Portuguese Vaulting System at the Dawn and Early Modern Period. Between tradition and Innovation

Portuguese Vaulting System at the Dawn and Early Modern Period. Between tradition and Innovation. III International Congress on Construction History . Brandenburg university of technology Cottbus, Germany. Colab: Soraya Genin, Krista de Jonge.

The Spreading of Christianity and the introduction of Modern Architecture in Shannxi, China (1840-1949): Christian churches and traditional Chinese architecture

La arquitectura china ha experimentado grandes cambios a lo largo de un extenso proceso histórico. El hito de mayor importancia es el que da paso al denominado Tiempo Moderno, periodo en el cual irrumpe por vez primera en China la arquitectura occidental, que comienza a tener una influencia muy activa y significativa sobre los rasgos y la identidad de la arquitectura tradicional china, hasta ese momento el único estilo o forma de hacer –muy diferente, en cuanto a su concepción y fisonomía, de los planteamientos occidentales- que había sobrevivido sin desvíos significativos, configurando un panorama milenario bastante homogéneo en los aspectos técnicos y artísticos en el desarrollo de esa arquitectura. Por un cúmulo de complejas razones, la mayor parte de la arquitectura china del periodo feudal -es decir el que forman todos los años anteriores a 1849- ha desaparecido. Sin embargo, desde la fecha indicada hasta la Revolución de 1949 (el denominado periodo semicolonial o semifeudal), sí se conservan muchas edificaciones, que fueron mejor construidas y mantenidas luego, destacando por su importancia en ese sentido las iglesias cristianas. Dichos templos representan cronológicamente, no sólo la primera irrupción de la arquitectura clásica occidental en China, sino el inicio de un proceso de modernización de la profundamente enraizada y, en buena medida, estancada arquitectura vernácula, combinando técnicas y estilos de ambos planteamientos, para dar como resultado originales edificaciones de un singular eclecticismo que caracterizarían buena parte de la arquitectura de dicha etapa semicolonial. En términos generales, últimamente se ha ido prestando cada vez más atención a esta arquitectura de los tiempos modernos, aunque las iglesias cristianas de la provincia de Shaanxi no han sido objeto de estudio específico, a pesar de que su tipología es muy representativa de las construcciones de esta clase en otras regiones del interior de China. La investigación que desarrolla la presente tesis doctoral sale al paso de esa deficiencia, abriendo puertas a la continuación del trabajo referido, extendido a otras zonas o arquitecturas, y, por extensión, a la profundización analítica de la hibridación arquitectónica y cultural entre China y Occidente. Sobre las bases de investigación documental, estudios de campo y dibujo, la tesis plantea un estudio aclaratorio de los rasgos y raíces de la arquitectura tradicional china, al que sigue otro histórico y tipológico de los templos cristianos en la provincia de Shaanxi, deteniéndose en sus características fundamentales, situación (uso) actual y estado de conservación. Se ha considerado imprescindible añadir al trabajo, como apéndice, un elaborado glosario conceptual ilustrado de términos básicos arquitectónicos y constructivos, en chino, inglés y español. ABSTRACT The Chinese architecture has gone through great changes during the long process of history. The tremendous changing period was the named Modern Times of China when, for the very first time, the western architecture was introduced into China and became to influence majorly on the traditional Chinese architecture. Before that, the traditional Chinese architecture which has its own, yet totally different system from the occidental architecture system was the only architectural style could be found in China. Although, due to many historical, conceptual and architectural characteristic reasons, large amount of the ancient Chinese architecture built in the feudal China was not preserved, there are a lot of buildings of semi-feudal China that was well constructed and conserved. The most important architectural type of the semi-feudal China is the Christian Churches. It was not only the first western architectural form that was brought into and well developed in China, but also was the beginner of the modernization process of Chinese architecture. Because of the deep root of the 2000-year traditional Chinese architecture, all the Christian Churches built in China during the semi-colonial society has a combined style of both the traditional Chinese architecture and the classic western churches. They are a priceless asset of the Chinese architectural history. Recently, more and more attention had been paid on the Chinese Modern Times architecture, however, the Christian Churches in Shaanxi Province, the province which has a unique history with the Christian, but less economically developed have never been researched yet. The Christian Churches of Shaanxi Province reflect the general feature of developing history of the Christian Churches of common inner-land regions in China. The research opens the door to further study on other Christian Churches and related buildings, and also for the further study on the Chinese-western architectural and culture communication. On the base of document research, field survey and mapping, in this thesis, an in-depth study had been done on the general history of the features and roots of the traditional Chinese architecture, the developing history of the Christian Churches of Shaanxi Province and the architectural types, examples, characteristics, present situation and conservation status. By comparing the Christian Churches of the cities in Shaanxi province to the Christian Churches in other more developed cities, and by comparing the Christian Churches in China to the classic western churches, the architectural combination feature of the Christian Churches in China are highlighted. The thesis is a fundamental research on which many further studies about the architectural developing history, characteristics and conservation of the Christian Churches in China could be done. It is considered essential to add to the work, as an appendix, an elaborate conceptual illustrated glossary of architectural and construction terms in Chinese, English and Spanish.

