Pinos y arte : ensayo de contextualización en la naturaleza desde el Paleolítico a Roma

Al ser la naturaleza objeto de representación artística por el hombre, campos tan diversos como el arte y la ciencia forestal pueden compartir sus orígenes. Los pinos son un género botánico repartido por la cuenca mediterránea capaces de suscitar emociones al haber sido sujetos de lo que fue una innovación cultural. Se propone que los pinos pudieron ser objeto de las primeras representaciones artísticas de los antiguos pobladores de la Península Ibérica. La metodología en la selección de resultados se basa en patrones morfológicos: patrón 1 (plántulas de pino en sus primeras etapas de crecimiento), patrón 2 (dibujos asimilables a ramas de pino) y patrón 3 (dibujos de pinos de gran porte). La presentación de los resultados se estructura en: parte I (referente a las representaciones artísticas estimadas como de pinos en la prehistoria, diferenciando el arte paleolítico del post-paleolítico), parte II (contempla los resultados encontrados en el repertorio iconográfico del arte Íbero y Celtíbero) y parte III (presenta una selección de resultados del arte romano en Hispania). Las diferentes etapas artísticas se articulan comenzando con una introducción, seguida de enfoques multidisciplinares que incluyen una visión histórica del paisaje o de la ecología de la vegetación. A continuación se exponen los resultados de la revisión realizada en cada etapa histórica y el estudio y descripción de las piezas seleccionadas (localización geográfica, datación arqueológica, clasificación genérica de técnica, materiales, dimensiones, iconografía, contexto cultural y procedencia) y por último su discusión en cuanto a su adscripción al género Pinus y a la flora presente en el entorno, caso de ser posible. Esta información se completa con gráficos, diagramas, mapas y tablas situándolas en su contexto arqueológico y cronológico, aportando datos sobre el carácter utilitario, simbólico o ideológico de los pinos, cuya pervivencia se manifiesta en ser protagonistas de gran número de festejos en la España rural de nuestros días. SUMMARY Nature has been represented in paintings since ancient times, which enables fields of study as separate as art and forest science to share a common origin. Pine-tress belong to a botanical genus widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean basin, which are capable of rising emotion and being a representation of what at that time was cultural innovation, subsequently becoming symbols. In this dissertation we hypothesise that pine forest may have been one of the first artistic representations of the ancient dwellers of the Iberian Peninsula. The methodology used for the selection of results is based on morphological patterns, i.e.: Patern 1 (pine seedlings at their first developmental stages), Pattern 2 (drawings associated with pine branches and shoots), and Pattern 3 (paintings of large pine-trees). Results are shown according to the following structure: Part I (relating to prehistoric paintings identified as pines and differentiating Paleolithic from Post-Paleolithic art), Part II (involves the results gathered concerning Iberian and Celtiberian iconographic art) and Part III (including a selection of Roman art in Hispania concerning pine representations). The different artistic periods are linked beginning by an Introduction, followed by a multidisciplinary approach ranging from a historical landscape analysis to plant ecology within a Mediterranean context. Thereafter, results are presented by assessing each historical period and by describing each of the particular art pieces subjected to investigation (geographical location, archaeological date, generic classification of the art technique, materials, dimensions, iconography and cultural context and origin). Finally, the results are discussed according to their ascription to the Pinus genus and when possible, in relation with the surrounding flora. The information provided is complemented with diagrams, maps and tables to enable its understanding within a chronological and archaeological context and providing evidence for the functional, symbolic and ideological character of pines, which are still alive in Spain in the form of many rural feasts with particular kinds of celebrations where this species plays a central role.

Diseño de una metodología para la normalización del paisaje en España a partir del análisis de normas y de estudios cienciométricos: Aplicación al impacto paisajístico de las infraestructuras de transporte

