Bóvedas de crucería rebajadas hispanas: geometría, estructura y construcción

La arquitectura histórica constituye un ámbito de notable singularidad dentro del patrimonio cultural, ya que representa uno de los máximos exponentes de la cultura material de las sociedades precedentes. Su adecuada conservación y preservación debe ir necesariamente precedida de un riguroso y profundo conocimiento de sus valores culturales, de ahí la importancia de las investigaciones en este campo. Entre todos los elementos que configuran las edificaciones históricas, son probablemente las bóvedas los elementos más singulares, dada su relevancia desde un punto de vista tanto estético como estructural y constructivo. Hasta la fecha, los estudios centrados en los abovedamientos medievales góticos han aportado visiones generales del conjunto de obras, estableciendo las pertinentes clasificaciones y poniendo de manifiesto la notable variedad de tipos de bóvedas de crucería. La presente investigación tiene su origen en la necesidad de profundizar en el conocimiento de este sistema constructivo mediante el estudio específico y sistemático de un tipo concreto de abovedamiento: las bóvedas de crucería rebajadas que sustentan los coros altos de los templos. En concreto, el análisis se ha centrado en aquellos abovedamientos construidos en la Corona de Castilla durante los reinados de los Reyes Católicos y Carlos I, puesto que es en este momento de transición entre el mundo medieval y la Edad Moderna con una coexistencia de la tradición medieval y las nuevas ideas renacentistas cuando se crean las más singulares obras. Por lo tanto, el trabajo desarrollado se ha centrado en el estudio e interpretación de los procesos de diseño, trazado y construcción específicos de cada una de las bóvedas. Más allá de un enfoque descriptivo o basado en una visión actual, se ha tratado de profundizar en los métodos, sistemas y recursos que los maestros canteros emplearon, lo que ha obligado a adoptar en la medida de lo posible la mentalidad y conocimiento bajomedievales. Con estas premisas se ha desarrollado una investigación que necesariamente se ha apoyado en la contextualización histórica de cada una de las bóvedas, generándose un catálogo completo de las obras. Posteriormente, se ha desarrollado una toma de datos y un análisis individualizado de cada una de ellas, para poder obtener una interpretación de su proceso de diseño y construcción. Finalmente, se ha abordado un estudio comparativo del conjunto de las obras, poniendo en relación sus características históricas, geométricas, constructivas y estructurales. Ello ha permitido obtener unos resultados novedosos respecto a las principales cuestiones sobre el diseño y construcción de las bóvedas de crucería rebajadas, poniendo de relieve su singularidad y el profundo conocimiento de los maestros canteros que las crearon. De este modo, se ha pretendido avanzar en la investigación y sentar las bases para posteriores trabajos en el ámbito de los abovedamientos de crucería. Historical architecture is a quite singular field when considering cultural heritage, because it is one of the most important exponents of the material culture previous societies. Its proper conservation and restoration must be preceded of a rigorous and deep knowledge of the cultural values, and that is why researches in this fi eld are very important. The study of historical architecture has been developed traditionally from the viewpoint of History of Art and Architecture. Thanks to such discipline, it has been possible to establish and systematize several architectonical types and styles. However, there has been a lack in relationship with the analyses focused on the structural and constructive historical systems, which has been recently compensated by the gradual development of the discipline of Construction History. Among the several elements which form the historical buildings, the vaults are probably the most singular elements, thanks to their aesthetic, constructive and structural relevance. To date, the studies focused on the medieval gothic vaults have provided general visions of the whole group of works, which has allowed defi ning the proper classifi cations and underlining the great variety of kinds of ribbed vaults. The present research has its origin in the need of a deeper knowledge of this specific constructive system. For that reason, a specifi c and systematic analysis of a particular kind of vaults has been developed. It is focused on the surbased ribbed vaults which support the elevated choirs of some churches. In particular, it includes the works built in the Crown of Castille during the kingdoms of Catholic Kings and Carlos I, because at this precise moment of transition from the medieval world into de Modern Age with a coexistence of the medieval tradition and the new classicistic ideas the most singular and relevant surbased vaults were built. In this way, the analysis has been focused in the study and interpretation of the design, tracing and construction methods of each vault. More than a descriptive approach or an analysis based on our contemporary point of view and knowledge, this research has studied the methods, systems and resources of master masons in depth. Then, it has been necessary to adopt as much as possible their mentality, as well as the late medieval knowledge. With the above mentioned premises, the research has been developed including the historical contextualization of each vault, providing also a complete catalogue of such works. After obtaining the proper survey, measurements and other complementary data, each one has been analyzed in order to develop a hypothesis of the design and construction process. Finally, a comparative study has been carried out, which has allowed putting in relationship the historical, geometrical, constructive and structural features of the whole group of vaults. This research has provided novel results about de design and construction of surbased ribbed vaults, underlining their singularity as well as the deep knowledge of master masons who created them. In this way, we have tried to go further in this scientific field and to set the basis for latter researches focused on ribbed vaults.

