A new approach to a model of the mammalian retina with optically programmable logic cells

This paper reports a model of the mammalian retina as well as an interpretation of some functions of the visual cortex. Its main objective is to simulate some of the behaviors observed at the different retina cells depending on the characteristics of the light impinging onto the photoreceptors. This simulation is carried out with a simple structure employed previously as basic building block of some optical computer architectures. Its possibility to perform any type of Boolean function allows a wide range of behaviors.

A model of the mammalian retina and the visual cortex. Disorders of vision

A model of the mammalian retina and the behavior of the first layers in the visual cortex is reported. The building blocks are optically programmable logic cells. A model of the retina, similar to the one reported by Dowling (1987) is presented. From the model of the visual cortex obtained, some types of symmetries and asymmetries are possible to be detected

Image processing based on a model of the mammalian retina

A first study in order to construct a simple model of the mammalian retina is reported. The basic elements for this model are Optical Programmable Logic Cells, OPLCs, previously employed as a functional element for Optical Computing. The same type of circuit simulates the five types of neurons present in the retina. Different responses are obtained by modifying either internal or external connections. Two types of behaviors are reported: symmetrical and non-symmetrical with respect to light position. Some other higher functions, as the possibility to differentiate between symmetric and non-symmetric light images, are performed by another simulation of the first layers of the visual cortex. The possibility to apply these models to image processing is reported.

Unattended motion detection system based on the mammalian retina

Sensing systems in living bodies offer a large variety of possible different configurations and philosophies able to be emulated in artificial sensing systems. Motion detection is one of the areas where different animals adopt different solutions and, in most of the cases, these solutions reflect a very sophisticated form. One of them, the mammalian visual system, presents several advantages with respect to the artificial ones. The main objective of this paper is to present a system, based on this biological structure, able to detect motion, its sense and its characteristics. The configuration adopted responds to the internal structure of the mammalian retina, where just five types of cells arranged in five layers are able to differentiate a large number of characteristics of the image impinging onto it. Its main advantage is that the detection of these properties is based purely on its hardware. A simple unit, based in a previous optical logic cell employed in optical computing, is the basis for emulating the different behaviors of the biological neurons. No software is present and, in this way, no possible interference from outside affects to the final behavior. This type of structure is able to work, once the internal configuration is implemented, without any further attention. Different possibilities are present in the architecture to be presented: detection of motion, of its direction and intensity. Moreover, some other characteristics, as symmetry may be obtained.

Neural Processing Unit based on the Optical Bistable Properties of Semiconductor Laser Amplifiers

This paper analyzes the behavior of a neural processing unit based on the optical bistable properties of semiconductor laser amplifiers. A similar unit to the reported here was previously employed in the simulation of the mammalian retina. The main advantages of the present cell are its larger fan-out and the possibility of different responses according to the light wavelength impinging onto the cell. These properties allow to work with larger structures as well as to obtain different behaviors according to the light characteristics. This new approach gives a possible modeling closer to the real biological configurations. Moreover, a more detailed analysis of the basic cell internal behavior is reported

Photonic processing subsystem based on visual cortex architecture

Optical signal processing in any living being is more complex than the one obtained in artificial systems. Cortex architecture, although only partly known, gives some useful ideas to be employed in communications. To analyze some of these structures is the objective of this paper. One of the main possibilities reported is handling signals in a parallel way. As it is shown, according to the signal characteristics each signal impinging onto a single input may be routed to a different output. At the same time, identical signals, coming to different inputs, may be routed to the same output without internal conflicts. This is due to the change of some of their characteristics in the way out when going through the intermediate levels. The simulation of this architecture is based on simple logic cells. The basis for the proposed architecture is the five layers of the mammalian retina and the first levels of the visual cortex.

Image characterisation based on the mammalian visual cortex

A proposal for a model of the primary visual cortex is reported. It is structured with the basis of a simple unit cell able to perform fourteen pairs of different boolean functions corresponding to the two possible inputs. As a first step, a model of the retina is presented. Different types of responses, according to the different possibilities of interconnecting the building blocks, have been obtained. These responses constitute the basis for an initial configuration of the mammalian primary visual cortex. Some qualitative functions, as symmetry or size of an optical input, have been obtained. A proposal to extend this model to some higher functions, concludes the paper.

Desarrollo de una Interfaz de sustitución sensorial para el estudio de la percepción del flujo vibrotáctil (retina táctil)

