Levels, sources and seasonality of coarse particles (PM10-PM2.5) in three European capitals e implications for particulate pollution control

Coarse particles of aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 mm (PMc) are produced by a range of natural (windblown dust and sea sprays) and anthropogenic processes (non-exhaust vehicle emissions, industrial, agriculture, construction and quarrying activities). Although current ambient air quality regulations focus on PM2.5 and PM10, coarse particles are of interest from a public health point of view as they have been associated with certain mortality and morbidity outcomes. In this paper, an analysis of coarse particle levels in three European capitals (London, Madrid and Athens) is presented and discussed. For all three cities we analysed data from both traffic and urban background monitoring sites. The results showed that the levels of coarse particles present significant seasonal, weekly and daily variability. Their wind driven and non-wind driven resuspension as well as their roadside increment due to traffic were estimated. Both the local meteorological conditions and the air mass history indicating long-range atmospheric transport of particles of natural origin are significant parameters that influence the levels of coarse particles in the three cities especially during episodic events.

Digital Control Implementation to Reduce the Cost and Improve the Performance of the Control Stage of an Industrial Switched-Mode Power Supply

The main objective of this work is the design and implementation of the digital control stage of a 280W AC/DC industrial power supply in a single low-cost microcontroller to replace the analog control stage. The switch-mode power supply (SMPS) consists of a PFC boost converter with fixed frequency operation and a variable frequency LLC series resonant DC/DC converter. Input voltage range is 85VRMS-550VRMS and the output voltage range is 24V-28V. A digital controller is especially suitable for this kind of SMPS to implement its multiple functionalities and to keep the efficiency and the performance high over the wide range of input voltages. Additional advantages of the digital control are reliability and size. The optimized design and implementation of the digital control stage it is presented. Experimental results show the stable operation of the controlled system and an estimation of the cost reduction achieved with the digital control stage.

Modelado, control y diseño de robots submarinos de estructura paralela con impulsores vectorizados.

En años recientes, se han realizado algunos esfuerzos para equipar a robots submarinos con impulsores vectorizados. Este sistema de propulsión permite el uso de una menor cantidad de impulsores, esto a su vez tiene consecuencias favorables en el volumen y costo del robot a medida que una mayor potencia de propulsión es requerida. El propósito de esta tesis es realizar un estudio sobre el modelado, control y diseño de robots submarinos de estructura paralela con impulsores vectorizados. De esta manera exponer los aspectos más importantes relativos a estos puntos, y proponer soluciones a los problemas que plantea la arquitectura de estos robots. En esta tesis se tomo como objeto de estudio el robot Remo 2, cuya estructura paralela representa una gran parte del volumen del robot y esto hace que su análisis sea el más complejo que se pueda tener en los robots de esta categoría. El diseño de este robot es un concepto radicalmente diferente al de los robots submarinos convencionales. Sus características son prometedoras, pero para poder sacar provecho de estas potencialidades es necesario un entendimiento de la dinámica del robot. En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo y análisis de modelos analíticos, y el desarrollo de herramientas de simulación para este robot. El propósito de estas herramientas es identificar las oportunidades y restricciones impuestas por la estructura y la dinámica del vehículo. Se presenta el planteamiento (y solución) de los problemas cinemático y dinámico inverso para un robot submarino de estructura paralela. Por otro lado, se demostró por primera vez el funcionamiento del concepto del robot submarino a través de una herramienta de simulación. Haciendo uso de esta herramienta se exploro el desempeño del robot bajo diversos esquemas de control, se encontró que el robot es capaz de ejecutar con éxito diversas maniobras empleando controladores clásicos. Se presento un controlador basado en el modelo del robot y se demostró sus ventajas. Posteriormente se presento un apartado cuyo propósito es exponer aspectos importantes sobre el diseño de este tipo de robots, sobre todo aquellos que influyen en su desempeño cinetostático. Se plantea el problema del diseño óptimo de un robot tipo Remo 2, y se proponen un par de índices de desempeño globales. Otra contribución fue, en condición de coautoría, el diseño y análisis de una nueva estructura paralela la cual no ha sido considerada anteriormente en la literatura.

