Análisis del comportamiento en servicio de los puentes de fábrica ante las nuevas condiciones de explotación

Los puentes arco de fábrica representan una parte importante del inventario de puentes en España y en Europa. De aquí, la importancia cuantitativa de estas estructuras y el interés que representa tanto para las Administraciones, organismos públicos y privados como para la sociedad en general, mantener estos puentes en servicio. Para poder alargar su vida útil, aún más si cabe, se plantea imprescindible llevar a cabo una labor de conservación y mantenimiento adecuada. La importancia de la evaluación estructural de los puentes de fábrica se basa en la conveniencia de conocer el comportamiento estructural tanto en condiciones de servicio como en agotamiento. El comportamiento en Estado Límite Último ha sido estudiado en profundidad y como resultado, la seguridad frente a agotamiento ha quedado definida con cierta confianza. Sin embargo, el comportamiento en Estado Límite de Servicio no es tan conocido. Se considera necesaria una revisión del concepto de ELS en puentes arco de fábrica puesto que muchos de ellos, cumpliendo las comprobaciones establecidas para ELU, presentan daños asociados a las actuales condiciones de explotación existentes actuales. El presente trabajo se enmarca dentro de un proyecto que está llevando a cabo la UIC (Union Internationale de Chemins de Fer) desde 2004. El objetivo general del mismo es conocer el comportamiento de los puentes arco de fábrica y mejorar los métodos de evaluación, mantenimiento y reparación existentes. Con este estudio, se pretende contribuir a mejorar la caracterización del comportamiento en servicio de estas estructuras. Para ello se ha realizado un análisis del estado tensional de la bóveda y el relleno estudiando la influencia de la configuración geométrica de los puentes y las propiedades de los materiales que los componen. Entender el funcionamiento de estas estructuras y conocer sus peculiares características ha sido el paso previo al desarrollo del estudio. Para ello, se ha acudido al minucioso trabajo desarrollado por diversos autores, desde los primeros análisis mediante la línea de presiones hasta los actuales métodos basados en elementos finitos. En primer lugar, se ha realizado un estudio paramétrico de diferentes configuraciones geométricas. El objetivo es comprobar la influencia de las dimensiones absolutas y las relaciones existentes entre las mismas en el comportamiento en servicio de los puentes. A continuación, se ha estudiado la influencia de las propiedades mecánicas de los rellenos rígido y granular (modificando su módulo de deformabilidad) en el estado tensional de la bóveda y el propio relleno. Para las dos etapas anteriores se emplea un modelo simplificado de puente arco de fábrica. A continuación, se crea un modelo más completo del mismo, para estudiar la influencia de las propiedades mecánicas del substrato de cimentación en el comportamiento estructural en servicio de la estructura. El objetivo final de este trabajo fin de máster, es conocer el comportamiento en servicio de los puentes arco de fábrica, para poder establecer las variables que condicionan el mismo. El siguiente paso en este campo de estudio, consiste en fijar unos valores límite para las mismas. Como síntesis de las conclusiones obtenidas, se menciona que el comportamiento estructural de los puente arco de fábrica, en mayor o menor medida, está influenciado por su geometría y las propiedades de los rellenos y substrato de cimentación que forman parte del mismo. Masonry arch bridges represent an important part of the total bridges, both in Spain and Europe. For this reason, these structures are so important in terms of quantity. They play an essential role for public administration and people in general. In order to remain those bridges serviceable, suitable inspections and repairs are required. It is necessary to have knowledge of the bridge condition so that an assessment can be made with confidence. It is therefore necessary to check that bridges behave properly under Ultimate Limit State criterion and Serviceability Limit State criterion. ULS has been studied thoroughly and as result, requirements under collapse are well described. However, structural behaviour under conditions of serviceability is not well evaluated. Serviceability Limit State criterion should be redefined for masonry arch bridges assessment. This is because many bridges that fulfil SLS criterion have damages. The purpose of this work is to take part in the improvement of assessment under serviceability. A vault and fill structural behaviour analysis has been performed from two points of view: geometry of the bridge and materials’ properties. The starting point was learning about masonry arch bridges behaviour and their special features. For this task, a revision of several authors’ thorough study has been made, from the line of thrust analysis to the current finite element analysis. Firstly, a parametric study of typologies of bridge has been made. The aim is to know how vault and fill behaviour changes modifying both absolute dimensions and relation between them. In the next step, a study of both surface fill and backfill properties has been done. The aim is to know how vault and fill behaviour changes modifying Young’s modulus. The principal conclusion achieved along this work is that the structural behaviour of masonry bridges depends of the bridge geometry and its material properties.

