5 resultados para História moderna Séc. XX
em Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Resumo:
En la dcada del sesenta en Chile existi una de las oficinas ms importantes en el panorama arquitectnico nacional de todo el siglo XX. Sin embargo, su obra no ha llegado a ser lo suficientemente conocida debido a diferentes razones histricas, polticas y gremiales. Esta oficina desarroll su labor en un perodo poltico de consolidacin democrtica, pero de graves dificultades econmicas debido a problemas estructurales, por lo cual, el Estado debi intervenir para llevar adelante los planes de progreso y desarrollo del pas. El objetivo del presente trabajo es poner en valor la obra de esta oficina, denominada TAU arquitectos, compuesta por profesionales que desde su juventud presentaron un gran compromiso con la realidad social y un enorme fervor por la arquitectura. Se trata del primer estudio sistemtico de la trayectoria de este equipo de profesionales, titulados en la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Chile, en los aos cincuenta. El anlisis sigue un desarrollo de lo general a lo particular, donde en primer trmino se esboza el ambiente histrico en que se origin la oficina, para luego estudiar aquellos aspectos que influyeron en su etapa formativa, finalizando con el anlisis de sus obras en detalle. El estudio de stas se realiza en orden cronolgico, distinguiendo etapas de consolidacin y madurez durante el transcurso de su labor disciplinar. La tesis pone de manifiesto que la produccin arquitectnica de esta oficina, fue el reflejo de la utilizacin de una metodologa de trabajo que integraba aspectos de la nueva arquitectura con las tcnicas locales, por lo cual presenta ciertas condiciones regionalistas y resalta las caractersticas y cualidades propias del lugar. Paralelamente, evidencia que la obra de este equipo responda al sistema productivo del pas, atendiendo a las posibilidades constructivas y al saber profesional de esa poca. Al mismo tiempo, la tesis intenta develar las races y fundamentos que estn implcitas en el diseo de la forma arquitectnica, estudiando las condiciones de la lgica estructural y su resistencia antissmica, resaltando aspectos como la articulacin del espacio colectivo, el sutil manejo del programa, la relacin con el lugar y la interesante expresin de los materiales. ABSTRACT In Chile, during the decade of the 60s, there existed one of the most important offices in the national architectural scene of the 20th century. However, their work is not sufficiently known due to different historical, political and trade reasons. This Office developed their work during a political period of democratic consolidation, with serious economic difficulties due to structural problems; therefore, the State had to intervene to take forward the plans for the countrys progress and development. The objective of the essay is to value the work of this Office, called TAU arquitectos, who since their youth showed a great commitment to the social reality and a huge fervor for architecture. This is the first systematic study of the trajectory of this team of professionals, whom graduated in the 1950s in the University of Chile in the Faculty of Architecture. The analysis follows a general development to the specific details, where at first, the historic atmosphere of the office is defined and then to study the aspects that influenced the formative stage of the architects and to finalize, with a detailed analysis of their work. The study of these is performed in a chronological order, distinguishing the stages of consolidation and maturity, during the course of their disciplined commitment. The thesis shows that the architectural production of TAU was the reflection of the use of a methodology that incorporated aspects of the new architecture with local techniques, which presents certain regional conditions and therefore highlights the characteristics and qualities of the place. In Parallel, proving that the work of this team, responded to the production system of the country, according to the constructive possibilities and the professional knowledge of that time. At the same time, the thesis tries to unveil the roots and fundamentals that are implicit in the design of the architectural form, studying the conditions of a structural logic and its seismic resistance; highlighting aspects such as articulation of the collective space, the subtle handling of the program, the relationship with the place and the interesting expression of materials.
