Influence of Tillage and Liming on N2O emission from a rainfed crop

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the main greenhouse gas (GHG) produced by agricultural soils due to microbial processes. The application of N fertilizers is associated with an increase of N2O losses. However, it is possible to mitigate these emissions by the introduction of adequate management practices (Snyder et al., 2009). Soil conservation practices (i.e.no tillage, NT) have recently become widespread because they promote several positive effects (increases in soil organic carbonand soil fertility, reduction of soil erosion, etc). In terms of GHG emissions, there is no consensus in the literature on the effects of tillage on N2O. Several studies found that NT can produce greater (Baggs et al., 2003), lower (Malhi et al., 2006) or similar (Grandey et al., 2006) N2O emissions compared to traditional tillage (TT). This large uncertainty is associated with the duration of tillage practices and climatic variability. Liming is widely use to solve problems of soil acidity (Al toxicity, yield penalties, etc). Several studies show a decrease in N2O emissions with liming (Barton et al., 2013) whereas no significant effects or increases were observed in others (Galbally et al., 2010). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of tillage (NT vs TT) and liming application or not of Ca-amendment) on N2O emissions from an acid soil during a rainfed crop.

Ca-amendement and tillage: medium term synergies for improving key soil properties of acid soils. Soil and tillage research, 134: 195-206

Ca-amendments are routinely applied to improve acid soils, whilst no-tillage (NT) has been widely recommended in soils where traditional tillage (TT) has led to losses of organic matter. However, the potential interactions between the two treatments are only partially known. Our study was conducted on an annual forage crop agrosystem with a degraded Palexerult soil located in SW Spain, in order to assess if the combination of NT plus a Ca-amendment provides additional benefits to those of their separate use. To this end we analysed the effects of four different combinations of tillage and Ca-amendment on selected key soil properties, focusing on their relationships. The experimental design was a split-plot with four replicates. The main factor was tillage (NT versus TT) and the second factor was the application or not of a Ca-amendment, consisting of a mixture of sugar foam (SF) and red gypsum (RG). Soil samples were collected from 3 soil layers down to 50 cm after four years of treatment (2009). The use of the Ca-amendment improved pH and Al-toxicity down to 25 cm and increased exchangeable Ca2+ down to 50 cm, even under NT due to the combined effect of SF and RG. Both NT and the Ca-amendment had a beneficial effect on total organic carbon (TOC), especially on particulate organic carbon (POC), in the 0–5 cm layer, with the highest contents observed when both practices were combined. Unlike NT, the Ca-amendment failed to improve soil aggregation in spite of the carbon supplied. This carbon was not protected within the stable aggregates in the medium term, making it more susceptible to mineralization. We suggest that the fraction of Al extracted by oxalate from solid phase (AlOxa-Cu-K) and the glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSPs) are involved in the accumulation of carbon within water stable aggregates, probably through the formation of non-toxic stable Al-OM compounds, including those formed with GRSPs. NT alone decreased AlK in the 0–5 cm soil layer, possibly by increasing POC, TOC and GRSPs, which were observed to play a role in reducing Al toxicity. From our findings, the combination of NT and Ca-amendment appears to be the best management practice to improve chemical and physical characteristics of acid soils degraded by tillage.

Balance de CO2 y secuestro de Carbono por medio del aumento de la producción de Biomasa en suelos ácidos enmendados

Las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero procedentes de la producción agraria en 2011 fueron estimadas en 5300 millones de toneladas de CO2 equivalente (CO2e) a nivel global. En nuestro estudio evaluamos las emisiones y secuestros producidos por la siembra directa (SD) frente al laboreo convencional (LC), junto a la aplicación o no de una enmienda cálcica en un suelo ácido degradado y bajo un clima mediterráneo.

Fostering English-taught higher education programs in a Spanish university: the "TechEnglish" innovative project

