the actual shape of the vault. This technique was complemented with the use of a photo-based 3D scanner. The resulting measurements were used to draw the vaults, and analyze their dimensions and irregularities. An inductive metrological analysis, which was able to reveal the exact metric unit utilized during the construction, is included in this section. The section is completed with the gathering of the dimensional rules appearing in the various historical treatises, which are compared with the dimensions of the actual vaults. The construction study deals with the quartering of the structure, whose results are compared, on the one hand, with the approaches appearing in the main treatises of the 16th- 18th centuries, and on the other, with the descriptions in the historical documents of the Colegio itself. Special attention has been paid to the study of these documents, which have revealed some original aspects in the construction process of the vaults. In one of the cloister’s walls, a hitherto unheard-of construction drawing at actual size was found. Its survey and analysis is included in this section. The mechanical study analyzes the Colegio's vaults stability within the theoretical frame of the Modern Limit Analysis of Masonry Structures. The interpretation of the structural behavior, coupled with the precision of the surveys, has allowed a deep understanding of the masonry’s movements and the original geometry of some of the vaults —not always evident in the case of strong deformations— has been inferred. The studies dealing with XVI and XVII century vaults conducted up to this date show a landscape of constructive solutions far richer than the one suggested in the historical treatises. The new contactless measuring techniques offer exciting possibilities for the analysis of these structures. The cases studied are still few and more would be needed before a general analysis can be attempted. This thesis constitutes one such additional case and its goal is to improve our understanding of Spanish construction in the 16th-17th centuries.

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En los últimos años ha aumentado el interés en el desarrollo de proyectos en el ámbito de las centrales hidroeléctricas y en concreto en las centrales reversibles. Estas centrales están diseñadas para grandes caudales y saltos, lo cual conlleva túneles de gran diámetro y alta presión y a menudo son esquemas subterráneos. Por ello, los estudios relativos a revestimientos de túneles en presión y los referentes a los blindajes de acero han cobrado una mayor relevancia. En las décadas de los 60 y 70 se realizó una importante labor de investigación coincidiendo con el desarrollo hidroeléctrico en Europa y Norteamérica, que sin embargo ha quedado sin continuidad hasta esta década, en la que se ha experimentado un impulso debido al desarrollo de nuevos proyectos hidroeléctricos de gran magnitud. La adecuación de los métodos de cálculo de blindajes supone una herramienta imprescindible en el correcto desarrollo técnico de los nuevos proyectos hidroeléctricos, así como para la evaluación de la seguridad de los saltos hidroeléctricos existentes en operación. En la presente Tesis se realiza un análisis del comportamiento estructural de las galerías en presión de saltos hidroeléctricos, así como una discusión y revisión de los métodos de cálculo existentes. En concreto se analizan los siguientes aspectos: •Descripción y comparación de las formulaciones existentes para el cálculo de blindajes tanto a presión exterior como interior. •Aplicación del Método de Elementos Finitos para la modelización y cálculo resistente y frente a inestabilidad de blindajes sometidos a presión exterior. •Análisis de un caso real, en el que se ha producido un fallo estructural en un blindaje sometido a presión exterior. Discusión sobre el comportamiento de blindajes con rigidizadores. Estudio paramétrico de la capacidad resistente y de la estabilidad de los blindajes con rigidizadores. •Estudio del comportamiento diferenciado entre un rigidizador y un conector. •Detalles constructivos y de durabilidad de las galerías en presión. •Desarrollo de una metodología para el cálculo de blindajes y tuberías forzadas a fatiga derivada de las variaciones de presión de la conducción. •Análisis de un caso real de una tubería forzada sometida a procesos de variación de carga, evaluando su seguridad frente a la fatiga. El cálculo de blindajes en galerías forzadas presenta una serie de aspectos complejos, y que no permiten la definición del problema con exactitud, tales como las características del macizo rocoso y su permeabilidad, la determinación del nivel freático, la holgura existente entre el blindaje y el revestimiento del trasdós y sus posibles defectos geométricos. Por estas incertidumbres, el cálculo de blindajes supone una materia compleja y que debe ser abordada desde la cautela y el análisis de otros trabajos y/o análisis realizados con anterioridad. En cualquier caso, debe realizarse un análisis de sensibilidad de los diversos parámetros que intervienen en el cálculo. En esta tesis se han descrito las principales formulaciones de cálculo de blindajes de galerías forzadas sometidas a presión interior y exterior; se