Anticorrelation between Ion Acceleration and Nonlinear Coherent Structures from Laser-Underdense Plasma Interaction

In laser-plasma experiments, we observed that ion acceleration from the Coulomb explosion of the plasma channel bored by the laser, is prevented when multiple plasma instabilities such as filamentation and hosing, and nonlinear coherent structures (vortices/post-solitons) appear in the wake of an ultrashort laser pulse. The tailoring of the longitudinal plasma density ramp allows us to control the onset of these insabilities. We deduced that the laser pulse is depleted into these structures in our conditions, when a plasma at about 10% of the critical density exhibits a gradient on the order of 250 {\mu}m (gaussian fit), thus hindering the acceleration. A promising experimental setup with a long pulse is demonstrated enabling the excitation of an isolated coherent structure for polarimetric measurements and, in further perspectives, parametric studies of ion plasma acceleration efficiency.

Electrostatic plasma instabilities excited by a high‐frequency electric field

The electrostatic plasma waves excited by a uniform, alternating electric field of arbitrary intensity are studied on the basis of the Vlasov equation; their dispersion relation, which involves the determinant of either of two infinite matrices, is derived. For ω0 ≫ ωpi (ω0 being the applied frequency and ωpi the ion plasma frequency) the waves may be classified in two groups, each satisfying a simple condition; this allows writing the dispersion relation in closed form. Both groups coalesce (resonance) if (a) ω0  ≈  ωpe/r (r any integer) and (b) the wavenumber k is small. A nonoscillatory instability is found; its distinction from the DuBois‐Goldman instability and its physical origin are discussed. Conditions for its excitation (in particular, upper limits to ω0,k, and k⋅vE,vE being the field‐induced electron velocity), and simple equations for the growth rate are given off‐resonance and at ω0  ≈  ωpi. The dependence of both threshold and maximum growth rate on various parameters is discussed, and the results are compared with those of Silin and Nishikawa. The threshold at ω0  ≈  ωpi/r,r  ≠  1, is studied.

Ion-temperature-sensitive effect in transient langmuir probe response

A theory is presented for a method, recently proposed by Hester and Sonin, of determining the ion temperature in a plasma by measuring the transient current to a cylindrical Langmuir probe after applying a potential Vp{ — eVpy>KTe) under conditions where collection is collision free and the ratio of probe radius to Debye length is small. The ion component of the current does not approach its final steady-state value monotonicalfy, but exhibits a strong, ion-temperature-dependent overshoot in the first few ion-plasma periods following the biasing of the probe. Analytical formulas are derived for the case of a Maxwellian plasma, and convenient graphical results are presented. The possible masking of the overshoot by a transient displacement current is discussed; it is shown how to avoid such displacement effects. For the overshoot to be sensitive to the ion temperature T the probe must be near plasma (zero) potential before applying V1,(eVp~<0.lKTe, VP~ being that initial potential); this is not a drawback of the method, but, on the contrary, it can be used to accurately determine plasma potential along with T.

Electrostatic plasma instabilities excited by a high-frequency electric field. AT(30-1)-1238-MATT-669

An analysis of the electrostatic plasma instabilities excited by the application of a strong, uniform, alternating electric field is made on the basis of the Vlasov equation. A very general dispersion relation is obtained and discussed. Under the assumption W 2 O » C 2 pi. (where wO is the applied frequency and wpi the ion plasma frequency) a detailed analysis is given for wavelengths of the order of or large compared with the Debye length. It is found that there are two types of instabilities: resonant (or parametric) and nonresonant. The second is caused by the relative streaming of ions and electrons, generated by the field; it seems to exist only if wO is less than the electron plasma frequency wpe. The instability only appears if the field exceeds a certain threshold, which is found.

Similarities between ion waves in plasmas and gravity waves in incompressible fluids

Some similarities between ion waves in plasmas and gravity waves in incompressible fluids are investigated. It is shown that for zero ion temperature the ion-wave dispersion relation is similar to that of gravity waves in a stratified liquid between rigid, horizontal walls; for large wavelength the ion waves behave as the surface gravity waves of shallow-water theory. The general character of the pattern of ion waves arising in steady plasma flows is analyzed for arbitrary ion temperature, wavelength, and acoustic mach number (which is based on the ion-acoustic speed), and is compared to the pattern of surface gravity waves in steady water flows when surface tension is taken into account.

Ion correlations due to high-frequency electric field and their effect on the nonlinear plasma conductivity

The influence of a strong, high‐frequency electric field on the ion‐ion correlations in a fully ionized plasma is investigated in the limit of infinite ion mass, starting with the Bogoliubov‐Born‐Green‐Kirkwood‐Yvon hierarchy of equations; a significant departure from the thermal correlations is found. It is shown that the above effect may substantially modify earlier results on the nonlinear high‐frequency plasma conductivity.

Space Debris Removal with an Ion Beam Shepherd Satellite: target-plasma interaction

A novel concept for active space debris removal known as Ion Beam Shepherd (IBS) which has been recently presented by our group is investigated. The concept makes use of a highly collimated ion beam to exert the necessary force on a generic debris to modify its orbit and/or attitude from a safe distance in a controlled manner, without the need of docking. After describing the main characteristics of the IBS system, some of the key aspects of thruster plasma and its interaction with the debris are studied, namely, (1) the modeling of the expansion of an plasma beam, based on the quasi-selfsimilarity exhibited by hypersonic plumes, (2) the characterization of the force and torque exerted upon the target debris, and (3) a preliminary evaluation of other plasma-body interactions.