In recent years, coinciding with adjustments to the Bologna process, many European universities have attempted to improve their international profile by increasing course offerings in English. According to the Institute of International Education (IIE), Spain has notably increased its English-taught higher education programs, ranking fifth in the list of European countries by number of English-taught Master's programs in 2013. This article presents the goals and preliminary results of an on-going innovative education project (TechEnglish) that aims to promote course offerings in English at the Technical University of Madrid (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM). The UPM is the oldest and largest of all Technical Universities in Spain. It offers graduate and postgraduate programs that cover all the engineering disciplines as well as architecture. Currently, the UPM has no specific bilingual/multilingual program to promote teaching in English, although there is an Educational Model Whitepaper (with a focus on undergraduate degrees) that promotes the development of activities like an International Semester or a unique shared curriculum. The TechEnglish project is an attempt to foster courses taught in English at 7 UPM Technical Schools, including students and 80 faculty members. Four tasks were identified: (1) to design a university wide framework to increase course offerings, (2) to identify administrative difficulties, (3) to increase visibility of courses offered, and (4) to disseminate the results of the project. First, to design a program we analyzed existing programs at other Spanish universities, and other projects and efforts already under way at the UPM. A total of 13 plans were analyzed and classified according to their relation with students (learning), professors (teaching), administration, course offerings, other actors/institutions within the university (e.g., language departments), funds and projects, dissemination activities, mobility plans and quality control. Second, to begin to identify administrative and organizational difficulties in the implementation of teaching in English, we first estimated the current and potential course offerings at the undergraduate level at the UPM using a survey (student, teacher and administrative demand, level of English and willingness to work in English). Third, to make the course offerings more attractive for both Spanish and international students we examined the way the most prestigious universities in Spain and in Europe try to improve the visibility of their academic offerings in English. Finally, to disseminate the results of the project we created a web page and a workspace on the Moodle education platform and prepared conferences and workshops within the UPM. Preliminary results show that increasing course offerings in English is an important step to promote the internationalization of the University. The main difficulties identified at the UPM were related to how to acknowledge/certify the departments, teachers or students involved in English courses, how students should register for the courses, how departments should split and schedule the courses (Spanish and English), and the lack of qualified personnel. A concerted effort could be made to increase the visibility of English-taught programs offered on-line.

Memoria de la segunda revision del monte "Poyo de Santo Domingo", de la tercera revision del monte "Cerros del Pozo" y de la primera revision del monte "Cerros de Hinojares"

EL día 24 le Junio de 1.941 me fue entregado en la secretaría de la Escuela Especial de Ingenieros de Montes el oficio que a continuación t r a n s c r i b o; rt Ministerio de cultura -Dirección General de Montes Caza y Pesca aluvial- Con esta fecha digo al Sr. Ingeniero Jefe del Distrito Forestal de Jaén lo siguiente:- Con el fin de suplir en lo posible la escasez de personal técnico afecto a ese servicio, para llevar a cabo el estudio y redacción de proyectos necesarios, este Centro ha dispuesto de acuerdo con la Dirección de la Escuela Especial de Ingenieros de Montes y teniendo en cuenta las manifestaciones de la Jefatura, designar a los alumnos del último curso Don Vicente Reus Cid, Don Juan* José Casado Bracho y Don Rafael "Fernández Huerta para que trabajen realizando los estudios que se l e encomienden a las inmediatas órdenes del Ingeniare de esa Dependencia, designado por V. S., que será quien lleve la dirección y responsabilidad del trabajo para presentarlo con una ante esa Jefatura que lo remitirá, con el regí amen t al informe a la dirección General de que se ocuparán esto alumnos, en la expresada forma, ser el de revisión de los proyectos de ordenación que, determine.- Ba su día se fijara por la Superioridad el parecer de la Dirección dé la Escuela y el de V.3. la parte de las indemnizaciones correspondiente a la tarifa reglamentaria que deberá percibir cada alumno que colabore con el Ingeniero -designado .- Las revisiones deberán estar terminadas para fin del año corriente. Lo que traslado para su conocimiento y efectos.

Metodología para una estrategia de desarrollo productivo agropecuario y forestal ecosostenible para el trópico seco de Centroamérica: aplicación al municipio de Santo Tomás del Nance

El llamado Trópico Seco de Centroamérica se caracteriza en general y en la Costa Pacífica, en particular, por albergar una elevada densidad de población eminentemente rural y agro dependiente, en este medio se han conjugado el incremento de los procesos de desertificación del territorio junto con la disminución de los rendimientos agropecuarios. Este fenómeno ha venido acelerándose en los últimos años a la par que ha sido agravado por otros factores económicos y políticos, generando creciente vulnerabilidad físico-ambiental y socioeconómica. La tesis pretende demostrar que la falta de un correcto manejo y usos del suelo es factor clave en la creciente pobreza campesina, también consideramos que esta situación es reversible empleando medios, técnicas y compromisos sociales que están a nuestro alcance y, por último, que es técnica y económicamente factible disponer de un modelo o estrategia eco productiva que posibilite el crecimiento económico de la población, manteniendo o incluso mejorando la sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales (causa primera de la pobreza), y en particular el suelo y el agua. A pesar de las inversiones significativas en el agro durante los últimos 25 años, continúan creciendo a un ritmo alarmante los procesos de desertificación y de la pobreza rural relacionada. Entre un sin número de causas se destacan una baja voluntad política y la polarización entre gobiernos y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Por último, se destaca el hecho de que para revertir las actuales tendencias, es preciso fomentar la estrecha colaboración como un todo entre gobiernos centrales, gobiernos locales y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil.

La acústica de la iglesia del Monasterio de Santo Domingo de Silos y su adecuación a la práctica del canto gregoriano.

