2 resultados para Houston Economic Summit (1990)

em Universidad Politécnica de Madrid


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Road traffic is the greatest contributor to the carbon footprint of the transport sector and reducing it has become one of the main targets of sustainable transport policies. An analysis of the main factors influencing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential for designing new energy- and environmentally efficient strategies for the road transport. This paper addresses this need by (i) identifying factors which influence the carbon footprint, including traffic activity, fuel economy and socioeconomic development; and (ii) proposing a methodological framework which uses Modified Laspeyres Index decomposition to analyze the effect of important drivers on the changes in emissions of road transport in Spain during the period from 1990 to 2010. The results demonstrate that the country׳s economic growth has been closely linked to the rise in GHG emissions. The innovative contribution of this paper is the special analysis of the changes in mobility patterns and GHG emissions during the economic crisis, when, for the first time, Spanish road traffic emissions decreased. The reduction of road transport and improved energy efficiency has been powerful contributors to this decrease, demonstrating the effectiveness of energy-saving measures. On the basis of this analysis, several tailored policy recommendations have been suggested for future implementation.

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El área urbana localizada en el contorno de la ría de Vigo se vino comportando hasta finales de los años ochenta del siglo XX como una verdadera "ciudad difusa", entendida la difusión como la forma de urbanización de baja densidad que todavía conserva unas características y una funcionalidad propiamente urbanas, aportadas por la malla tradicional parroquial de caminos y núcleos de población. Esta Tesis demuestra que en el período de veinte años transcurrido entre 1990 y 2010, el área, en la que ya se apreciaban fenómenos de naturaleza metropolitana y policentrismo, experimentó una transformación basada en los factores y formas de urbanización estudiados en otras áreas y ciudades intermedias de similares dimensiones. Para la delimitación del ámbito de estudio se consideraron las diferentes dimensiones y escalas de áreas funcionales utilizadas en distintos estudios y planes territoriales, eligiéndose el que toma como referente principal la Ría de Vigo como soporte de la conurbación polinuclear de su contorno. Para investigar el desarrollo urbanístico operado en el período se estudiaron los factores y formas de urbanización característicos de la urbanización en territorios de baja densidad en esta época, y las variables de densidad es de población y vivienda, primacía y polaridad territorial, ritmos de edificación, planeamiento urbanístico y territorial, actividades económicas, movilidad, desplazamientos residenciatrabajo y vacíos urbanos. Las conclusiones permiten observar como el crecimiento residencial descentralizado, que se ha dado principalmente en el litoral, y la localización periférica de las actividades y dotaciones públicas han introducido elementos de dispersión y fragmentación espacial y social, así como las nuevas y potentes infraestructuras viarias, que han mejorado los desplazamientos a costa de una dependencia abusiva del vehículo privado, y han comenzado a amenazar la sostenibilidad del sistema. La planificación de ordenación territorial a escala metropolitana y el planeamiento urbanístico, que se comenzaron a utilizar con normalidad en esta época, se vislumbran como una oportunidad para reconducir el proceso, integrando los territorios genéricos surgidos entre las nuevas infraestructuras y dotaciones y la malla tradicional, así como los vacíos urbanos susceptibles de compactación, protegiendo aquellos otros vacíos que deben constituir la principal reserva ecológica: Los montes en mano común y la Ría de Vigo. La necesidad de una planificación operativa, sostenible y participativa, que integre la ordenación territorial, la gestión integral de los recursos de la Ría, y articule las diferentes competencias y escalas, la gobernanza , la participación ciudadana y el mercado, se considera la principal conclusión para el futuro. ABSTRACT The urban area located around the Ría de Vigo* used to behave like a “diffused city” until the late 1980s, understanding this difussion as the low-density urbanization that still today exhibits ‘urban’ characteristics and functionality, given by the traditional network of parish paths and town cores. This Thesis shows that during the twenty-year period from 1990 to 2010, this area, which previously showed signals of polycentrism and metropolitan character, started a transformation based on the factors and ways of urbanization studied in other areas and intermediate cities of similar dimensions. In order to demarcate the scope of this study, different dimensions and functional area scales previously used in other studies have been taken into account, choosing the one that takes the Ría de Vigo as the main reference and the basis of the polynuclear conurbation of its surroundings. To research the urban development in this period, factors and ways of urbanization regarding lowdensity territories have been considered, as well as some variables like density of population and housing, territorial primacy and polarity, building rates, territorial planning, economic activities, mobility, home-to-work trips and urban holes. Conclusions allow us to point out how the decentralised residential growing (that occurred mainly on the litoral surface) and the periferic localization of the activities and public facilities, have created elements of “sprawl” and spacial and social fragmentation, which, together with the new and powerfull road infraestructures network (that made the movements easier by means of an abusive dependence on the private vehicle), have started to threaten the sustainability of the system. The planification of the territorial ordinance at metropolitan scale and the urban planning, that in that time started to be established, can be considered as an opportunity to get things back on track, integrating the territories risen up from the new infrastructures and facilities and the traditional network together with the urban holes liable to be compacted, with a special protection of the spaces that must be the main ecological reserve: the communal forests and the Ría de Vigo. The need of a sustainable and participatory operative planification, able to integrate the territory planning, the integral management of resources and the citizen involvement and the market, has to be considered as the main goal for the future.