n-Alkan-2-ones in peat-forming plants from the Roñanzas ombrotrophic bog (Asturias, northern Spain)

We determined the distribution of lipids (n-alkanes and n-alkan-2-ones) in present-day peat-formingplants in the RoñanzasBog in northernSpain. Consistent with the observation of others, most Sphagnum (moss) species alkanes maximized at C23, whereas the other plants maximized at higher molecular weight (C27 to C31). We show for the first time that plants other than seagrass and Sphagnum moss contain n-alkan-2-ones. Almost all the species analysed showed an n-alkan-2-one distribution between C21 and C31 with an odd/even predominance, maximizing at C27 or C29, except ferns, which maximized at lower molecular weight (C21–C23). We also observed that microbial degradation can be a major contributor to the n-alkan-2-one distribution in sediments as opposed to a direct input of ketones from plants

HAK transporters from Physcomitrella patens and Yarrowia lipolytica mediate sodium uptake

The widespread presence of Na+ specific uptake systems across plants and fungi is a controversial topic. In this study we identify two HAK genes, one in the moss Physcomitrella patens and the other in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, that encode Na+ specific transporters. Because HAK genes are numerous in plants and are duplicated in many fungi, our findings suggest that some HAK genes encode Na+ transporters and that Na+ might play physiological functions in plants and fungi more extensively than is currently thought.

Retos de la Gerencia de TI para construir sistemas de información exitosos: aportes claves del usuario final

Por décadas y hasta el presente, numerosos continúan siendo los casos de SI fallidos, parcial o totalmente, causando grandes pérdidas en las organizaciones y planteando serios retos a los profesionales de las TI y a los niveles de Dirección. La literatura reconoce que los principales factores influyentes son más de orden social que tecnológico, dando un peso relevante al rol de usuario final y sugiriendo profundizar en su investigación, por considerarlo como el “stakeholder” clave para el éxito de un SI. Este estudio empírico ha buscado ampliar las subdimensiones y analizar el impacto de tres factores críticos de dicho rol desde la perspectiva del mismo usuario final, no hallados en la literatura sobre el tema. Se presentan los resultados de un análisis cuantitativo y otro cualitativo, complementándose ambos enfoques y dando las mayores cargas a los factores “conocimientos” y “participación” efectiva. Las conclusiones más significativas resaltan la relevancia de la gerencia del conocimiento así como medidas preventivas respecto a las subdimensiones analizadas para reducir los riesgos inherentes. Se estima que los resultad os aportan mayor detalle a la teoría y a la práctica sobre los SI en las organizaciones.

Desarrollo e implementación de sistemas de información organizacionales-Factores humanos críticos de éxito relativos al usuario final

Es irrefutable que las contribuciones del usuario final (UF) son críticas para el éxito de los proyectos de desarrollo e implementación de sistemas de in-formación (SI). También lo es la necesidad de nuevas investigaciones, motivada por el número creciente de fracasos de este tipo de proyectos, que profundicen en dichas contribuciones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar tres factores huma-nos del UF considerados claves y determinar su impacto en el éxito de los SI. Este estudio incluyó cuatro grandes empresas industriales relacionadas y se recogieron las percepciones de experimentados profesionales de SI y líderes usuarios. Un análisis cuantitativo es complementado con un análisis cualitativo, estimándose que los resultados aportan nuevo material a la teoría y a la práctica gerencial en las organizaciones.

Retos para la Dirección al invertir en sistemas de información: el usuario final, un elemento crítico

Muchas organizaciones, a nivel mundial, continúan experimentando fuertes pérdidas al fracasar sus inversiones en sistemas de información (SI). Esta investigación empírica ha perseguido evaluar en qué grado ciertas variables relativas al usuario final, incluyendo subdimensiones sobre capacidades y actitudes, que han sido ignoradas o poco profundizadas por la investigación, están involucradas durante el desarrollo de los SI, así como lo fuerte que puede ser su impacto sobre el éxito de los mismos, al implementarlos. Se confirmó el alto nivel de relación e impacto esperados, concluyendo que en este dominio puede hallarse buena parte de la explicación a la problemática planteada.