La aportación de la Península Ibérica a la tecnología naval analizada a través de la interpretación de los documentos y la reproducción de los buques descritos en ellos (1570-1620)

El período de la Historia comprendido entre 1570 y 1620 nos ha dejado un importante conjunto de documentos relacionados con la construcción naval en la Península Ibérica. En una época convulsa en la que los reinos de España y Portugal se aglutinaron bajo una misma Corona, surgen una serie de manuscritos, libros y leyes que reflejan la creciente preocupación de la sociedad por el tema naval. Entre sus páginas encontramos las descripciones del proceso constructivo de los buques que sus autores consideraban más significativos para las demandas que se planteaban en ese momento. Este proceso que combinaba generación de formas y construcción del buque provenía de una secular tradición nacida en el Mediterráneo. Mediante reglas geométricas sencillas, el constructor naval trazaba las secciones centrales y el perfil de la nao, quedando los extremos de la misma (hasta más de la mitad de la eslora) a su buen hacer y experiencia. Las herramientas informáticas de generación de superficies mediante NURBs (Non- Uniform Rational B-spline) permiten reconstruir las formas de los navíos reproduciendo con fiabilidad las carenas de los mismos a partir de los documentos de la época. Mediante un estudio detallado de interpretación de los textos y transcribiendo los procesos, llegamos a obtener con un buen grado de precisión las carenas de los buques descritos en sus páginas. A partir de ahí y mediante el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de los parámetros obtenidos es posible valorar si las soluciones representadas por los barcos respondían a las preguntas planteadas por sus autores , la influencia de factores externos a la construcción naval tales como las regulaciones del Estado o identificar su relación con el germen y la expansión de la teoría que ha determinado los efectos de la Ciencia en la Arquitectura Naval. Comenzando por la nao veneciana de 1550, heredera de la secular tradición constructiva mediterránea, hasta llegar a las Reales Ordenanzas promulgadas en 1618, se reproducen hasta nueve carenas a partir de otros tantos documentos, se dibujan sus planos de formas y se exportan para su análisis hidrostático. El trabajo requiere la realización de otros estudios en paralelo necesarios para entender aquellos factores que formaron parte del desarrollo tecnológico naval como son, las unidades de medida en uso en los astilleros, los distintos sistemas de arqueo impuestos por la Corona y la representación de los diferentes instrumentos geométricos de modificación de los parámetros de diseño. A lo largo del trabajo se dan respuesta a interrogantes planteados por la arqueología en relación con el desarrollo de la arquitectura naval poniendo en evidencia que durante este período quedaron establecidos los fundamentos teórico-prácticos de lo que más adelante se convirtió en la ciencia de la ingeniería naval y se plantean nuevos retos para aquellos que deseen continuar la apasionante tarea de la investigación científica de nuestra historia. ABSTRACT The period of the History comprised between 1570 and 1620 has left an important set of shipbuilding documents in the Iberian Peninsula. In a turbulent time in which the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal were ruled under the same Crown, manuscripts, books and laws that reflect the growing concern of society for the naval theme arose. We found among their pages shipbuilding process descriptions of the more relevant vessels that responded to claims that arose at that time. This process brought together hull generation and shipbuilding and came from a secular tradition born in the Mediterranean. By means of simple geometric rules, the shipbuilder traced the central sections and profile of the ship, leaving the ends thereof (almost half of the length) to its good performance and experience. 3D computer modelling software by NURBs (Non-Uniform Rational B-spline) surfaces helps to reconstruct ships hulls from contemporary documents. Through a detailed texts interpretation and transcription processes, we manage to reach with a good degree of accuracy the ship hulls described in its pages. From there and through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the parameters obtained we can assess whether the solutions represented by ships gave response to the questions raised by the authors, the influence of external factors such as shipbuilding state regulations or identify their relationship to the origin and expansion of the theory that has determined the effects of Science in Naval Architecture. From the 1550 Venetian nao, inheritor of the secular Mediterranean building tradition, to the Royal Ordinances enacted in 1618, as nine hulls are reproduced, their line drawings are traced and exported for analysis hydrostatic. Further studies are needed to understand the factors that were part of shipbuilding technology development as the units of measure in use in shipyards, the different official regulations for calculating ship tonnage and the different geometric instruments to amend the design parameters. The work gives response to questions raised by archaeology in relation to the development of naval architecture highlighting that during this period were established the theoretical and practical foundations of what later became the science of naval engineering and raising new challenges for those wishing to continue the exciting task of scientific research of our History.

