Models for Lateral Dynamic Interaction of High-Speed Trains and Bridges

In this work a methodology for analysing the lateral coupled behavior of large viaducts and high-speed trains is proposed. The finite element method is used for the structure, multibody techniques are applied for vehicles and the interaction between them is established introducing wheel-rail nonlinear contact forces. This methodology is applied for the analysis of the railway viaduct of the R´ıo Barbantino, which is a very long and tall bridge in the north-west spanish high-speed line.

Automatic lateral control for unmanned vehicles via genetic algorithms

It is known that the techniques under the topic of Soft Computing have a strong capability of learning and cognition, as well as a good tolerance to uncertainty and imprecision. Due to these properties they can be applied successfully to Intelligent Vehicle Systems; ITS is a broad range of technologies and techniques that hold answers to many transportation problems. The unmannedcontrol of the steering wheel of a vehicle is one of the most important challenges facing researchers in this area. This paper presents a method to adjust automatically a fuzzy controller to manage the steering wheel of a mass-produced vehicle; to reach it, information about the car state while a human driver is handling the car is taken and used to adjust, via iterative geneticalgorithms an appropriated fuzzy controller. To evaluate the obtained controllers, it will be considered the performance obtained in the track following task, as well as the smoothness of the driving carried out.

Design parameters for continuously variable power-split transmissions using planetaries with 3 active shafts

Since 1996, when the first agricultural tractor with CVT transmission was shown, the presence of this type of transmissions has been increasing. All companies offer them in their products range. Nevertheless, there is little technical documentation that explains the basics of its operation. This report shows all types of CVT transmissions: non-power-split type and power-split ones, as well as the three types used in agricultural tractors, hydro-mechanical power-split transmissions (3 active shafts, input coupled planetary; 3 active shafts, output coupled planetary and 4 active shafts). The report also describes the design parameters of a type of CVT transmission, which use a power-split system with 3 active shafts as well as the fundamental relations among them. Crown Copyright 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of ISTVS. All rights reserved.

On the lateral excitation of shear modes in AlN layered resonators

In this paper we describe the fabrication and frequency characterization of different structures intended for the lateral excitation of shear modes in AlN c-axis-oriented films, which are at the same time designed to minimize the excitation of longitudinal modes. Laterally excited resonators were built on partially metallic (SiO2, W) and insulating (SiOC, Si3N4) acoustic mirrors built on silicon substrates, and on insulating mirrors (SiO2, TaOx) built on insulating glass plates. TiOx seed layers were used to stimulate the growth of highly c-axis oriented AlN films, which was confirmed by XRD and SAW measurements. Coplanar Mo electrodes of different geometries were defined on top of the AlN films to excite the shear modes. All the structures analyzed displayed a clear longitudinal mode, corresponding to an acoustic velocity of 11000 m/s, but a null or extremely weak shear response corresponding to a sound velocity of around 6350 m/s. The simulation of the frequency response based on Mason's model confirms that the shear resonance is extremely weak. The observed longitudinal modes are attributed either to the field applied between the electrodes and a conductive plane (metallic layer or Si substrate) or to the electric field parallel to the c-axis in the edges of the electrodes or in tilted grains. The low excitation of shear modes is attributed to the very low values of electric field strength parallel to the surface.

Lateral orbitofrontal cortex involvement in initial negative aesthetic impression formation

It is well established that aesthetic appreciation is related with activity in several different brain regions. The identification of the neural correlates of beauty or liking ratings has been the focus of most prior studies. Not much attention has been directed towards the fact that humans are surrounded by objects that lead them to experience aesthetic indifference or leave them with a negative aesthetic impression. Here we explore the neural substrate of such experiences. Given the neuroimaging techniques that have been used, little is known about the temporal features of such brain activity. By means of magnetoencephalography we registered the moment at which brain activity differed while participants viewed images they considered to be beautiful or not. Results show that the first differential activity appears between 300 and 400 ms after stimulus onset. During this period activity in right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) was greater while participants rated visual stimuli as not beautiful than when they rated them as beautiful. We argue that this activity is associated with an initial negative aesthetic impression formation, driven by the relative hedonic value of stimuli regarded as not beautiful. Additionally, our results contribute to the understanding of the nature of the functional roles of the lOFC.

Estudio teórico experimental de la estabilidad lateral en vehículos cisterna. Metodología para la determinación del umbral de vuelco.