Biogeochemical indicators of elevated nitrogen deposition in semiarid Mediterranean ecosystems

Nitrogen (N) deposition has doubled the natural N inputs received by ecosystems through biological N fixation and is currently a global problem that is affecting the Mediterranean regions. We evaluated the existing relationships between increased atmospheric N deposition and biogeochemical indicators related to soil chemical factors and cryptogam species across semiarid central, southern, and eastern Spain. The cryptogam species studied were the biocrust-forming species Pleurochaete squarrosa (moss) and Cladonia foliacea (lichen). Sampling sites were chosen in Quercus coccifera (kermes oak) shrublands and Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) forests to cover a range of inorganic N deposition representative of the levels found in the Iberian Peninsula (between 4.4 and 8.1 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)). We extended the ambient N deposition gradient by including experimental plots to which N had been added for 3 years at rates of 10, 20, and 50 kg N ha(-1) year(-1). Overall, N deposition (extant plus simulated) increased soil inorganic N availability and caused soil acidification. Nitrogen deposition increased phosphomonoesterase (PME) enzyme activity and PME/nitrate reductase (NR) ratio in both species, whereas the NR activity was reduced only in the moss. Responses of PME and NR activities were attributed to an induced N to phosphorus imbalance and to N saturation, respectively. When only considering the ambient N deposition, soil organic C and N contents were positively related to N deposition, a response driven by pine forests. The PME/NR ratios of the moss were better predictors of N deposition rates than PME or NR activities alone in shrublands, whereas no correlation between N deposition and the lichen physiology was observed. We conclude that integrative physiological measurements, such as PME/NR ratios, measured on sensitive species such as P. squarrosa, can provide useful data for national-scale biomonitoring programs, whereas soil acidification and soil C and N storage could be useful as additional corroborating ecosystem indicators of chronic N pollution.

Biomarkers and inorganic proxies in the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of mires: The importance of landscape in Las Conchas (Asturias, Northern Spain)

We determined the lipid distributions (n-alkanes, n-alkan-2-ones, n-alkanoic acids), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), Ca/Mg and ash content in Las Conchas mire, a 3.2 m deep bryophyte-dominated mire in Northern Spain covering 8000 cal yr BP. Bog conditions developed in the bottom 20 cm of the profile, and good preservation of organic matter (OM) was inferred from n-alkanoic acid distribution, with the exception of the uppermost 20 cm (last ca. 200 yr). Microbial synthesis of long chain saturated fatty acids from primary OM likely produced a dominance of short chain n-alkanoic acids with a bimodal distribution, as well as the lack of correspondence between the n-alkane and n-alkanoic acid profiles in the upper 20 cm. This was accompanied by an increase in ash content, a decrease in TOC and variation in n-alkane ratios, thereby suggesting significant changes in the mire, namely drainage and transformation to a meadow, in the last ca. 200 yr. The distribution of n-alkan-2-ones indicated an increase in bacterial source from the bottom of the record to 94 cm, whereas their distribution in the upper part could be attributed mainly to plant input and/or the microbial oxidation of n-alkanes. The different n-alkane proxies showed variations, which we interpreted in terms of changes in vegetation (Sphagnum vs. non-Sphagnum dominated phases) during the last 8000 cal yr BP. C23 was the most abundant homolog throughout most of the record, thereby suggesting dominant humid conditions alternating with short drier phases. However, such humid conditions were not linked to paleoclimatic variation but rather to geomorphological characteristics: Las Conchas mire, at the base of the Cuera Range, receives continuous runoff—even during drier periods—which is not necessarily accompanied by additional mineral input to peat, producing the development of Sphagnum moss typical of waterlogged ecotopes and damp habitats. Thus, although geochemical proxies indicated an ombrotrophic regime in the mire, geomorphological characteristics may make a considerable contribution to environmental conditions.