ha constatado que existe una gran diversidad y que de su aplicación no se llega a resultados concluyentes. Las formulaciones clásicas utilizadas en el cálculo de blindajes lisos y con rigidizadores sometidos a presión exterior (Amstutz y Jacobsen) no resultan del todo adecuadas ni son de aplicación general. Además, pueden arrojar resultados no conservadores o conducir a un sobredimensionamiento del blindaje en otros casos. En las formulaciones tradicionales de diseño se han tenido en cuenta como imperfecciones la holgura del blindaje y la ovalidad del mismo. En la presente tesis, se han analizado imperfecciones de tipo ondulatorio derivadas de los procesos de soldadura y la existencia de espesores reducidos en zonas de corrosión. En el caso práctico analizado sometido a presión exterior, se ha comprobado el funcionamiento real del blindaje mediante los modelos realizados con elementos finitos. Se desprende que los rigidizadores no han funcionado como tales, puesto que para blindajes lisos se obtienen presiones más bajas de pandeo y para el caso de funcionamiento correcto de los rigidizadores se habría obtenido un coeficiente de seguridad suficiente. Por este motivo, se ha analizado el posible funcionamiento de los rigidizadores, que en determinados casos pueden actuar como conectores. En estos casos deben dimensionarse de forma adecuada las soldaduras para soportar las tensiones entre chapa y conector. Por otra parte, tradicionalmente no se han tenido en cuenta los efectos de fatiga que pueden ocasionar los golpes de ariete y las pulsaciones de presión debidas a la regulación secundaria de la red. En esta tesis se ha establecido un procedimiento de comprobación de tuberías forzadas y blindajes sometidos a procesos de fatiga. Adicionalmente, se ha estudiado el caso real de las tuberías forzadas de una central reversible real (Bolarque II) en funcionamiento de regulación secundaria. Se ha concluido, como en otros casos analizados en la bibliografía, que las pulsaciones derivadas de la regulación secundaria no son significativas como para tener en cuenta la fatiga del acero. Por otra parte, las maniobras de arranque y parada (golpe de ariete) suponen una variación importante de la presión en la conducción. Sin embargo, el moderado número de ciclos permite asegurar la integridad de la tubería frente a fenómenos de fatiga. Nowadays, there is a significant concern in the development of projects in the field of hydroelectric power plants, particularly in the pump-storage projects. These plants are designed for high flow rates and heads, which entails large-diameter tunnels and high pressure ratios), and often as underground schemes. Therefore, this concern has reactivated studies about penstocks and in particular those related to steel liners. During the 1960s and 1970s due to hydropower-engineering development in Europe and North America, a major research effort was done. However, the increasing development of new large-scale hydropower projects has involved a renewed research effort during this decade. The adequacy of steel liner calculation methods is a very important issue in the proper technical development of new hydroelectric projects, and for the safety assessment of existing hydroelectric power plants in operation. In this work, an analysis of the structural behavior of pressure galleries in hydroelectric schemes was carried out. Also, a discussion and a review of existing calculation methods are included. In particular, the following issues have been considered: •Description and comparison of existing formulations for calculating the liner response to both external and internal pressure. •Analysis of an actual case study of a steel liner which failed due to external pressure. •Application of the Finite Element Method to liner modeling and analysis subjected to external pressure. •A parametric study of the shielding with stiffeners and discussion about the behavior of liner with stiffeners. •Constructive aspects and durability of pressure galleries. •Development of a methodology for estimating fatigue effects on penstocks and liners sue to pressure changes. •Analysis of an actual case study of a penstock under varying load and assessment of its safety against fatigue. The project of a hydropower penstock is a complex issue, due to the uncertainties in the definition of the problem data, such as the characteristics of the rock mass and its permeability, the determination of the water table, the existing gap between the steel liner and the concrete of the backfill, the geometric imperfections... Hence, the design and analysis of a steel liner must be addressed cautiously and take into account a review of previous studies performed. Ever, a sensitivity analysis of the various parameters involved in the calculation should be performed. In this work, some of the most relevant formulations for liner design subjected to inside and outside pressure have been studied. As a whole, there is a wide variety and its application does not lead to conclusive results. The classical formulations used in the steel liner calculation either with or without stiffeners under external pressure (Amstutz and Jacobsen) are not entirely adequate Also, those can yield both conservative