Estudio experimental del Sistema de Albañilería Integral en la construcción de viviendas sismorresistentes. Experimental study of the Integral Masonry System in the construction of earthquake resistant houses

This paper presents the application of the Integral Masonry System (IMS) to the construction of earthquake resistant houses and its experimental study. To verify the security of this new type of building in seismic areas of the third world two prototypes have been tested, one with adobe and the other with hollow brick. In both cases it’s a two-story 6x6x6 m3 house built to scale 1/2. The tests are carried out at the Laboratory of Antiseismic Structures of the Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru in Lima, in collaboration with the UPM (Technical University of Madrid). This article shows the design process of the prototypes to test, including the sizing of the reinforcements, the characteristics of the tests and the results obtained. These results show that the IMS with adobe or brick remains stable with no significant cracks faced with a severe earthquake, with an estimated acceleration of 1.8 g. Este artículo presenta una aplicación del Sistema de Albañilería Integral (SAI) a la construcción de viviendas sismorresistentes y su estudio experimental. Para verificar su seguridad para su construcción en zonas sísmicas del tercer mundo se han ensayado dos prototipos, uno con adobe, y otro con ladrillo hueco. Se trata de una vivienda de 6x6x6 m3 y dos plantas que se construyen a escala 1/2. Los ensayos se realizaron en el Laboratorio de Estructuras Antisísmicas del Departamento de Ingeniería de la Pontificia Católica Universidad del Perú (PUCP) de Lima en colaboración con la UPM (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid). Este artículo muestra el proceso de diseño de los prototipos a ensayar, incluido el dimensionado de los refuerzos, las características de los ensayos y los resultados obtenidos. Estos resultados muestran que el SAI con adobe o ladrillo permanece estable sin grietas significativas ante un sismo severo, con una aceleración estimada de 1,8 g.

Numerical analysis of mixe-mode fracture of brickwork masonry with embedded discontinuity elements

One of the common pathologies of brickwork masonry structural elements and walls is the cracking associated with the differential settlements and/or excessive deflections of the slabs along the life of the structure. The scarce capacity of the masonry in order to accompany the structural elements that surround it, such as floors, beams or foundations, in their movements makes the brickwork masonry to be an element that frequently presents this kind of problem. This problem is a fracture problem, where the wall is cracked under mixed mode fracture: tensile and shear stresses combination, under static loading. Consequently, it is necessary to advance in the simulation and prediction of brickwork masonry mechanical behaviour under tensile and shear loading. The quasi-brittle behaviour of the brickwork masonry can be studied using the cohesive crack model whose application to other quasibrittle materials like concrete has traditionally provided very satisfactory results.

Leonardo's Civil Bridges

Within both aesthetic and history fields, civil engineering occupies a privileged place among arts whose manifestations are based on drawing. In this work, Leonardo’s creativity concerned with civil bridges proyects, have been studied. Leonardo designed ten bridges: eight of them intended for military porposes and only two were purely planned for civil functionaly - “Ponte sul corno d’oro”, infolio 66, manuscript L; and “Ponte a due piani”, represented in the Manuscript B at the Institute of France, infolio 23. There can be no doubt about Leonardo’s intentions when he started on designing these two bridges: his genious for creativy focused on providing both singulary and functionaly to the structures: they should be admired and utilized at the same time, a monument for civil society to be used.The work presented here attemps to make an scientist-historical trip along these Leonardo’s bridges, highlighting their technical, geometrical and aesthetic characteristics, as well as emphasizing Leonardo’s human, scientist and artistic nature.

Models for Lateral Dynamic Interaction of High-Speed Trains and Bridges

In this work a methodology for analysing the lateral coupled behavior of large viaducts and high-speed trains is proposed. The finite element method is used for the structure, multibody techniques are applied for vehicles and the interaction between them is established introducing wheel-rail nonlinear contact forces. This methodology is applied for the analysis of the railway viaduct of the R´ıo Barbantino, which is a very long and tall bridge in the north-west spanish high-speed line.

Safety-related issues for high-speed railway bridges

Railway bridges have specific requirements related to safety, which often are critical aspects of design. In this paper the main phenomena are reviewed, namely vertical dynamic effects for impact effect of moving loads and resonance in high-speed, service limit states which affect the safety of running traffic, and lateral dynamic effects.

Conservation laws for liquid bridges

Conservation laws for an inviscid liquid bridge set into motion by conservative forces are given in integral form. These laws provide useful information on the overall motion of the bridge in the presence of unexpected or uncontrolled disturbances and could, in addition, be monitored in a computational solution of the problem as an accuracy check. Many of the resulting conservation laws are familiar to fluiddynamicists. Nevertheless, a systematic approach providing an exhaustive list of these laws reveals the existence of new conserved properties hardly deducible in the classical way. Although the present analysis concerns the case of axial, and constant, gravity it can be applied, with minor refinements, when the gravity field varies with time in both direction and intensity.