Resumo:
Desde la revolucin ilustrada e industrial de finales del s. XVIII se ha venido desarrollando, con fuerza inigualada a lo largo de la historia, algo que es consustancial al hombre y que le ha permitido constituirse como tal frente al resto de animales: la tcnica. Como sentencia Ortega, no hay hombre sin tcnica. Pero, al mismo tiempo, va quedando cada vez ms claro -como tambin nos seala Ortega- que el sentido y la causa de la tcnica estn fuera de ella, y que la tcnica no es en rigor lo primero, sino que su finalidad le ha de ser prefijada por un deseo original pre-tcnico. Si esto no fuera as el hombre perdera su propio sentido, pues el hombre es puro afn, un ente cuyo ser consiste no en lo que ya es, sino en la que an no es. Sin embargo, el progresivo desencantamiento del mundo como consecuencia del desarrollo de la sociedad industrial vino a sustituir los viejos mitos por una interpretacin racional y abstracta que renunciaba a cualquier bsqueda de sentido que trascendiese los hechos brutos. De este modo, la perdida de sentido del hombre frente a la tcnica desarrollada por l mismo le dejaba desnortado y convertido en un sujeto pasivo en manos de un malentendido progreso. Frente a esta prdida de sentido detectada ya a principios del siglo XX y denunciada con ms fuerza a partir de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el postmodernismo del ltimo tramo del pasado siglo pudo no slo oficializar su desaparicin, sino consignar su deslegitimacin. Ante a esto, sostenemos la necesaria existencia de sentido en cualquier arquitectura que se desarrolle plenamente y, especialmente, en la arquitectura de la modernidad -y an de la modernidad tarda o postmodernidad- muchas de las veces no explicitado como tal frente al sobredimensionamiento tcnico que ha venido marcando la pauta desde la revolucin industrial. Al mismo tiempo, ya no se puede hablar de un nico sentido, universalizable, sino de una pluralidad de sentidos que definirn distintas arquitecturas. Partiendo de la petitio principii de que el tema capital de la arquitectura en la modernidad ha sido la vivienda, el objeto arquitectnico que rene las mejores caractersticas para desarrollar esta bsqueda de sentido lo hemos encontrado en la cabaa moderna, donde se cumple el aforismo corbusierano que seala que quand lconomie est au maximum, lintensit est au maximum. Al mismo tiempo al representar la plenitud a travs de su misma negacin, la cabaa moderna se puede entender como una sublimacin de la arquitectura a travs de pequeos objetos donde han quedado destiladas las distintas esencias de la modernidad. Mediante el anlisis de seis pequeas construcciones situadas en archipilagos arquitectnicos radicalmente distantes el campamento de Ocatillo (F. Ll. Wright, 1929); la Caja (R. Erskine, 1942); el Cabanon (Le Corbusier, 1952); la casa cpula en Carbondale (R. B. Fuller, 1960); el refugio en Oropesa (F. J. Senz de Oza, c.1967-1977) y el pabelln de invitados en Kempsey (G. Murcutt, 1992)- la aparente apora que supone la cabaa moderna, frente a la ms lgica, en principio, cabaa primitiva, cobra sentido. Efectiva mente, el referente mtico de la cabaa primitiva, tal y como fue enunciado por Laugier, se corresponda con el estadio ms primitivo de la modernidad, con sus orgenes, precisamente porque la crtica que se haca en ella de la arquitectura se basaba en criterios exclusivamente tcnicos que remitan a los orgenes constructivos de la arquitectura como frmula para salir del entramado retrico en el que sta se encontraba perdida. La cabaa moderna trasciende, sin embargo, aquella primitiva fase de la modernidad, de la que la cabaa de Laugier es paradigma, en la medida en que la crtica que se realiza ahora es doble, pues a la crtica de carcter tcnico que encontramos en cada una de las cabaas se le aade una crtica de sentido que no se encuentra supeditada, en ninguno de los casos, a la componente tcnica, tal y como sin embargo suceda con Laugier, donde la pretendida regeneracin moral de la arquitectura era consecuencia directa de su depuracin tcnica. En la cabaa moderna, al contrario, encontramos una pluralidad de sentidos que orientan y fuerzan el desarrollo de la techn en direcciones que llegan a ser radicalmente diferentes, construyendo unos relatos que habrn de ser, por tanto, necesariamente parciales, pero de los que la arquitectura, en cualquier caso no podr prescindir si es que quiere seguir siendo fiel a s misma, tal y como, efectivamente, lo comprendieron Wright, Erskine, Le Corbusier, Fuller, Senz de