Nuevas tendencias en el proyecto de buques cableros

Esta tesis tiene como objetivo actualizar los criterios de proyecto de los buques cableros, analizando las nuevas tendencias en el uso de este tipo de barcos. Se estudian las operaciones realizadas para la instalación y reparación de los cables submarinos. Del estudio de estas técnicas se extraen unos requisitos para el proyecto. Se comprueba cómo han evolucionado a lo largo de la historia las características de los buques cableros. Comparando esta evolución con las características necesarias extraídas del estudio de las operaciones de cables, se concluyen los aspectos fundamentales a tener en cuenta por los ingenieros navales en el proyecto de estos buques cableros. Se presentan: datos concretos para el dimensionamiento, equipamiento, distribución y disposición general; soluciones utilizadas y desarrolladas por el autor para la configuración del manejo del cable de tiro del arado submarino; y se propone una disposición general más acorde con las necesidades modernas de uso de estos barcos. Todo está basado en la experiencia del autor de más de 20 años operando buques cableros de la empresa Transoceanic Cableship Company, Ltd.1 y TE Conectivity SubCom SL (antes TEMASA2), ambas filiales de la empresa norteamericana de telecomunicaciones submarinas TE SubCom, por ello su utilidad práctica queda garantizada. ABSTRACT The goal of this thesis is to update the design criteria applied to cableships by analyzing the new trends in the use of this type of ships. The methods of procedure for the installation and repair of fiber optic submarine cables are also explored. The study of these techniques draws conclusions regarding the design requirements. The evolution of the characteristics of the cableships throughout the history is also approached. The primary aspect that has to be taken into account by the naval architect is also stated, when comparing the evolution and the necessary requirements extracted from the study of cable operations. Specific data for dimensioning, outfitting, distribution and arrangement are presented, as well as solutions found and developed by the author for the tow wire handling configuration. Furthermore, a new general arrangement more in line with the modern needs for the purpose of these ships is suggested. Everything is based in the author´s experience of over twenty years in the operation of cableships owned by Transoceanic Cableship Company Ltd. and TE Connectivity SubCom SL (formerly called TEMASA), both subsidiaries of the US based company TE SubCom. For this reason, the practical value of the study is guaranteed.

Lipid biomarkers in the Enol Lake (Asturias, Northern Spain): coupled natural and human induced environmental history

The lipid content of three cores from Lake Enol (Picos de Europa National Park, Asturias, Northern Spain) was studied. The n-alkane profiles indicated a major input from terrigenous plants [predominance of high molecular weight (HMW) alkanes] since ca. 1695 AD to the water body, although the uppermost cm revealed a predominance of organic matter (OM) derived from algae, as the most abundant alkane was C17. Three units revealing different environmental conditions were defined. Unit A (ca. 1695–1860 AD) in the lowermost parts of ENO13-10 (< 12 cm) and ENO13-15 (< 28 cm) was identified and was characterized by higher OM input and evidence of minimal degradation (high CPI values, predominance of HMW n-alkanoic acids and good correspondence between the predominant n-alkane and n-alkanoic acid chains). These findings could be linked to the Little Ice Age, when cold and humid conditions may have favored an increase in total organic carbon (TOC) and n-alkane and n-alkanoic acid content (greater terrigenous OM in-wash), and may have also reduced bacterial activity. In Unit B (ca. 1860–1980 AD) the lack of correspondence between the n-alkane and n-alkanoic acid profiles of ENO13-10 (12–4 cm) and ENO13-15 (28–8 cm) suggested a certain preferential microbial synthesis of long chain saturated fatty acids from primary OM and/or bacterial activity, coinciding with a decrease in OM input, which could be linked to the global warming that started in the second half of the 19th century. In ENO13-7 the low OM input (low TOC) was accompanied by some bacterial degradation (predominance ofHMWn-alkanoic acids but with a bimodal distribution) in the lowermost 16–5 cm. Evidence of considerable phytoplankton productivity and microbial activity was especially significant in Unit C (ca. 1980–2013 AD) identified in the uppermost part of all three cores (5 cm in ENO13-7, 4 cm in ENO13-10 and 8 cm in ENO13-15), coinciding with higher concentrations of n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids, which were considered to be linked to warmer and drier conditions, as well as to greater anthropogenic influence in modern times. Plant sterols, such as b-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, were significantly present in the cores. In addition, fecal stanols, such as 24-ethylcoprostanol from herbivores, were present, thereby indicating a continuous and significant pollution input derived from these animals since the 17th century, being more important in the last 20 years.