A low cost and widely applicable methodology of digital imagen analysis of ores for mineral and envirommental engineering

Technological and environmental problems related to ore processing are a serious limitation for sustainable development of mineral resources, particularly for countries / companies rich in ores, but with little access to sophisticated technology, e.g. in Latin America. Digital image analysis (DIA) can provide a simple, unexpensive and broadly applicable methodology to assess these problems, but this methodology has to be carefully defined, to produce reproducible and relevant information.

Efficient management of available technologies. Aplication to mining operations for industry supplies

Nowadays, processing Industry Sector is going through a series of changes, including right management and reduction of environmental affections. Any productive process which looks for sustainable management is incomplete if Cycle of Life of mineral resources sustainability is not taken into account. Raw materials for manufacturing are provided by mineral resources extraction processes, such as copper, aluminum, iron, gold, silver, silicon, titanium? Those elements are necessary for Mankind development and are obtained from the Earth through mineral extractive processes. Mineral extraction processes are operations which must take care about the environmental consequences. Extraction of huge volumes of rock for their transformation into raw materials for industry must be optimized to reduce ecological cost of the final product as l was possible. Reducing the ecological balance on a global scale has no sense to design an efficient manufacturing in secondary industry (transformation), if in first steps of the supply chain (extraction) impact exceeds the savings of resources in successive phases. Mining operations size suggests that it is an environmental aggressive activity, but precisely because of its great impact must be the first element to be considered. That idea implies that a new concept born: Reduce economical and environmental cost This work aims to make a reflection on the parameters that can be modified to reduce the energy cost of the process without an increasing in operational costs and always ensuring the same production capacity. That means minimize economic and environmental cost at same time. An efficient design of mining operation which has taken into account that idea does not implies an increasing of the operating cost. To get this objective is necessary to think in global operation view to make that all departments involved have common guidelines which make you think in the optimization of global energy costs. Sometimes a single operational cost must be increased to reduce global cost. This work makes a review through different design parameters of surface mining setting some key performance indicators (KPIs) which are estimated from an efficient point of view. Those KPIs can be included by HQE Policies as global indicators. The new concept developed is that a new criteria has to be applied in company policies: improve management, improving OPERATIONAL efficiency. That means, that is better to use current resources properly (machinery, equipment,?) than to replace them with new things but not used correctly. As a conclusion, through an efficient management of current technologies in each extractive operation an important reduction of the energy can be achieved looking at downstream in the process. That implies a lower energetic cost in the whole cycle of life in manufactured product.

Planeamiento y políticas de vivienda en el área metropolitana de Madrid durante la democracia (1975-2007)

