Geomorphological analysis and evolution of an altered floodplain drainage system. The case of the Partido Stream (Spain)

The Partido Stream is a small torrential course that flows into the marsh of the Doñana National Park, an area that was declared a World Heritage Site in 1994. Before 1981, floods occurred, and the stream overflowed onto a floodplain. As an old alluvial fan, the floodplain has its singular orography and functionality. Fromthe floodplain, several drainage channels, locally called caño, discharged into themarsh. The Partido Streamhad themorphology of a caño and covered approximately 8 km from the old fan to the marsh. The stream was straightened and channelised in 1981 to cultivate the old fan. This resulted in floods that were concentrated between the banks in the following years, which caused the depth of water and the shear stress to increase, thus, scouring the river bed and river banks. In this case, the eroded materials were carried towards the marsh where a new alluvial fan evolved. Control measures on the old fan were implemented in 2006 to stop the development of the new alluvial fan downstream over the marsh. Thus, the stream would partially recover its original behaviour that it had before channelisation, moving forwards in a new, balanced state. The present study describes the geomorphological evolution that channelisation has caused since 1981 and the later slow process of recovery of the original hydraulic-sedimentation regime since 2006. Additionally, it deepens the understanding of the original hydraulic behaviour of the stream, combining field data and 2D simulations.

Coastal Urban Flood Resislience versus Climate Change

Processes of founding and expanding cities in coastal areas have undergone great changes over time driven by environmental conditions. Coastal settlements looked for places above flood levels and away from swamps and other wetlands whenever possible. As populations grew, cities were extending trying to avoid low and wet lands. No city has been able to limit its growth. The risk of flooding can never be eliminated, but only reduced to the extent possible. Flooding of coastal areas is today dramatically attributed to eustasic sea level rise caused by global climate change. This can be inaccurate. Current climate change is generating an average sea level upward trend, but other regional and local factors result in this trend being accentuated in some places or attenuated, and even reversed, in others. Then, the intensity and frequency of coastal flooding around the planet, although not so much as a unique result of this general eustasic elevation, but rather of the superposition of marine and crustal dynamic elements, the former also climate-related, which give rise to a temporary raising in average sea level in the short term. Since the Little Ice Age the planet has been suffering a global warming change leading to sea level rise. The idea of being too obeying to anthropogenic factors may be attributed to Arrhenius (1896), though it is of much later highlight after the sixties of the last century. Never before, the human factor had been able of such an influence on climate. However, other types of changes in sea levels became apparent, resulting from vertical movements of the crust, modifications of sea basins due to continents fracturing, drifting and coming together, or to different types of climate patterns. Coastal zones are then doubly susceptible to floods. Precipitation immediately triggers pluvial flooding. If it continues upland or when snow and glaciers melt eventually fluvial flooding can occur. The urban development presence represents modifying factors. Additional interference is caused by river and waste water drainage systems. Climate also influences sea levels in coastal areas, where tides as well as the structure and dynamic of the geoid and its crust come into play. From the sea, waters can flood and break or push back berms and other coastline borders. The sea level, controlling the mouth of the main channel of the basin's drainage system, is ultimately what governs flood levels. A temporary rise in sea level acts as a dam at the mouth. Even in absence of that global change, so, floods are likely going to increase in many urban coastal areas. Some kind of innovative methodologies and practices should be needed to get more flood resilience cities

Alteración del comportamiento hidráulico natural de la vertiente noreste de la marisma de El Rocío por efectos antrópicos