El oleaje de la masa de líquido contenida en el interior del tanque de los camiones cisterna puede afectar significativamente a su dinámica de marcha y su estabilidad. Plateando como objetivo, el aumento de la seguridad, cualquier mejora en el diseño del vehículo o en la geometría de la virola, redundará en un aumento de la misma. En la actualidad, el marco normativo exige a los vehículos un umbral de vuelco mínimo, verificable mediante ensayo o cálculo en condiciones cuasi-estáticas. La experiencia en su aplicación ha demostrado que, éste último resulta extremadamente conservador, limitando las posibilidades de diseño del fabricante; además, el grado de equivalencia con las condiciones dinámicas a las que se puede ver sometido el vehículo durante su vida útil, no es claro. En esta tesis, se proponen una serie de mejoras en el método de cálculo simplificado, que aumentan la precisión en la estimación del umbral de vuelco, junto con el empleo de un coeficiente de ponderación del ángulo requerido, para tener en cuenta el efecto dinámico del oleaje. Además, se ha desarrollado un método de cálculo alternativo, que disminuye el error de la predicción, aunque requiere conocer un mayor número de parámetros del vehículo. Para cuantificar el efecto de la carga líquida, se ha realizado un análisis experimental, con tanques a escala, de las geometrías más frecuentes, junto con la propuesta de una metodología de simulación de la interacción fluido-vehículo, basada en el acoplamiento entre un modelo obtenido mediante una analogía mecánica que reproduce el efecto del oleaje, con un modelo del vehículo, empleando la técnica de multi-cuerpo, que ha sido validada experimentalmente. Para la obtención de los parámetros que la definen, se propone dos alternativas, la experimentación y estimación parámetros o el empleo la dinámica computacional de fluidos, basada en las ecuaciones de Navier-Stokes, incorporando la técnica de volumen de fluido para capturar la superficie libre. Se ofrecen resultados de ambas y su comparación. Finalmente, se han analizado las diferentes tipologías de maniobras existentes para la evaluación de la estabilidad lateral de los vehículos con ensayos dinámicos, calificando y cuantificando su equivalencia.

The Dynamics of High-Speed Railway Bridges: A Review of Design Issues and New Research for Lateral Dynamics

The dynamic effects of high-speed trains on viaducts are important issues for the design of the structures, as well as for the consideration of safe running conditions for the trains. In this work we start by reviewing the relevance of some basic design aspects. The significance of impact factor envelopes for moving loads is considered first. Resonance which may be achieved for high-speed trains requires dynamic analysis, for which some key aspects are discussed. The relevance of performing a longitudinal distribution of axle loads, the number of modes taken in analysis, and the consideration of vehicle-structure interaction are discussed with representative examples. The lateral dynamic effects of running trains on bridges is of importance for laterally compliant viaducts, such as some very tall structures erected in new high-speed lines. The relevance of this study is mainly for the safety of the traffic, considering both internal actions such as the hunting motion as well as external actions such as wind or earthquakes [1]. These studies require three-dimensional dynamic coupled vehicle-bridge models, and consideration of wheel to rail contact, a phenomenon which is complex and costly to model in detail. We describe here a fully nonlinear coupled model, described in absolute coordinates and incorporated into a commercial finite element framework [2]. The wheel-rail contact has been considered using a FastSim algorithm which provides a compromise between accuracy and computational cost, and captures the main nonlinear response of the contact interface. Two applications are presented, firstly to a vehicle subject to a strong wind gust traversing a bridge, showing the relevance of the nonlinear wheel-rail contact model as well as the dynamic interaction between bridge and vehicle. The second application is to a real HS viaduct with a long continuous deck and tall piers and high lateral compliance [3]. The results show the safety of the traffic as well as the importance of considering features such as track alignment irregularities.

Un nuevo método para la medida de la energía lateral en recintos.

En este trabajo se propone un nuevo método para la evaluación de la energía lateral en recintos, basado en la medición del Índice Presión-Intensidad. A fin de evaluar la validez del método, se han realizado mediciones de la energía lateral en varios recintos, comparando los resultados obtenidos para uno de los métodos tradicionales más usados, el ELEF, con los obtenidos mediante este nuevo método. ABSTRACT In this paper a new method for the evaluation of the lateral energy in rooms is proposed. This method is based on the measurement of P-I Index. In order to evaluate its validity we have performed measurements of lateral energy in several rooms and compared the results obtained by traditional method (ELEF) and those obtained by the new approach.

Novel lateral moving tracking optics with the SMS design method

Lateral moving optics along straight path has already been studied in the past. However, their relative small angular range can be a limitation to potential applications. In this work, a new design concept of SMS moving optics is developed, in which the movement is no longer lateral but follows a curved trajectory, which is calculated in the design process. We have chosen an afocal system, which aim to direct the parallel rays of large incident angles to parallel output rays, and we have obtained that the RMS of the divergence angle of the output rays remains below 1 degree within a input angular range of ±45 output. Potential applications of this beam-steering device are: skylights to provide steerable natural illumination, building integrated CPV systems, and steerable LED illumination.