Adaptive control system based on lineal control theory for the path-following problem of a car-like mobile robot

The objective of this paper is to design a path following control system for a car-like mobile robot using classical linear control techniques, so that it adapts on-line to varying conditions during the trajectory following task. The main advantages of the proposed control structure is that well known linear control theory can be applied in calculating the PID controllers to full control requirements, while at the same time it is exible to be applied in non-linear changing conditions of the path following task. For this purpose the Frenet frame kinematic model of the robot is linearised at a varying working point that is calculated as a function of the actual velocity, the path curvature and kinematic parameters of the robot, yielding a transfer function that varies during the trajectory. The proposed controller is formed by a combination of an adaptive PID and a feed-forward controller, which varies accordingly with the working conditions and compensates the non-linearity of the system. The good features and exibility of the proposed control structure have been demonstrated through realistic simulations that include both kinematics and dynamics of the car-like robot.

New control architecturebased on PXI for a 3-finger haptic device applied to virtual manipulation

To perform advanced manipulation of remote environments such as grasping, more than one finger is required implying higher requirements for the control architecture. This paper presents the design and control of a modular 3-finger haptic device that can be used to interact with virtual scenarios or to teleoperate dexterous remote hands. In a modular haptic device, each module allows the interaction with a scenario by using a single finger; hence, multi-finger interaction can be achieved by adding more modules. Control requirements for a multifinger haptic device are analyzed and new hardware/software architecture for these kinds of devices is proposed. The software architecture described in this paper is distributed and the different modules communicate to allow the remote manipulation. Moreover, an application in which this haptic device is used to interact with a virtual scenario is shown.

Impedance control for legged robots: an insight into the concepts involved

The application of impedance control strategies to modern legged locomotion is analyzed, paying special attention to the concepts behind its implementation which is not straightforward. In order to implement a functional impedance controller for a walking mechanism, the concepts of contact, impact, friction, and impedance have to be merged together. A literature review and a comprehensive analysis are presented compiling all these concepts along with a discussion on position-based versus force-based impedance control approaches, and a theoretical model of a robotic leg in contact with its environment is introduced. A theoretical control scheme for the legs of a general legged robot is also introduced, and some simulations results are presented.

Dynamic control of a reconfigurable stair-climbing mobility system

Electric-powered wheelchairs improve the mobility of people with physical disabilities, but the problem to deal with certain architectural barriers has not been resolved satisfactorily. In order to solve this problem, a stair-climbing mobility system (SCMS) was developed. This paper presents a practical dynamic control system that allows the SCMS to exhibit a successful climbing process when faced with typical architectural barriers such as curbs, ramps, or staircases. The implemented control system depicts high simplicity, computational efficiency, and the possibility of an easy implementation in a microprocessor-/microcontroller-based system. Finally, experiments are included to support theoretical results.

Advanced Control for Very Fast DC-DC Converters Based on Hysteresis of the C-out Current

The bandwidth achievable by using voltage mode control or current mode control in switch-mode power supply is limited by the switching frequency. Fast transient response requires high switching frequency, although lower switching frequencies could be more suitable for higher efficiency. This paper proposes the use of hysteretic control of the output capacitor $(C_{out})$ current to improve the dynamic response of the buck converter. An external voltage loop is required to accurately regulate the output voltage. The design of the hysteretic loop and the voltage loop are presented. Besides, it is presented a non-invasive current sensor that allows measuring the current in the capacitor. This strategy has been applied for DVS (dynamic voltage scaling) on a 5 MHz buck converter. Experimental results validate the proposed control technique and show fast transient response from 1.5 V to 2.5 V in 2 $mu{rm s}$.