La presente tesis se enmarca dentro de los trabajos realizados en el Proyecto CENIT OASIS (Operación de Autopistas Seguras Inteligentes y Sostenibles) sobre el impacto y la integración paisajística de las autopistas, y en los trabajos realizados por el grupo de trabajo GT 13 (paisaje) dentro del comité técnico nacional CTN 157 (proyectos) para normalización del Paisaje en España, del que la doctoranda es secretaria técnica. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es desarrollar una Metodología que permita la normalización del paisaje en España. Por ello, establece las bases para el desarrollo científico y profesional en el ámbito del paisaje, a través de la caracterización de la actividad científica y de la actividad normalizadora internacional. Para después elaborar una propuesta de documentos normativos para su regulación en España. Por último, se pone en práctica la única de las normas aplicables a un caso real, concretamente en la AP-7 a su paso por la provincia de Gerona. La caracterización de la actividad científica en el ámbito del paisaje proporciona una visión global que sirve de referencia a las futuras investigaciones en la materia, no existente hasta la fecha. Entre los múltiples resultados, se identifican las áreas de conocimiento y disciplinas afines desde las que se aborda el paisaje, se analiza la evolución de las temáticas y líneas de investigación en el campo, se determina la distribución e impacto de la producción científica, destacando los países y centros de investigación punteros y sus colaboraciones, y se determinan las publicaciones más destacadas en la materia. La caracterización de la actividad normativa internacional hasta la fecha supone un referente en este campo, habiendo traducido, analizado y clasificado decenas de documentos sobre temas como la terminología, la profesión de paisajista, las reglas generales para las intervenciones en el paisaje, las normas para la protección del paisaje y normas para la evaluación del impacto paisajístico. La tesis desarrolla tres documentos normativos, que se espera sean el germen de los futuros documentos legales para normalización del Paisaje en España. El principal objetivo de la normalización es dotar a los profesionales de las herramientas necesarias para desarrollar sus intervenciones en el paisaje. Para ello, se ha elaborado un documento normativo sobre terminología del concepto clave y los términos asociados en castellano, que sirva de referencia para un futuro documento normativo; un documento normativo que regule los estudios de integración e impacto paisajístico en España, definiendo una serie de pautas que ayuden a los profesionales a desarrollar los proyectos de intervención en el paisaje; un documento que regule y defina la profesión de arquitecto paisajista, identificando sus capacidades, formaciones y competencias. Por último, el documento de impacto e integración paisajística se aplica a un caso concreto de infraestructuras del transporte, dentro del proyecto OASIS, sirviendo como ejemplo a los profesionales de la materia para desarrollar futuras intervenciones. El enfoque de este documento coincide con el de paisaje ecológico, el análisis del paisaje se aborda desde lo visible (fenosistema) y desde los procesos que lo conforman (criptosistema). Y las medidas de integración pretenden conseguir que la infraestructura forme parte del paisaje y de los procesos que ocurren en él, lo que en la tesis se define como Infraestructuras Verdes. ABSTRACT The thesis is within the framework of the CENIT OASIS Project (Operation of Safe, Intelligent and Sustainable Highways) about the landscape impact and integration of highways, and the work done by the working group GT 13 (landscape) in the national technical committee CTN 157 (projects) for landscape standardization in Spain, of which the PhD is technical secretary. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a Methodology that allows the landscape standardization in Spain. Therefore, it establishes the basis for the scientific and professional development in the landscape field, through the characterization of scientific and international normalizing activity. It concludes with the proposal of regulatory documents for its use in Spain. Finally, it implements the only of the rules applicable to a real case, specifically in the AP- 7 passing through the Gerona province. The characterization of scientific activity in the landscape field provides an overview that is a reference in the researches in this field, non-existent to date. Among the many results, the areas of knowledge and related disciplines, from which the landscape is addressed, are identified; the evolution of topics and lines of research in the field are analyzed; the distribution and impact of scientific production is determined, highlighting the countries and leading research centers and collaborations; and the leading publications in the field are determined. The characterization of the international regulatory activity to date is a model in this field, having translated, analyzed and classified dozens of papers about terminology, the landscapist profession, general rules for intervention in the landscape, standards for the landscape protection and rules for the assessment of landscape impact. The thesis develops three normative documents, which are expected to be the germ of future legal documents for standardization landscape in Spain. The main objective of standardization is to provide the necessary tools for professionals who work developing interventions in the landscape. To do this, it has been developed a normative document about terminology on the key concept and the associated terms in Castilian, as a reference for a future normative document; a normative document that regulates studies of landscape integration and impact in Spain, defining a set of guidelines to help professionals to develop intervention projects in the landscape; a document to regulate and define the activities developed by the professionals, defining the profession of landscape architect, their capabilities and competencies. Finally, the document of landscape impact and integration is applied to a particular case of transport infrastructures within the OASIS project, serving as an example to professionals in the field to develop future interventions. The focus of this document coincides with the ecological landscape; the landscape analysis is approached from the visible (fenosystem) and from the processes that shape it (cryptosystem); and integration measures aim to achieve that the infrastructure take part of the landscape and its existing processes, which in this thesis is defined as Green Infrastructures.