Oza y Murcutt, cuando se esforzaron por que estas pequeas arquitecturas que hemos visitado, tan slo unas cabaas, fueran unas cabaas con sentido, unas cabaas modernas. ABSTRACT Since the illustrated and industrial revolution of the XVIII century it has been developing, with unequally strength through history, something that is inherent to man and that has allowed him to become himself against the rest of animals: technique. As Ortega says, there is no man without technique. But, at the same time, it is becoming increasingly clear as Ortega also says- that the sense and the cause of the technique are beyond technique itself, and that technique is not actually the first thing, but that its purpose must be predefined by a pre-technique original desire. If it were not like this, man would lose his own sense, because man is pure desire, an entity whose being is not what already is, but what still doesnt is. However, the progressive disenchantment of the world as the result of the development of the industrial society came to change the old myths by a rational and abstract interpretation that renounced to any search of meaning that transcended the brute facts. Thereby, the loss of sense of man against the technique developed by man himself let him aimless and converted in a passive object in the hands of a misunderstood progress. Against this loss of sense already detected at the beginning of the XX century and denounced in a stronger way since the Second World War, the postmodernism of the late decades of the last century could not only formalize its disappearance, but also consign its delegitimization. On the contrary, we maintain the necessary existence of sense in any architecture that is fully developed and, specially, in the modern architecture and even in the late Modernism or Postmodernism- many times not made explicit as such against the technique oversizing that has been setting the pattern since the industrial revolution. At the same time, we can not talk about an only and universal sense, but about a plurality of senses that will define different architectures. On the basis of the petitio principii that dwelling has been the capital issue of modern architecture, the architectonic object that possesses the best features for developing this search of sense has been found in the modern hut, where is fulfil the Corbusieran aphorism that says that quand lconomie est au maximum, lintensit est au maximum. At the same time, representing plenitude through its own negation the modern hut can be understood as a sublimation of architecture through small objects where the different essences of modernity have been distilled. Through the analysis of six small buildings located in radically distant architectonic archipelagos the Ocatillo dessert camp (F. Ll. Wright, 1929); the Box (R. Erskine, 1942); the Cabanon (Le Corbusier, 1952); the dome-home in Carbondale (R. B. Fuller, 1960); the retreat in Oropesa (F. J. Senz de Oza, c. 1967-1977) and the guest house in Kimpsey (G. Murcutt, 1992)- the apparent aporia that represents the modern hut, against the, initially, more logical primitive hut, makes sense. Indeed, the mythical reference of the primitive hut, as it was enunciated by Laugier, belonged to the most primitive state of modernity, with its origins, precisely because the criticism of the architecture that was made there was based in exclusively technique criteria, referring to the constructive origins of architecture as the formula to get out of the rhetoric labyrinth in which architecture was lost at the moment. However, the modern hut transcends that primitive phase of modernity, of which Laugiers hut is paradigm, since the criticism that is made is double, because to the criticism on the technique that we find in every hut we must add a criticism on the sense that is never subordinated to the technique component, as it was the case in Laugier, where the intended architectonic moral regeneration was a direct consequence of its technical depuration. In the modern hut, on the contrary, we find a plurality of senses that guides and drives the development of techn in radically different directions, building narratives that must be, then, necessarilly partial, but of which architecture could never leave aside if it still wants to be faithful to itself, as Wright, Erskine, Le Corbusier, Fuller, Senz de Oza and Murcutt seemed to understand when they tried hardly to make these small architectures that we have visited, these huts, huts full of sense, modern huts.