Control y Monitorización de un Invernadero a través de una Aplicación Móvil

Los invernaderos permiten tener un mayor control del entorno donde crecen las plantas. Son utilizados para aumentar la calidad y rendimiento de las plantaciones en ciertas ubicaciones que tienen estaciones cortas de crecimiento, o bien malas condiciones de iluminación debido a las localizaciones geográficas, por lo que permiten mejorar la producción de alimentos vegetales en entornos extremos. En este proyecto se ha desarrollado una maqueta de un invernadero y se propone el uso del microcontrolador Arduino y del sistema operativo Android, con el objetivo de lograr una tarea de control y monitorización sobre dicha maqueta. Por una parte, se utiliza la placa Arduino como tarjeta controladora del sistema y, a su vez, como tarjeta adquiridora de datos, y por otra parte se ha desarrollado una aplicación Android capaz de monitorizar y supervisar el estado del invernadero. Para llevar a cabo el flujo de información entre el invernadero y los dispositivos de monitorización, se ha desarrollado una aplicación servidor bajo código C++, capaz de administrar la información del invernadero en una base de datos MySQL y, de forma concurrente, atender las peticiones de los clientes Android registrados, proporcionándoles la información que soliciten, y ejecutando las acciones que reciben.

Optimal Control Using Feedback Linearization for a Generalized T-S Model

In this paper, a fuzzy feedback linearization is used to control nonlinear systems described by Takagi-Suengo (T-S) fuzzy systems. In this work, an optimal controller is designed using the linear quadratic regulator (LQR). The well known weighting parameters approach is applied to optimize local and global approximation and modelling capability of T-S fuzzy model to improve the choice of the performance index and minimize it. The approach used here can be considered as a generalized version of T-S method. Simulation results indicate the potential, simplicity and generality of the estimation method and the robustness of the proposed optimal LQR algorithm.

Advanced Control Strategies for a 6 DoF Hydraulic Parallel Robot Based on the Dynamic Model

Nowadays robots have made their way into real applications that were prohibitive and unthinkable thirty years ago. This is mainly due to the increase in power computations and the evolution in the theoretical field of robotics and control. Even though there is plenty of information in the current literature on this topics, it is not easy to find clear concepts of how to proceed in order to design and implement a controller for a robot. In general, the design of a controller requires of a complete understanding and knowledge of the system to be controlled. Therefore, for advanced control techniques the systems must be first identified. Once again this particular objective is cumbersome and is never straight forward requiring of great expertise and some criteria must be adopted. On the other hand, the particular problem of designing a controller is even more complex when dealing with Parallel Manipulators (PM), since their closed-loop structures give rise to a highly nonlinear system. Under this basis the current work is developed, which intends to resume and gather all the concepts and experiences involve for the control of an Hydraulic Parallel Manipulator. The main objective of this thesis is to provide a guide remarking all the steps involve in the designing of advanced control technique for PMs. The analysis of the PM under study is minced up to the core of the mechanism: the hydraulic actuators. The actuators are modeled and experimental identified. Additionally, some consideration regarding traditional PID controllers are presented and an adaptive controller is finally implemented. From a macro perspective the kinematic and dynamic model of the PM are presented. Based on the model of the system and extending the adaptive controller of the actuator, a control strategy for the PM is developed and its performance is analyzed with simulation.

Presentación [del libro "Hacia un control industrial de la anisotropía inducida en el conformado de materiales compuestos"]

En este informe los autores describen el flujo de los plásticos reforzados, con el que se elaboran en la industria abundantes piezas, que si bien no resultan en general espectaculares ni por su precio, ni por su tamaño, ni por el despliegue de medios tecnológicos asociados, constituyen un elementos básico en nuestro contorno cotidiano, y sin las cuales la vida diaria sería, cuanto menos, completamente diferente. Este trabajo, desarrollado por un acreditado inteniero francés y un joven ingeniero español (Francisco Chinesta y Arnaud Poitou), pretende ser una aproximación a la modelización global de aquellos tipos de procesos de fabricación.