En el presente trabajo fin de máster se ha concebido, diseñado e utilizado una interfaz háptica, adecuada para ser utilizada como dispositivo de sustitución sensorial, la cual hemos llamado retina táctil. Por cuanto trata de proporcionar información propia del sentido de la vista a través del sentido del tacto. Durante este trabajo, que fue desarrollado en el grupo de robótica y cibernética CAR UPM-CSIC, se ha trabajado en estrecha colaboración con el departamento de la facultad de psicología de la universidad autónoma de Madrid, los cuales han definido las bases de la información de alto orden, como podrían ser, gradientes de intensidades de vibración, mediante las cuales el individuo llega a tener una mejor comprensión del ambiente. El proyecto maneja teorías psicológicas recientes, como las teorías ecológicas y dinámicas que entienden que la percepción se basa en variables informacionales de alto orden. Ejemplos de tales variables son el flujo óptico, gradientes de movimiento, gradientes de intensidades, cambios en gradientes, etc. Sorprendentemente, nuestra percepción visual es mucho más sensible a variables de alto orden que a variables de bajo orden, lo cual descarta que variables de alto orden se infieran o calculen en base a variables de bajo orden. La hipótesis que maneja la teoría ecológica es que las variables de alto orden se detectan como unidades básicas, sin descomponerlas en variables de bajo orden. Imaginemos el caso de un objeto acercándose, intuitivamente pensaríamos que calculamos la distancia y la velocidad del objeto para determinar el momento en el cual este nos impactaría, ¿pero es este realmente el modo en el que actúa nuestro cerebro?, ¿no seremos capaces en determinar directamente el tiempo de contacto como una variable de alto orden presente en el entorno?, por ejemplo, determinar directamente la relación entre el tamaño del objeto y la tasa de crecimiento. También cabe preguntarse si todas estas suposiciones son válidas para estimulaciónes a través de los receptores táctiles en la piel. El dispositivo desarrollado está conformado por 13 módulos cada uno de los cuales maneja 6 tactores o vibradores, para hacer un total de 78 vibradores (ampliables al agregar módulos adicionales), cada uno de los tactores tiene 8mm de diámetro y proporciona información del flujo óptico asociado al entorno que rodea al usuario a través de información táctil, él mismo puede ser utilizado inalámbricamente a pesar de que el procesamiento de los datos se este realizando en una computadora de mesa, lo cual es muy útil al trabajar con ambientes virtuales. También se presenta la integración de la interfaz con el sistema operativo de robots ROS para usarlo en conjunto con las librerías que han sido desarrolladas para el control de la cámara Microsoft Kinect con la cual se puede obtener una matriz de distancias de puntos en el espacio, permitiendo de esta manera utilizar la interfaz en ambientes reales. Finalmente se realizaron experimentos para comprobar hipótesis sobre la variable de percepción del tiempo de contacto además de verificar el correcto funcionamiento del dispositivo de sustitución sensorial tanto en ambientes reales como en ambientes simulados así como comprobar hipótesis sobre la validéz del uso del flujo vibrotáctil para la determinación del tiempo de contacto.

Dyrk1A Influences Neuronal Morphogenesis Through Regulation of Cytoskeletal Dynamics in Mammalian Cortical Neurons

Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic cause of mental retardation. Cognitive dysfunction in these patients is correlated with reduced dendritic branching and complexity, along with fewer spines of abnormal shape that characterize the cortical neuronal profile of DS. DS phenotypes are caused by the disruptive effect of specific trisomic genes. Here, we report that overexpression of dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A, DYRK1A, is sufficient to produce the dendritic alterations observed in DS patients. Engineered changes in Dyrk1A gene dosage in vivo strongly alter the postnatal dendritic arborization processes with a similar progression than in humans. In cultured mammalian cortical neurons, we determined a reduction of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. The mechanism underlying neurite dysgenesia involves changes in the dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton.

Some aspects of amacrine neuron simulation for motion detection

As it is known, there are five types of neurons in the mammalian retinal layer allowing the detection of several important characteristics of the visual image impinging onto the visual system, namely, photoreceptors, horizontal cells, amacrine, bipolar and ganglion cells. And it is a well known fact too, that the amacrine neuron architecture allows a first detection for objects motion, being the most important retinal cell to this function. We have already studied and simulated the Dowling retina model and we have verified that many complex processes in visual detection is performed with the basis of the amacrine cell synaptic connections. This work will show how this structure may be employed for motion detection

Evaluation of the bioaccumulation kinetics of gold nanorods in vital mammalian organs by mean of TXRF spectrometry

This work presents the first application of total-reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectrometry, a new and powerful alternative analytical method, to evaluation of the bioaccumulation kinetics of gold nanorods (GNRs) in various tissues upon intravenous administration in mice. The analytical parameters for developed methodology by TXRF were evaluated by means of the parallel analysis of bovine liver certified reference material samples (BCR-185R) doped with 10 μg/g gold. The average values (n = 5) achieved for gold measurements in lyophilized tissue weight were as follows: recovery 99.7%, expanded uncertainty (k = 2) 7%, repeatability 1.7%, detection limit 112 ng/g, and quantification limit 370 ng/g. The GNR bioaccumulation kinetics was analyzed in several vital mammalian organs such as liver, spleen, brain, and lung at different times. Additionally, urine samples were analyzed to study the kinetics of elimination of the GNRs by this excretion route. The main achievement was clearly differentiating two kinds of behaviors. GNRs were quickly bioaccumulated by highly vascular filtration organs such as liver and spleen, while GNRs do not show a bioaccumulation rates in brain and lung for the period of time investigated. In parallel, urine also shows a lack of GNR accumulation. TXRF has proven to be a powerful, versatile, and precise analytical technique for the evaluation of GNRs content in biological systems and, in a more general way, for any kind of metallic nanoparticles.