and non-conservative results in large ranges of application. Traditionally design approaches only considered initial gap and ovality as the most relevant geometric imperfections. Thus, little attention was paid to those caused either by welding or by thickness loss in corroded areas. In the case study analyzed in this thesis, the actual working of the liner under external pressure has been simulated by the Finite Element Method. Results show that the stiffeners have not performed as such, since for unstiffened liner lower buckling pressures are obtained and for proper performance of the stiffeners would give a sufficient safety factor. Hence, it must be pointed out that stiffeners may perform either as such or as connectors. For the latter, welding must be designed to properly withstand stresses between the shell and the stiffener. Likewise, the potential fatigue effects due to both water hammer and pressure pulsations due to secondary regulation of the network have not been considered in many studies. It has been included in this work a procedure for checking penstocks and liners under fatigue processes. Additionally, the penstock fatigue response of an actual pump storage project (Bolarque II, Spain) subjected to secondary control operation has been assessed. As in other cases discussed in the literature, pulsations derived from the secondary control are not significant to account for fatigue of steel. Moreover, the start and stop manoeuvres (water hammer) cause a significant change in penstock pressure. However, the moderate number of cycles ensures the integrity of the penstock against fatigue phenomena.

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Pushover methods are being used as an everyday tool in engineering practice and some of them have been included in Regulatory Codes. Recently several efforts have been done trying to look at them from a probabilistic viewpoint. In this paper the authors shall present a Level 2 approach based on a probabilistic definition of the characteristic points defining the response spectra as well as a probabilistic definition of the elasto-plastic pushover curve representing the structural behavior. Comparisons with Montecarlo simulations will help to precise the accuracy of the proposed approach.

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Las cargas de origen térmico causadas por las acciones medioambientales generan esfuerzos apreciables en estructuras hiperestáticas masivas, como es el caso de las presas bóvedas. Ciertas investigaciones apuntan que la variación de la temperatura ambiental es la segunda causa de reparaciones en las presas del hormigón en servicio. Del mismo modo, es una causa de fisuración en un porcentaje apreciable de casos. Las presas son infraestructuras singulares por sus dimensiones, su vida útil, su impacto sobre el territorio y por el riesgo que implica su presencia. La evaluación de ese riesgo requiere, entre otras herramientas, de modelos matemáticos de predicción del comportamiento. Los modelos han de reproducir la realidad del modo más fidedigno posible. Además, en un escenario de posible cambio climático en el que se prevé un aumento de las temperaturas medias, la sociedad ha de conocer cuál será el comportamiento estructural de las infraestructuras sensibles en los futuros escenarios climáticos. No obstante, existen escasos estudios enfocados a determinar el campo de temperaturas de las presas de hormigón. Así, en esta investigación se han mejorado los modelos de cálculo térmico existentes con la incorporación de nuevos fenómenos físicos de transferencia de calor entre la estructura y el medio ambiente que la rodea. También se han propuesto nuevas metodologías más eficientes para cuantificar otros mecanismos de transferencia de calor. La nueva metodología se ha aplicado a un caso de estudio donde se disponía de un amplio registro de temperaturas de su hormigón. Se ha comprobado la calidad de las predicciones realizadas por los diversos modelos térmicos en el caso piloto. También se han comparado los resultados de los diversos modelos entre sí. Finalmente, se ha determinado las consecuencias de las predicciones de las temperaturas por algunos de los modelos térmicos sobre la respuesta estructural del caso de estudio. Los modelos térmicos se han empleado para caracterizar térmicamente las presas bóveda. Se ha estudiado el efecto de ciertas variables atmosféricas y determinados aspectos geométricos de las presas sobre su respuesta térmica. También se ha propuesto una metodología para evaluar la respuesta térmica y estructural de las infraestructuras frente a los posibles cambios meteorológicos inducidos por el cambio climático. La metodología se ha aplicado a un caso de estudio, una presa bóveda, y se ha obtenido su futura respuesta térmica y estructural frente a diversos escenarios climáticos. Frente a este posible cambio de las variables meteorológicas, se han detallado diversas medidas de adaptación y se ha propuesto una modificación de la normativa española de proyecto de presas en el punto acerca del cálculo de la distribución de temperaturas de diseño. Finalmente, se han extraído una serie de conclusiones y se han sugerido posibles futuras líneas de investigación para