El geo-dinamismo torrencial es resultado de la incidencia de precipitaciones torrenciales en la cuenca hidrográfica, y se manifiesta por una intensificación del ciclo del agua (con la presencia de mayores volúmenes de escorrentía y la consiguiente aparición de repentinos y elevados caudales de avenida) e intensificación del ciclo de los sedimentos (mayor erosión del suelo, incremento del transporte de sedimentos en los cauces de drenaje y la formación de grades depósitos de sedimentos en el área dominada de la cuenca). Estos procesos naturales se pueden agravar si se realizan en la cuenca actuaciones que alteren sustancialmente su morfología; es el caso del arroyo del Partido, tributario a la marisma de El Rocío en el Parque Nacional de Doñana, cuyo encauzamiento del tramo final sobre su antiguo cono de sedimentación fue el causante de la formación de un nuevo cono de sedimentación sobre la marisma. Pero las intervenciones antrópicas también pueden dirigir el sistema hacia la estabilidad sedimentaria y el tramo final del arroyo del Partido ha experimentado asimismo actuaciones de carácter restaurador. El antiguo cono de sedimentación del arroyo del Partido es un lugar complejo en el que drenan también otros tres cursos que intercambian sus flujos con dicho arroyo durante las avenidas. Esta Memoria analiza cuatro situaciones del paraje objeto de estudio: la primera responde al estado original del lugar en cuestión (situación A); la segunda a la creada tras el encauzamiento del arroyo del Partido en 1981 (situación B); la tercera a la formada pasado un tiempo desde el encauzamiento, cuando el geo-dinamismo del lugar hizo sus efectos sobre el paraje en cuestión (situación C); y la cuarta la generada tras la restauración en el verano de 2006 del régimen hidráulico-sedimentario del arroyo del Partido con la Actuación núm. 3 del Proyecto Doñana 2005. Se han investigado los efectos que la alteración de la morfología del sistema de drenaje del antiguo cono de sedimentación del arroyo del Partido causa en los parámetros hidráulicos que desencadenan el geo-dinamismo torrencial. Para ello se han reproducido las condiciones morfológicas de las cuatro situaciones más representativas ya comentadas que ha experimentado el paraje en los últimos 30 años y que han condicionado el comportamiento de las avenidas torrenciales ocurridas en dicho periodo. En este contexto se ha elaborado un modelo hidrológico con el programa HECHMS a partir de la información disponible y un modelo hidrodinámico en 2D con el programa IBER; con este último se han comparado ocho escenarios característicos derivados de la incidencia de dos avenidas representativas de los eventos torrenciales de la zona sobre las morfologías contempladas. También se ha estudiado la tensión de arrastre de las avenidas dada su incidencia en el terreno sobre el que transitan, analizando de manera separada los efectos en los cuatro cauces de drenaje del antiguo cono de sedimentación y del resto de la superficie del mismo. La investigación realizada ha permitido describir minuciosamente el comportamiento de los drenajes locales del antiguo y complejo cono de sedimentación que bordea el noroeste de la marisma del Parque Nacional de Doñana, desde la marisma de El Rocío hasta la marisma gallega, lo que redundará en beneficio de la gestión del Parque Nacional de Doñana y de su entorno, y especialmente en la seguridad del perímetro oriental de la aldea de El Rocío. ABSTRACT The torrential geo-dynamism results from the effect of torrential precipitations on the hydrological watershed, and it shows ups with the intensification of the water cycle (with presence of higher volumes of run-off and the consequent appearance of sudden and high food flows) and intensification of the sediment cycle (higher soil erosion, increase of sediment transport in the drainage courses and the formation of big sediment deposits in the area downstream the watershed). These natural processes can worsen if actions that change the morphology of the watershed are carried out. It is the case of the Partido stream, tributary of the marsh of El Rocío in the Doñana National Park, whose channelization of the final stretch over its old alluvial fan was the cause of the formation of a new alluvial fan over the marsh. But human actions can also go toward the sediment stabilization, and the final stretch of the Partido stream has experienced restoration actions as well. The old alluvial fan of the Partido stream is a complex terrain where also other three courses exchange their flows during floods. This document analyses four situations of the area studied: the first corresponds to the original state of the place (situation A); the second is the state created after the channel of the Partido stream was built in 1981 (situation B); the third is the state formed after some time passed and the geo-dynamism caused effect in the channelization (situation C); and the forth situation is the one created after the restoration in summer of 2006 of the hydraulic-sedimentary regime of the Partido stream with de Action number 3 of the Doñana 2005 Project. It has been researched the effects that the alteration of the morphology of the drainage system of the old alluvial fan of the Partido stream causes to the hydraulic parameters that trigger the torrential geo-dynamism. For that, the morphologic conditions of the four more representative situations were reproduced. Those situations experienced in the area in the last 30 years have conditioned the behaviour of torrential floods in that period. In this context, a hydrologic model with HEC-HMS and a 2D hydro-dynamic model with IBER have been set up. With IBER, eight scenes have been compared resulting from the impact of two representative floods from torrential events in the region against the morphologies considered. Also, the shear stress of the floods on the terrain has been studied, analysing separately the effect in the four drainage courses of the old alluvial fan and in the rest of its surfaces. The research carried out has allowed describing in minute detail the behavior of the local drainages of the old and complex alluvial fan that border the northwest part of the marsh of Doñana National Park, from the marsh of El Rocío to the gallega marsh. This will result in benefit for the management of Doñana National Park and its surroundings, and especially for the safety of the eastern limit of El Rocío village.