La iglesia de Santiago de los españoles en Roma y su entorno entre los siglos XV y XIX. Una historia a través del dibujo

Plaza Navona representa una de las visitas obligadas de Roma, pero solo algunos advertirán en ella la presencia española en la sala de exposiciones del Instituto Cervantes o en la inmediata Libreria Española. Todavía serán menos los que se percatarán de la huella española dejada en aquella iglesia de fachada anónima situada, en el extremo sur de la plaza: la antigua iglesia de Santiago de los Españoles. La presente tesis pretende, utilizando el dibujo como guía, herramienta y fin del proceso de análisis y estudio, reconstruir el proceso de conformación y construcción de la que fue iglesia española principal, cuya fundación hace patente el destacado papel jugado por la “nación” castellana en Roma durante la Edad Media; y en torno a la que se aglutinaron las actividades religiosas, diplomáticas y financieras de los castellanos que vivieron en la actual capital italiana. Se intentará recrear en el tiempo la que es hoy la iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón, sometiéndola a una restitución gráfica disciplinada, homogénea y objetiva en la medida de lo posible de las varias etapas que la han caracterizadas, desde su fundación hasta cuando en 1878 España se deshizo de ella, ya en ruina, vendiéndola. Como nos comenta Gaetano Moroni, de todas las comunidades nacionales que se encontraban en Roma la española parece ser efectivamente una de las más rica y prestigiosa. Aunque lo que no cuenta Moroni no haya sido todavía demostrado, dicho enunciado resulta de todas formas interesante puesto que pone el acento sobre el hecho de que ya desde el siglo X parece ser habitual de ocupar y reutilizar antiguas ruinas, usándolas como base para la construcción de hospitales para los peregrinos. Esta operación se hizo particularmente frecuente sobre todo antes del Gran Jubileo de 1450: de hecho desde la primera mitad del Quattrocento se fundan distintas iglesias y hospitales nacionales para acoger y prestar una adecuada asistencia y socorro a los innumerables peregrinos que llegaban a la ciudad, edificios que se van construyendo sobre los restos de antiguos edificios de época romana. Prueba de ello es en efecto la fundación originaria de la iglesia y hospital de los Españoles que, parte del conjunto de edificios que compone la Plaza Navona, situada en el corazón de Campo Marzio y cuya posición y forma corresponden a la del antiguo Estadio de Domiciano, y que ahora es en sus dimensiones, en su imagen arquitectónica y en su consistencia material, el resultado de la definición proyectual y de las transformaciones que se llevaron a cabo sobre lo que quedaba del antiguo templo español del siglo XV, entre finales del ‘800 y los años 30 del siglo XX . Transformaciones devastadoras, huellas grabadas o canceladas que encuentran una justificación en los acontecimientos históricos reflejados en el patrimonio urbano. El análisis de todas las fuentes permite trazar, si no la totalidad, buena parte de las modificaciones que la antigua iglesia de Santiago ha sufrido. La construcción del templo se puede dividir en tres momentos decisivos: una primera etapa de fundación en 1450-1478 en la que la iglesia tenía fachada y entrada en via de la Sapienza, hoy Corso Rinascimento; una segunda de significativa ampliación hacia Plaza Navona con una nueva fachada monumental hacia ese espacio público en 1496-1500; y una última importante ampliación entre 1525-1526, llevada a cabo por el arquitecto Antonio da Sangallo el Joven. Tras la intensa vida del templo, en el siglo XVIII, éste cae en ruina y finalmente es vendido en 1878 a la orden de los misioneros franceses de Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón que la reconvierten en iglesia reformando totalmente el conjunto en 1881, según proyecto de Luca Carimini. En 1936, en plena fase de rectificación de trazados urbanos por obra del régimen fascista, según proyecto de Arnaldo Foschini, se mutila su extremidad hacia vía de la Sapienza dejando su estado tal y como se contempla en la actualidad. ABSTRACT The objective of this thesis is the reconstruction of the design and edification process -using drawings and sketches as a guide, tool and the end of the analytical process- of a church which was once the preeminent Spanish church in medieval Rome, known today as Nostra Signora del Sacro Cuore (Our Lady of the Sacred Heart). The founding of this church illustrates the important role held by the Castillian “nation” in Rome during the Middle Ages. It was the focal point of all the religious, diplomatic and economic activities of the Castillian community residing in today’s Italian capital. The aim of this proyect is a recreation the church in time by submitting it to a disciplined, homogenous and objective graphic restitution of the various stages most characteristic the temple, starting from its foundation until 1878 when, in a state of ruins, the church was finally sold off by Spain. Gaetano Moroni once commented that of all the international communities found in Rome, the Spanish community seemed to be one of the wealthiest and most prestigious. Such a statement proves interesting as it emphasizes that starting in the 10th century we see there was a widespread custom of occupying and reusing old ruins for use as the bases of new constructions of hospitals for pilgrims. This custom became especially frequent just before the Jubilee Year of 1450: in fact, in the first half of the Quattrocento we see the founding of many different national churches and hospitals which provided shelter and care to the countless pilgrims arriving in the city, buildings which were constructed on top of the ruins of ancient buildings left over from Roman times. Proof of this is the original foundation of the Spanish church and hospital forming part of the Piazza Navona, built upon and following the outline of the Stadium of Domitian, in the heart of Campo Marzio. Now, in its dimensions, its architectural image and its material substance, it represents the predominant result of the planning definitions and the transformations which affected the old 15th-century Spanish temple. Ocurring between the end of the 19th century and the 1930s, the transformations were devastating, erasing original peculiarities and engraving new ones, transformations made justifiable by the historical events reflected in its urban environs. Analyzing all sources allows us to trace, even if not in entirety, still a sizeable portion of the modifications undergone by the old Church of Saint James. The construction of the temple can be divided into three decisive moments: its foundation, from 1450 to 1478, when the church’s façade and main door looked out on to the Via della Sapienza, today’s central avenue of Corso del Rinascimento; the second stage being a major expansion towards the Piazza Navona (1496-1500) with a new, monumental façade facing the public space; and the third was the last significant expansion, carried out from 1525 to 1526 by the architect Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. Despite an intense and bustling life during the Modern Age, in the 18th century the church began to fall into ruin and was finally sold in 1878 to the order of French missionaries of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, who reconverted it into a church and completely renovated the structure in 1881 in a project supervised by Luca Carimini. In 1936, the corrective urban redesign of Rome carried out by the fascist regime and implemented by Arnaldo Foschini mutilated the part bordering Via della Sapienza, leaving it as we see it today.