ampliar el conocimiento del fenómeno de la distribución de temperaturas en el interior de las presas y las consecuencias sobre su respuesta estructural. También se han propuesto futuras investigaciones para desarrollar nuevos procedimiento para definir las cargas térmicas de diseño, así como posibles medidas de adaptación frente al cambio climático. Thermal loads produced by external temperature variations may cause stresses in massive hyperstatic structures, such as arch dams. External temperature changes are pointed out as the second most major repairs in dams during operation. Moreover, cracking is caused by thermal loads in a quite number of cases. Dams are unique infrastructures given their dimensions, lifetime, spatial impacts and the risks involve by their presence. The risks are assessed by means of mathematical models which compute the behavior of the structure. The behavior has to be reproduced as reliable as possible. Moreover, since mean temperature on Earth is expected to increase, society has to know the structural behavior of sensitive structures to climate change. However, few studies have addressed the assessment of the thermal field in concrete dams. Thermal models are improved in this research. New heat transfer phenomena have been accounted for. Moreover, new and more efficient methodologies for computing other heat transfer phenomena have been proposed. The methodology has been applied to a case study where observations from thermometers embedded in the concrete were available. Recorded data were predicted by several thermal models and the quality of the predictions was assessed. Furthermore, predictions were compared between them. Finally, the consequences on the stress calculations were analyzed. Thermal models have been used to characterize arch dams from a thermal point of view. The effect of some meteorological and geometrical variables on the thermal response of the dam has been analyzed. Moreover, a methodology for assessing the impacts of global warming on the thermal and structural behavior of infrastructures has been proposed. The methodology was applied to a case study, an arch dam, and its thermal and structural response to several future climatic scenarios was computed. In addition, several adaptation strategies has been outlined and a new formulation for computing design thermal loads in concrete dams has been proposed. Finally, some conclusions have been reported and some future research works have been outlined. Future research works will increase the knowledge of the concrete thermal field and its consequences on the structural response of the infrastructures. Moreover, research works will develope a new procedure for computing the design thermal loads and will study some adaptation strategies against the climate change.

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El comportamiento post-rotura de los vidrios laminados es uno de los temas que están siendo investigados para explicar la capacidad de carga remanente tras la rotura de la primera lámina. En investigaciones previas se ha observado que en el caso de impacto humano en vidrios recocidos se llega a una capacidad hasta 3 veces superior, sin explicación clara del comportamiento estructural del conjunto. Para realizar un acercamiento a la resistencia a la rotura del vidrio laminado se ha planificado una campaña de ensayos de rotura con anillos concéntricos de grandes superficies en vidrio recocido, termoendurecido y templado, con dos series adicionales de vidrio recocido y termoendurecido con una capa de butiral adherida justo después del proceso de fabricación. Para realizar la comparación de las distribuciones de Weibull de las distintas tensiones de rotura se utiliza un proceso iterativo basado en la distribución real de tensiones obtenida con un modelo de elementos finitos ajustado con datos experimentales. Las comparaciones finales muestran un aumento apreciable de la resistencia (45%) en el caso de vidrios recocidos, y menor en el de los termoendurecidos (25%).The post-fracture behavior of the laminated glasses is one of the research topics that are being studied to explain the load capacity after the break of the first sheet. Previous experimental work have shown, that in case of human impact in annealed glasses, the capacity of bearing load it can be up to 3 times higher without clear explanation of the structural behavior of the plate. To make an approximation to the post-fracture resistance, a experimental program to test annealed, heat-tempered and toughened glass plates has been prepared. Two additional series of annealed and heattempered, with a layer of polyvinyl butyral adhered just after the manufacturing process, have also been incorporated. Coaxial Double Ring with large test surface areas Coaxial Double Ring with large test surface areas is the standard that has been followed. To make the comparison of Weibull's distributions of the different fracture stress, an iterative process based on the actual stress distribution obtained with a finite elements model updated with experimental results has been used. Final comparisons show a great stress improvement for the annealed glass plates (45 %), and a minor increment for the heat-tempered (25 %).