Repair works at Saint Claire Convent in Chinchón (Madrid, Spain)

The Chinchón Saint Claire Convent is a Count Foundation of 1653. Some repair works were made around 1965, but some important cracks were remained. This paper describes the soil study made to know, its properties, the reason of these movements and its consequences to the convent and the repair works done. A high swelling phenomenon has been detected. The convent is on a high plasticity clayey soil with soil sandy insertions. The soil water has a high content of sulphates. In addition, some sewer system piping was broken around the convent and frequently flooded the convent crypt. A micropiles underpinning was made and the water leaked has lead to the sewer system to avoid the crypt flooding, also a drainage system has been made and the ground around the church has been paved.

Modeling soil system: complexity under your feet

A clear statement in these lines textually cited (Byers et al., 1938) defines the framework of this special issue: “True soil is the product of the action of climate and living organism upon the parent material, as conditioned by the local relief. The length of time during which these forces are operative is of great importance in determining the character of the ultimate product. Drainage conditions are also important and are controlled by local relief, by the nature of the parent material or underlying rock strata, or by the amount of precipitation in relation to rate of percolation and runoff water. There are, therefore, five principal factors of soil formation: Parent material, climate, biological activity, relief and time. These soil forming factors are interdependent, each modifying the effectiveness of the others.” Due to these various processes associated to its formation and genesis soil dynamics reveals high complexity that creates several levels of structure using this term in a broad sense

Some past decision theory models for euro construction model codes and for road drainage in Spain, and modest hints with multi-criteria methods for agro and environmental assurance

The authors are from UPM and are relatively grouped, and all have intervened in different academic or real cases on the subject, at different times as being of different age. With precedent from E. Torroja and A. Páez in Madrid Spain Safety Probabilistic models for concrete about 1957, now in ICOSSAR conferences, author J.M. Antón involved since autumn 1967 for euro-steel construction in CECM produced a math model for independent load superposition reductions, and using it a load coefficient pattern for codes in Rome Feb. 1969, practically adopted for European constructions, giving in JCSS Lisbon Feb. 1974 suggestion of union for concrete-steel-al.. That model uses model for loads like Gumbel type I, for 50 years for one type of load, reduced to 1 year to be added to other independent loads, the sum set in Gumbel theories to 50 years return period, there are parallel models. A complete reliability system was produced, including non linear effects as from buckling, phenomena considered somehow in actual Construction Eurocodes produced from Model Codes. The system was considered by author in CEB in presence of Hydraulic effects from rivers, floods, sea, in reference with actual practice. When redacting a Road Drainage Norm in MOPU Spain an optimization model was realized by authors giving a way to determine the figure of Return Period, 10 to 50 years, for the cases of hydraulic flows to be considered in road drainage. Satisfactory examples were a stream in SE of Spain with Gumbel Type I model and a paper of Ven Te Chow with Mississippi in Keokuk using Gumbel type II, and the model can be modernized with more varied extreme laws. In fact in the MOPU drainage norm the redacting commission acted also as expert to set a table of return periods for elements of road drainage, in fact as a multi-criteria complex decision system. These precedent ideas were used e.g. in wide Codes, indicated in symposia or meetings, but not published in journals in English, and a condensate of contributions of authors is presented. The authors are somehow involved in optimization for hydraulic and agro planning, and give modest hints of intended applications in presence of agro and environment planning as a selection of the criteria and utility functions involved in bayesian, multi-criteria or mixed decision systems. Modest consideration is made of changing in climate, and on the production and commercial systems, and on others as social and financial.