Recuperación funcional y reentrenamiento de un futbolista profesional con esguince grado II de ligamento lateral interno de la rodilla

El proyecto consiste en hacer el seguimiento de la recuperación de un futbolista profesional, que durante esta temporada 2012-2013 sufrió una lesión, concretamente un esguince grado II de ligamento lateral interno de la rodilla derecha. Por lo que la primera parte del proyecto es de carácter fundamentalmente teórico, estos contenidos teóricos son muy importantes para entender los siguientes puntos: Tipo de lesión como se produce y las estructuras que se ven afectadas, además de los métodos que se utilizan tanto para recuperar dicha lesión, como para prevenirla. La segunda parte consiste en recabar toda la información del trabajo que se realizó con el jugador para que su recuperación fuese a la mayor brevedad y de la forma más segura con el objetivo principal de volver a la competición. En esta parte se destaca principalmente el trabajo del fisioterapeuta, y del entrenador físico. Además durante proyecto incluyo varios protocolos tanto para la prevención de la lesión como protocolos que se pueden utilizar en la recuperación de la misma.

Analog mitigation of out of band strong interferers in wide band acquisition for multiband HF transmissions

It is clear that in the near future much broader transmissions in the HF band will replace part of the current narrow band links. Our personal view is that a real wide band signal is infeasible in this environment because the usage is typically very intensive and may suffer interferences from all over the world. Therefore, we envision that dynamic multiband transmissions may provide better satisfactory performance. From the very beginning, we observed that real links with our broadband transceiver suffered interferences out of our multiband but within the acquisition bandwidth that degrade the expected performance. Therefore, we concluded that a mitigation structure is required that operates on severely saturated signals as the interference may be of much higher power. In this paper we address a procedure based on Higher Order Crossings (HOC) statistics that are able to extract most of the signal structure in the case where the amplitude is severely distorted and allows the estimation of the interference carrier frequency to command a variable notch filter that mitigates its effect in the analog domain.

Dynamics of high-speed railway bridges: review of design issues and new research for lateral dynamics

Revisión y puesta al día de la publicaciones relacionadas con el diseño de puentes de ferrocarril de alta velocidad y nuevas investigaciones sobre dinámica lateral.

Analysis of lateral dynamics of railway vehicles on viaducts with coupled models

The study of lateral dynamics of running trains on bridges is of importance mainly for the safety of the traffic, and may be relevant for laterally compliant bridges. These studies require 3D coupled vehicle-bridge models, and consideration of wheel to rail contact, a phenomenon which is complex and costly to model in detail. We describe here a fully nonlinear coupled model, described in absolute coordinates and incorporated into a commercial finite element framework. Two applications are presented, firstly to a vehicle subject to a strong wind gust traversing a br idge, showing the relevance of the nonlinear wheel-rail contact model as well as the interaction between bridge and vehicle. The second application is to a real viaduct in a high-speed line, with a long continuous deck and tall piers with high lateral compliance. The results show the safety of the traffic as well as the relevance of considering the wind action and the nonlinear response.

Lateral impact sensor for measuring firmness of fruits in an experimental packing line.

Different parameters are used to quantify the maturity of fruits at or near harvest (shape, color, flesh texture and internal composition). Flesh firmness is a critical handling parameter for fruits such as peach, pear and apple. Results of previous studies conducted by different researchers have shown that impact techniques can be used to evaluate firmness of fruits. A prototype impact system for firmness sorting of fruits was developed by Chen and Ruiz-Altisent (Chen et al, 1996). This sensor was mounted and tested successfully on a 3 m section of a commercial conveyor belt (Chen et al, 1998). This is a further development of the on-line impact system for firmness sorting of fruits. The design of the sensor has been improved and it has been mounted on a experimental fruit packing line (Ortiz-Cañavate et al 1999).

Moment transfer and influence of transverse beams in interior waffle flat plate-column connections under lateral loading

This paper addresses two aspects of the behavior of interior reinforced concrete waffle flat plate?column connections under lateral loads: the share of the unbalanced moment between flexure and excentric shear, and the effect of the transverse beams. A non-linear finite element model (benchmark model) was developed and calibrated with the results of quasi-static cyclic tests conducted on a 3/5 scale specimen. First, from this numerical model, the portion cv of the unbalanced moment transferred by the excentricity of shear about the centroid of the critical sections defined by Eurocode 2 (EC-2) and by ACI 318-11 was calculated and compared with the share-out prescribed by these codes. It is found that while the critical section of EC-2 is consistent with the cv provided by this code, in the case of ACI 318-11, the value assigned to cv is far below (about 50% smaller) the actual one obtained with the numerical simulations. Second, from the benchmark model, seven additional models were developed by varying the depth D of the transverse beam over the thickness h of the plate. It was found that the ductility of the connection and the effective width of the plate can respectively be increased up to 50% and 10% by raising D/h to 2 and 1.5.