Urban Archaeology in Madrid. Experiences and Opportunities to Understand Historical City

In 2015, it will be thirty years since Spanish Historic Heritage Law from 1985 was approved. The results after three decades under this law are necessarily positive and witness how the complex autonomous regional legislation has been promoted, guided and organized in this Heritage field. In addition, the law enforcement has brought into the scene how the numerous public and private initiatives involved in caring, managing, protecting and restoring our cultural heritage have been channeled and regulated, as well as monitoring the impact these initiatives produce on urban archaeology. During this long period of Spanish recent history, cultural heritage -understood as an important development tool, especially when related to cultural tourism- has succeeded in channeling resources for developing the historical research projects, both documental and archaeological, that the Spanish monumental urban ensembles were requiring. In this context, the case of the city of Madrid is a clear example of the significant development that urban Historical Archaeology has experienced in Spain over the last thirty years, especially when dealing with the study of the Middle Ages (8th to 15th centuries) and the Modern Age (16th to 18th centuries). Given the number of interventions and the important results obtained by many of them, Madrid urban archaeology is an extraordinary example of the consequences of implementing new management models, changing criteria and operating procedures, and also, of course, of the conflicts and debates raised regarding heritage, as well as the importance these interventions have implied, which is the main aim of this work.

GIS for cartographic accuracy analysis of settlements in the province of Madrid (AGE Tomas Lopez 1804).

Purpose: In this paper we study all settlements shown on the map of the Province of Madrid, sheet number 1 of AGE (Atlas Geográfico de España of Tomas Lopez 1804) and their correspondence with the current ones. This map is divided in to zones: Madrid and Almonacid de Zorita. Method: The steps followed in the methodology are as follow: 1. Geo-reference of maps with latitude and longitude framework. Move the historical longitude origin to the origin longitude of modern cartography. 2 Digitize of all population settlements or cities (97 on Madrid and 42 on Almonacid de Zorita), 3 Identify historic settlements or cities corresponding with current ones. 4. If the maps have the same orientation and scale, replace the coordinate transformation of historical settlements with a new one, by a translation in latitude and longitude equal to the calculated mean value of all ancient map points corresponding to the new. 5. Calculation of absolute accuracy of the two maps. 6 draw in the GIS, the settlements accuracy. Result: It was found that all AGE settlements have good correspondence with current, ie only 27 settlements lost in Madrid and 2 in Almonacid. The average accuracy is 2.3 and 5.7 km to Madrid and Almonacid de Zorita respectively. Discussion & Conclusion: The final accuracy map obtained shows that there is less error in the middle of the map. This study highlights the great work done by Tomas Lopez in performing this mapping without fieldwork. This demonstrates the great value that has been the work of Tomas Lopez in the history of cartography.