Far wake structure in rarefied plasma flows past charged bodies

The asymptotic structure of the far-wake behind a charged body in a rarefied plasma flow is investigated under the assumption of small ion-to-electron temperature ratio and of flow speed hypersonic with respect to the ions but not with respect to the electrons. It is found that waves are excited even if the flow is subacoustic (flow velocity less than the ion-acoustic speed). For both superacoustic and subacoustic velocities a steep wave front develops separating the weakly perturbed, quasineutral plasma ahead, from the region behind where ion waves appear. Near the axis a trailing front develops;the region between this and the axis is quasineutral for superacoustic speeds. The decay laws in all of these regions, the self-similar structure of the fronts and the general character of the waves are determined.The damping of the waves and special flow detail for bodies large and small compared with the Debye length are discussed. A nonlinear analysis of the leading wave front in superacoustic flow is carried out. A hyperacoustic equivalence principle is presented.

Dispersion relation for electron waves propagating in an isotropic plasma containing Maxwellian and suprathermal electrons

The paper discusses the dispersion relation for longitudinal electron waves propagating in a collisionless, homogeneous isotropic plasma, which contains both Maxwellian and suprathermal electrons. I t is found that the dispersion curve, known to have two separate branches for zero suprathermal energy spread,depends sensitively on this quantity. As the energy half-width of the suprathermal population increases, the branches approach each other until they touch at a connexion point, for a small critical value of that half-width. The topology of the dispersion curves is different for half-widths above and below critical; and this can affect the use of wave-propagation measurements as a diagnostic technique for the determination of the electron distribution function. Both the distance between the branches and spatial damping near the connexion frequency depend on the half-width, if below critical, and can be used to determine it. The theory is applied to experimental data.

Self-similar motion of laser half-space plasmas. II. Thermal waves and intermediate regimes

The one-dimensional self-similar motion of an initially cold, half-space plasma of electron density n,produced by the (anomalous) absorption of a laser pulse of irradiation

ion and ion-electron energy exchange, involves three dimensionless numbers: e = nc/n0 assumed small, Z, (ion charge number), and a parameter aion is negligible) moving into the undisturbed plasma, from a much thinner isothermal flow expanding into the vacuum. For lion flow between a shock, bounding the undisturbed plasma, and a very thin transition layer bounding an expansion flow, much larger in extent than the compression region. In both regimes, the critical plane lies far in the expansion tail. The results break down when the density is so small that the plasma becomes collisionless. The analysis is also invalid for a too small. Using results previously found for a>€~4'3, a qualitative discussion of how plasma behavior changes with a, is given.

Ion-Ion correlations effect on nonlinear high-frequency plasma conductivity. AT(30-1)-1238-MATT-675

On the basis of the BBGKY hierarchy of equations an expression is derived for the response of a fully ionized plasma to a strong, high-frequency electric field in the limit of infinite ion mass. It is found that even in this limit the ionion correlation function is substantially affected by the field. The corrections to earlier nonlinear results for the current density appear to be quite ssential. The validity of the model introduced by Dawson and Oberman to study the response to a vanishingly small field is confirmed for larger values of the field when the eorrect expression for the ion-ion correlations i s introduced; the model by itself does not yield such an expression. The results have interest for the heating of the plasma and for the propagation of a strong electromagnetic wave through the plasma. The theory seems to be valid for any field intensity for which the plasma is stable.

Determination and analysis of plasma radiative properties for numerical simulations of laboratory radiative blast waves launched in xenon clusters

Radiative shock waves play a pivotal role in the transport energy into the stellar medium. This fact has led to many efforts to scale the astrophysical phenomena to accessible laboratory conditions and their study has been highlighted as an area requiring further experimental investigations. Low density material with high atomic mass is suitable to achieve radiative regime, and, therefore, low density xenon plasmas are commonly used for the medium in which the radiative shocks propagate. The knowledge of the plasma radiative properties is crucial for the correct understanding and for the hydrodynamic simulations of radiative shocks. In this work, we perform an analysis of the radiative properties of xenon plasmas in a range of matter densities and electron temperatures typically found in laboratory experiments of radiative shocks launched in xenon plasmas. Furthermore, for a particular experiment, our analysis is applied to make a diagnostics of the electron temperatures of the radiative shocks since they could not be experimentally measured

Structure of intermediate shocks in collisionsless anisotropic Hall-magnetohydrodynamics plasma models

The existence of discontinuities within the double-adiabatic Hall-magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model is discussed. These solutions are transitional layers where some of the plasma properties change from one equilibrium state to another. Under the assumption of traveling wave solutions with velocity C and propagation angle θ with respect to the ambient magnetic field, the Hall-MHD model reduces to a dynamical system and the waves are heteroclinic orbits joining two different fixed points. The analysis of the fixed points rules out the existence of rotational discontinuities. Simple considerations about the Hamiltonian nature of the system show that, unlike dissipative models, the intermediate shock waves are organized in branches in parameter space, i.e., they occur if a given relationship between θ and C is satisfied. Electron-polarized (ion-polarized) shock waves exhibit, in addition to a reversal of the magnetic field component tangential to the shock front, a maximum (minimum) of the magnetic field amplitude. The jumps of the magnetic field and the relative specific volume between the downstream and the upstream states as a function of the plasma properties are presented. The organization in parameter space of localized structures including in the model the influence of finite Larmor radius is discussed