La tesis analiza la realidad residencial construida en los municipios del Área Metropolitana de Madrid durante la democracia, en términos de localización, cantidad y calidad/cualidad, y su relación con el desarrollo de las políticas de planeamiento y de vivienda. La pregunta central que ha guiado la investigación es la siguiente: ¿cómo han incidido los instrumentos de política de vivienda y de planeamiento urbanístico en el crecimiento residencial de los municipios del Área Metropolitana de Madrid? Se trata de poner en relación dos políticas públicas orientadas por la Administración en sus distintos niveles de actuación: una de carácter territorial, el planeamiento urbanístico -cuya ejecución es de competencia municipal-, y otra de carácter sectorial, las políticas de vivienda -definidas por la Administración Central y Autonómica-. Al considerar la política de vivienda como el resultado de la política financiera, la política fiscal y la política de suelo, se ha observado cómo en España las dos primeras suponen más del 70% de la intervención presupuestaria en vivienda. Esta investigación se ha centrado particularmente en la tercera, la política de suelo, por su vinculación directa con el planeamiento urbanístico, pero sin dejar de tener en cuenta las dos primeras, no sólo por su implicación en el gasto público, sino porque han tenido tanto efecto, o más, en la conformación de la ciudad como ha podido tenerlo el planeamiento. La primera parte de la tesis se centra en el estudio de las políticas, sus objetivos e instrumentos (normativos y de planificación), mientras que en la segunda parte se analiza la realidad construida, por medio de una serie de variables e indicadores relacionados con la producción residencial (suelo y viviendas); en la tercera se presenta la parte de análisis y las conclusiones generales. Al cruzar los objetivos y los instrumentos de ambas políticas se ha podido concluir con una propuesta de periodización evidenciando las ontinuidades, cambios o transformaciones: después de una etapa de transición –de 1975 a 1978, coincide con los años de la transición democrática, en el que se definen las bases de las nuevas políticas-, se han podido diferenciar tres períodos: 1979-1989, 1990-1997 y 1998-2007. El primer período corresponde a los años en los que se fue construyendo todo el aparato institucional regulador con las nuevas administraciones que surgieron de la democracia. El segundo período, aunque comenzó con la aprobación de la Ley del Suelo de 1990 como instrumento clave del planeamiento regulador, se caracterizó por el cuestionamiento del modelo intervencionista y por los primeros planteamientos de liberalización. Finalmente, en el tercer período se pusieron las bases normativas de la liberalización del suelo en España, con la reforma de la Ley del Suelo de 1998 y otras medidas “remediales”. Finalmente, se presenta el análisis de los resultados sobre la realidad construida, teniendo como clave de interpretación la periodización propuesta a partir de las políticas, con el propósito de conocer cómo han podido incidir en el crecimiento residencial del AMM. Por tanto, la tesis aborda la inquietud de cuándo, cómo y dónde las políticas públicas han construido ciudad y han generado barrios, pues también trata de analizar los espacios urbanos que han sido el resultado físico de dichas políticas (aspectos de los conjuntos residenciales, el entorno inmediato y su relación con el tejido urbano existente), y no sólo de mostrar cantidades de viviendas construidas. Posteriormente, el estudio se centra en el análisis de las actuaciones públicas sobre suelos destinados a uno de los llamados “usos débiles”, las viviendas protegidas. Éstas se han beneficiado, de una u otra manera, de las ayudas económicas que se incluyen en los planes de vivienda y, por ello, están sujetas a unos parámetros definidos por la normativa vigente en cada caso. Ha interesado realizar una valoración de las mismas a partir de criterios de integración social y funcional, y de equilibrio territorial. ABSTRACT The PhD thesis analyses the residential areas built in the Metropolitan Area of Madrid, in terms of location, quality and quantity, and the relationship to the resulting built environment planning and housing policies. Its cover a period of tree decades since the onset of democracy in Spain in 1975 up to the beginning of the great recession starting 2007. The central question that has guided the research is the following: how the instruments of housing policy and urban planning have influenced the residential growth of the municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Madrid? It is about putting together two different public policies that are also carried out at different levels of government: spacial and urban planning –whose execution is under municipal jurisdiction under principles and guidelines defined at a regional scale; and the sectorial housing policies which are mostly defined by the Nacional and Regional governments and are very interlinked with the wider economic policies of the country. When considering housing policy as the result of financial, fiscal and land policy, it has been noted in Spain that instruments under the first two types of measures (financial and fiscal) account for over 70% of the housing budget intervention. This research has particularly focused on the third, Land Policy, because of its direct link to urban planning. Nevertheless, the research also considers f inancial and f iscal pol icies, not only because of thei r signi f icant level of publ ic spending, but al so because of thei r great impacto n shaping the way the ci ty is bui l t . The first part of the thesis focuses on the study of the policies, objectives and instruments (housing and planning), while the second part analyses the built reality by means of a number of variables and indicators related to the housing production (land and housing). In the third part the analysis and general conclusions are presented. After relating the objectives and instruments of both policies, the thesis concludes with a proposal for periodization showing continuities, changes and transformations: after a transition period – from 1975 to 1978 coinciding with the years of the democratic transition, in which the basis of the new policies were defined- tree periods (1979-1989, 1990- 1997 and 1998-2007) have been d i s t i n g u i s h e d . The first period covers the years in which a new institutional apparatus wa s b u i l t wi t h t h e n e w a r r a n g eme n t s t h a t eme r g e d from democracy. The second period, even though it began with the approval of the Land Act 1990 as key element of the regulatory planning, was characterized by the questioning of public intervention and early approaches to liberalization. Finally, in the third period, the normative basis of liberalization was set up in Spain, with the reform of the Land Act 1998 and other “corrective” measures. At a final point, the analisys of the results on the reality constructed is presented having as a key of interpretation the periodization proposed. This provides tools for interpreting how policies did affect residential growth in the Metropolitan Area of Madrid. Therefore, the thesis addresses the issues of when, how and where public policies have inf luenced and guided the development of resident ial áreas in the región dur ing this t ime f rame. I t is also concerned with analysing those urban spaces that have been the physical result of such policies (aspects of residential complexes, the immediate environment and its relationship with the existing urban infraestructure), going beyond the analisys of statistical data. Subsequently, the study focuses on the analysis of public actions on land for the so-called "weak uses" particularly social housing. These have benefited in one way or another, of financial assistance included in housing plans and, therefore, are subject to some parameters defined by the regulations in force in each case.