El monasterio benedictino de Santo Domingo de Silos es un referente mundial en el estudio y la difusión del canto gregoriano. Su origen parece encontrarse en un cenobio visigótico del siglo VII, y alcanzó su configuración plenomedieval en las reformas llevadas a cabo en el siglo XI por el abad Domingo, coincidiendo con el esplendor del canto llano en la liturgia cristiana. Desde entonces, sus edificios han sido objeto de diferentes transformaciones, siendo la más importante la que se produjo a mediados del siglo XVIII, y que sustituyó la antigua iglesia románica por la actual de estilo neoclásico-barroco. En este trabajo se exponen los resultados de un estudio de las condiciones acústicas de la iglesia de la abadía. Dicho estudio está basado en la medición de una serie de parámetros acústicos monoaurales y binaurales, utilizando las tecnologías de medición más avanzadas. A partir de los resultados de las mediciones acústicas se realizan consideraciones sobre la adecuación de las características acústicas del recinto al uso litúrgico-musical para el que está destinado.

Three decades of Space Activities at the Instituto Universitario de Microgravedad "Ignacio Da Riva" / Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (IDR/UPM) en History of Rocketry and Astronautics

Strictly speaking, space related activities at the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Aeronáuticos (ETSIA) begun in 1973, when Prof. Ignacio Da Riva got a contract from the European Space Agency (ESA) to compile a handbook on spacecraft thermal control. By the same time, ESA issued an announcement of opportunities offering to the European scientific community the possibility of perform microgravity relevant experiments on board space platform like the European orbital laboratory Spacelab. Prof. Da Riva proposed one of the few selected experiments dealing with fluid physics under microgravity conditions, later flown on Spacelab-1 mission in 1983. These two events were the starting point where Prof. Da Riva, full professor of Aerodynamics at ETSIA, nucleated a small group of young professors and students located at the Laboratorio de Aerodinámica y Mecánica de Fluidos (LAMF) of ETSIA. Such group was leaded by Prof. Da Riva since its creation till 1991, when Prof. Da Riva died, and it was the seed of the more recently created research institute for aerospace science and technology named "Ignacio Da Riva" (IDR) in his honour. In this communication space related activities performed either at LAMF or IDR during the last three decades are briefly described.

Funcionamiento hidrogeológico del acuífero yesífero del arroyo del Cristo de Rivas, Madrid

En base a los datos proporcionados por los numerosos sondeos existentes, análisis químicos de los puntos de agua inventariados, y según observaciones detalladas de fenómenos de recarga natural, se establece un modelo de funcionamiento hidrogeológico de la formación yesífera que drena el arroyo del Cristo de Rivas y la laguna de la antigua cantera de yesos de Valderribas. Se constata que en el macizo la recarga se produce preferentemente de manera difusa, pero también de manera puntual a través de sumideros karstificados con una capacidad de recarga de más de 500 l/s. Se identifica un acuífero colgado condicionado por una capa de arcillas intercaladas que drenan a los manantiales de la Ermita del Santo Cristo de Rivas, y una recarga más profunda que alimenta la zona saturada regional, poco permeable, y a la que se asocian flujos de alta salinidad.

Una architettura come me. Sobre la Arquitectura de Ignacio Vicens y José Antonio Ramos = Una architettura come me. On the Architecture of Ignacio Vicens y José Antonio Ramos

The architecture of Vicens and Ramos holds a privileged position within the Spanish architecture of the last few years, due to their outstanding resolution of the architectural project. Each project has posed a creative challenge for them that has resulted in unique works, with great pedagogical value for other architects. In this monograph, a selection of their most emblematic work is shown, including Las Matas, Faculty at the University of Navarra, the Church at Rivas and Coliseum of the Three Cultures among others. The project documentation is exceptionally thorough, with plans and images of all sections, from many angles. There is also an interview with Ignacio Vicens, writings from friends and colleagues, and images that reflect the professional and human aspects of this architect and professor at the Architecture School in Madrid. In English and Spanish, this book is of a seriously high standard.

Cuarto Real Santo Domingo

UNA MEZQUITA BLANCA

Rincones inéditos de antigua arquitectura española. La plaza de Nava del Rey (Valladolid). El convento de Santo Domingo de Estella (Navarra). El castillo de Alba de Tormes (Salamanca)

Artículo incluido en la recopilación "Sobre monumentos y otros escritos". Paginación original de la revista Arquitectura: 309-314

Elementos decorativos de origen musulmán en la urna de Santo Domingo de Silos

Elementos decorativos de origen musulmán en la urna de Santo Domingo de Silos

Pila musulmana en la iglesia de Santo Domingo de Jaca

Pila musulmana en la iglesia de Santo Domingo de Jaca