Researching in ancient engineering physical and chemical analysis in hidraulic roman mortars

Around ten years ago investigation of technical and material construction in Ancient Roma has advanced in favour to obtain positive results. This process has been directed to obtaining some dates based in chemical composition, also action and reaction of materials against meteorological assaults or post depositional displacements. Plenty of these dates should be interpreted as a result of deterioration and damage in concrete material made in one landscape with some kind of meteorological characteristics. Concrete mixture like calcium and gypsum mortars should be analysed in laboratory test programs, and not only with descriptions based in reference books of Strabo, Pliny the Elder or Vitruvius. Roman manufacture was determined by weather condition, landscape, natural resources and of course, economic situation of the owner. In any case we must research the work in every facts of construction. On the one hand, thanks to chemical techniques like X-ray diffraction and Optical microscopy, we could know the granular disposition of mixture. On the other hand if we develop physical and mechanical techniques like compressive strength, capillary absorption on contact or water behaviour, we could know the reactions in binder and aggregates against weather effects. However we must be capable of interpret these results. Last year many analyses developed in archaeological sites in Spain has contributed to obtain different point of view, so has provide new dates to manage one method to continue the investigation of roman mortars. If we developed chemical and physical analysis in roman mortars at the same time, and we are capable to interpret the construction and the resources used, we achieve to understand the process of construction, the date and also the way of restoration in future.

GIS analysis for the study of rural depopulation: the Kingdom of Valencia (Tomas Lopez 1789)

One of the more aspects that have shaped the landscape is the human impact. The human impact has the clearest indicator of the density of settlements in a particular geographic region. In this paper we study all settlements shown on the map of the Kingdom of Valencia, Spain Geographic Atlas (AGE) of Tomas Lopez (1788), and their correspondence with the current ones. To meet this goal we have developed a specific methodology, the systematic study of all existing settlements in historical cartography. This will determine which have disappeared and which have been renamed. The material used has been the historical cartography of Tomas Lopez, part of the AGE (1789), the Kingdom of Valencia (1789), sheets numbers (78, 79, 80 and 81); Current mapping of the provinces of Alicante, Valencia, Castellon, Teruel, Tattagona and Cuenca; As main software ArcGis V.9.3. The steps followed in the methodology are as follows: 1. Check the scale of the maps. Analyze the possible use of a spherical earth model. 2. Geo-reference of maps with latitude and longitude framework. Move the historical longitude origin to the origin longitude of modern cartography. 3 Digitize of all population settlements or cities. 4 Identify historic settlements or cities corresponding with current ones. 5. If the maps have the same orientation and scale, replace the coordinate transformation of historical settlements with a new one, by a translation in latitude and longitude equal to the calculated mean value of all ancient map points corresponding to the new. 6. Calculation of absolute accuracy of the two maps, i.e. the linear distance between the points of both maps. 7 draw in the GIS, the settlements without correspondence, in the current coordinates, and with a circle of mean error of the sheet, in order to locate their current location. If there are actual settlements exist within this circle, they are candidates to be the searched settlements. We analyzed more than 2000 settlements represented in the Atlas of Tomas Lopez of the Kingdom of Valencia (1789), of which almost 14.5% have no correspondence with the existing settlements. The rural landscape evolution of the Valencia, oldest kingdom of Valencia, one can say that can be severely affected by the anthropization suffered in the period from 1789 to the present, since 70% of existing settlements actually have appeared after Tomas Lopez¿s cartography, dated on 1789

Decoding urban landscapes through the analysis of place names and imaginaries at a local scale.