Structural behaviour and design criteria of under-deck cable-stayed bridges subjected to seismic action

Under-deck cable-stayed bridges are very effective structural systems for which the strong contribution of the stay cables under live loading allows for the design of very slender decks for persistent and transient loading scenarios. Their behaviour when subjected to seismic excitation is investigated herein and a set of design criteria are presented that relate to the type and arrangement of bearings, the number and configuration of struts, and the transverse distribution of stay cables. The nonlinear behaviour of these bridges when subject to both near-field and far-field accelerograms has been thoroughly investigated through the use of incremental dynamic analyses. An intensity measure that reflects the pertinent contributions to response when several vibration modes are activated was proposed and is shown to be effective for the analysis of this structural type. The under-deck cable-stay system contributes in a very positive manner to reducing the response when the bridges are subject to very strong seismic excitation. For such scenarios, the reduction in the stiffness of the deck because of crack formation, when prestressed concrete decks are used, mobilises the cable system and enhances the overall performance of the system. Sets of natural accelerograms that are compliant with the prescriptions of Eurocode 8 were also applied to propose a set of design criteria for this bridge type in areas prone to earthquakes. Particular attention is given to outlining the optimal strategies for the deployment of bearings

Pushover analysis for the seismic response prediction of cable-stayed bridges under multi-directional excitation

Cable-stayed bridges represent nowadays key points in transport networks and their seismic behavior needs to be fully understood, even beyond the elastic range of materials. Both nonlinear dynamic (NL-RHA) and static (pushover) procedures are currently available to face this challenge, each with intrinsic advantages and disadvantages, and their applicability in the study of the nonlinear seismic behavior of cable-stayed bridges is discussed here. The seismic response of a large number of finite element models with different span lengths, tower shapes and class of foundation soil is obtained with different procedures and compared. Several features of the original Modal Pushover Analysis (MPA) are modified in light of cable-stayed bridge characteristics, furthermore, an extension of MPA and a new coupled pushover analysis (CNSP) are suggested to estimate the complex inelastic response of such outstanding structures subjected to multi-axial strong ground motions.

Advances in the analysis of short span railway bridges for high-speed lines

The physical model based on moving constant loads is widely used for the analysis of railway bridges. Nevertheless, the moving loads model is not well suited for the study of short bridges (L⩽20–25 m) since the results it produces (displacements and accelerations) are much greater than those obtained from more sophisticated ones. In this paper two factors are analysed which are believed to have an influence in the dynamic behaviour of short bridges. These two factors are not accounted for by the moving loads model and are the following: the distribution of the loads due to the presence of the sleepers and ballast layer, and the train–bridge interaction. In order to decide on their influence several numerical simulations have been performed. The results are presented and discussed herein.

Experimental and Analytical Study of Masonry Infill Reinforced Concrete Frames Retrofitted with Steel Braces

In the present work a seismic retrofitting technique is proposed for masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames based on the replacement of infill panels by K-bracing with vertical shear link. The performance of this technique is evaluated through experimental tests. A simplified numerical model for structural damage evaluation is also formulated according to the notions and principles of continuum damage mechanics. The proposed model is calibrated with the experimental results. The experimental results have shown an excellent energy dissipation capacity with the proposed technique. Likewise, the numerical predictions with the proposed model are in good agreement with experimental results.

Pounding force assessment in performance-based design of bridges

Bridges with deck supported on either sliding or elastomeric bearings are very common in mid-seismicity regions. Their main seismic vulnerabilities are related to the pounding of the deck against abutments or between the different deck elements. A simplified model of the longitudinal behavior of those bridges will allow to characterize the reaction forces developed during pounding using the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center framework formula. In order to ensure the general applicability of the results obtained, a large number of system parameter combinations will be considered. The heart of the formula is the identification of suitable intermediate variables. First, the pseudo acceleration spectral value for the fundamental period of the system (Sa(Ts)) will be used as an intensity measure (IM). This IM will result in a very large non-explained variability of the engineering demand parameter. A portion of this variability will be proved to be related to the relative content of high-frequency energy in the input motion. Two vector-valued IMs including a second parameter taking this energy content into account will then be considered. For both of them, a suitable form for the conditional intensity dependence of the response will be obtained. The question of which one to choose will also be analyzed. Finally, additional issues related to the IM will be studied: its applicability to pulse-type records, the validity of scaling records and the sufficiency of the IM.

A computer program for the analysis of the dynamic bending-torsion coupling in bridges using a mini-computer

The analysis of modes and natural frequencies is of primary interest in the computation of the response of bridges. In this article the transfer matrix method is applied to this problem to provide a computer code to calculate the natural frequencies and modes of bridge-like structures. The Fortran computer code is suitable for running on small computers and results are presented for a railway bridge.

Simplified computational method for non-linear seismic analysis of bridges

After the experience gained during the past years it seems clear that nonlinear analysis of bridges are very important to compute ductility demands and to localize potential hinges. This is specially true for irregular bridges in which it is not clear weather or not it is possible to use a linear computation followed by a correction using a behaviour factor. To simplify the numerical effort several approximate methods have been proposed. Among them, the so-called Dynamic Plastic Hinge Method in which an evolutionary shape function is used to reduce the structure to a single degree of freedom system seems to mantein a good balance between accuracy and simplicity. This paper presents results obtained in a parametric study conducted under the auspicies of PREC-8 european research program.

Abutments influence in the dynamic response of bridges

A simplified analytical model of a short span bridge is proposed. The inertial interaction effects of pier foundations and abutments has been included in order to evaluate the response sensitivities to different soil-structure interaction variables. The modification of natural frequency and damping properties is shown for typical short span bridges of the integral deck-abutment type for longitudinal vibrations or general bridges for the transverse ones.