Toponomastics is increasingly interested in the subjective role of place names in quotidian life. In the frame of Urban Geography, the interest in this matter is currently growing, as the recently change in modes of habitation has urged our discipline to find new ways of exploring the cities. In this context, the study of how name's significance is connected to a urban society constitutes a very interesting approach. We believe in the importance of place names as tools for decoding urban areas and societies at a local-scale. This consideration has been frequently taken into account in the analysis of exonyms, although in their case they are not exempt of political and practical implications that prevail over the tool function. The study of toponomastic processes helps us understanding how the city works, by analyzing the liaison between urban landscape, imaginaries and toponyms which is reflected in the scarcity of some names, in the biased creation of new toponyms and in the pressure exercised over every place name by tourists, residents and local government for changing, maintaining or eliminating them. Our study-case, Toledo, is one of the oldest cities in Spain, full of myths, stories and histories that can only be understood combined with processes of internal evolution of the city linked to the arrival of new residents and the more and more notorious change of its historical landscape. At a local scale, we are willing to decode the information which is contained in its toponyms about its landscape and its society.

Space-time analysis of the urban-rural grafient in the metropolitan area of Madrid and ist surroundings -Guadalajara and Toledo.

According to UN provisions in the period from 2007 to 2050 world population will grow up to 9200 million people. In fact, for the first time in history, in the year 2008 world urban population became higher than rural population. The increase of urban areas and their transport infrastructures has influenced agricultural land use due to their irreversible change, especially when they remain as periurban vacant land, losing their character and identity. In the Europe of the nineties, the traditional urban-rural gradient, characterized by a neat contact between both land types, has become so complex that it has change to a gradient in which it is difficult to separate urban and rural land uses. [Antrop 2004]. A literature review has been made on methodologies used for the urban-rural gradient analysis. One of these methodologies was selected that integrates ecological characterization based on the use of spatial metrics and geographical characterization based on spatial components. Cartographical sources used were Corine Land Cover at 1: 100000 scale and the Spanish Land Use Information System at 1:25000 scale. Urban-rural gradient paradigm is an analysis methodology, coming from landscape ecology, which enables to investigate how urbanization provokes changes in ecological patterns and processes into landscape. [Hahs and McDonnell 2006].The present research adapt this methodology to study the urban-rural gradient in the outskirts of Madrid, Toledo and Guadalajara. Both scales (1:25000 and 1:100000) were simultaneously used to reach the next objectives: 1) Analysis of landscape pattern dynamics in relation to distance to the town centre and major infrastructures. 2) Analysis of landscape pattern dynamics in the fringe of protected areas. The paper presents a new approach to the urban-rural relationship which allows better planning and management of urban áreas.

Lithologic Control on the Scaling Properties of the First-Order Streams of Drainage Networks: A Monofractal Analysis

The movement of water through the landscape can be investigated at different scales. This study dealt with the interrelation between bedrock lithology and the geometry of the overlying drainage systems. Parameters of fractal analysis, such as fractal dimension and lacunarity, were used to measure and quantify this relationship. The interrelation between bedrock lithology and the geometry of the drainage systems has been widely studied in the last decades. The quantification of this linkage has not yet been clearly established. Several studies have selected river basins or regularly shaped areas as study units, assuming them to be lithologically homogeneous. This study considered irregular distributions of rock types, establishing areas of the soil map (1:25,000) with the same lithologic information as study units. The tectonic stability and the low climatic variability of the study region allowed effective investigation of the lithologic controls on the drainage networks developed on the plutonic rocks, the metamorphic rocks, and the sedimentary materials existing in the study area. To exclude the effect of multiple in- and outflows in the lithologically homogeneous units, we focused this study on the first-order streams of the drainage networks. The geometry of the hydrologic features was quantified through traditional metrics of fluvial geomorphology and scaling parameters of fractal analysis, such as the fractal dimension, the reference density, and the lacunarity. The results demonstrate the scale invariance of both the drainage networks and the set of first-order streams at the study scale and a relationship between scaling in the lithology and the drainage network.

Climatic analysis methodology of vernacular architecture

Vernacular architecture has demonstrated its perfect environmental adaptation through its empirical development and improvement by generations of user-builders. Nowadays, the sustainability of vernacular architecture is the aim of some research projects in which the same method should be applied in order to be comparable. Hence, we propose a research method putting together various steps. Through the analysis of geographical, lithology, economic, cultural and social influence as well as materials and constructive systems, vernacular architecture is analyzed. But, all this information is put together with the natural landscape (topography and vegetation) and the climatic data (temperature, winds, rain and sun exposure). In addition, the use of bioclimatic charts, such as Olgyay or Givoni’s, revealed the necessities and strategies in urban and building design. They are satisfied in the vernacular architecture by the application of different energy conservation mechanisms, some of them are shown by different examples in this paper.