Resumo:
En paralelo a la superficie cotidiana de la ciudad moderna, discurre otra "ciudad invisible" o "caja negra" tecnolgica, que opera, de manera silenciosa e imperceptible, al servicio de los ciudadanos. Paradjicamente, en este espacio invisible, se toman decisiones de la mxima relevancia para la ciudad: en la "caja negra", las ciudades pactan sus relaciones con la naturaleza; a travs de ella, se produce la administracin y distribucin de los recursos que componen su metabolismo urbano. En definitiva, la "caja negra" es el conjunto de las arquitecturas donde se urbaniza la naturaleza, donde sta pasa a ser ciudad. Y, sin embargo, ha tendido a permanecer invisible. No obstante, en el ltimo tercio del siglo XX, se ha "abierto la caja negra" urbana y lo que era invisible ha dejado de serlo o, al menos, ha alterado su estatuto de visibilidad. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es evaluar las repercusiones arquitectnicas, urbansticas y ecolgicas, que conlleva este reciente fenmeno urbano que, desde hace unas dcadas, est teniendo lugar en muchas de las ciudades herederas de las grandes reformas urbanas acometidas en las metrpolis europeas durante el siglo XIX, bajo el paradigma simblico de un proyecto moderno "prometeico" y emancipador. Para abordar dicho anlisis, se pondrn en relacin dos parmetros urbanos elementales que han tendido a ser estudiados por separado. Por un lado, la "ecologa poltica urbana", es decir, la red de relaciones socio-ecolgicas que acontecen en la ciudad. Por otro lado, la "economa de la visibilidad", es decir, las formas de articular lo visible y lo invisible, en relacin a los marcos de gobernanza. La interseccin entre la "ecologa poltica urbana" y la "economa de la visibilidad" proporciona un marco de anlisis efectivo para comprender el fenmeno de la "apertura de la caja negra" y conlleva un cuestionamiento de algunas nociones dominantes en la teora urbana y arquitectnica clsicas, como la segregacin de la naturaleza, las infraestructuras y la sociedad o como las formas tradicionales de explotacin ecolgica del medio. Adems, ofrece un criterio de anlisis privilegiado para la comprensin del proceso de deslegitimacin (filosfica, arquitectnica, econmica, as como desde perspectivas ecolgicas, sociales, de gnero o queer) de los modelos urbansticos integrales modernos, herederos de los marcos antropocntricos del siglo XIX. Por ltimo, proporciona algunas herramientas arquitectnicas para afrontar los desafos ecosistmicos del siglo XXI. A travs del estudio de autores relevantes que han analizado esta problemtica para la arquitectura, as como del estudio de casos arquitectnicos que han marcado hitos fundamentales en la consolidacin urbana de los procesos asociados a la "caja negra", se concluir que, en trminos ecolgicos, la ciudad moderna ha movilizado una "ecologa poltica urbana" basada en frmulas de sometimiento del entorno, a partir de operaciones arquitectnicas y tecnolgicas invisibles. En esta tesis doctoral se estudiar la organizacin arquitectnica de las arquitecturas de la "caja negra" y se evaluar si el fenmeno de la "apertura de la caja negra" puede ser considerado como un sntoma de la alteracin en la "ecologa poltica urbana". 'Abriremos la caja negra" para estudiar cmo se integran en el espacio urbano los dispositivos tecnolgicos de escala urbana, toda vez stos han dejado de ser invisibles. Cmo participan, como un actor ms, en la configuracin de otros marcos de cohabitacin, dentro de la ciudad contempornea. ABSTRACT An 'invisible city' or technological 'black box' runs parallel to the day-to-day surface of modern cities, remaining silent, unnoticed, at the service of the citizenry. Paradoxically, this invisible space is where some of the most relevant decisions concerning the city are made: the 'black box' is where cities agree on their relationships with nature; it is used to manage and distribute the resources that form its urban metabolism. In short, the 'black box' is the collection of architectures where nature is urbanised, where it becomes a city. And in spite of all this, it has mostly remained invisible. Nevertheless, this urban 'black box' was opened during the last third of the 20th century, so what used to be invisible is invisible no more, or at least the laws governing its visibility have been altered. The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to evaluate the architectural, urban planning and ecological repercussions of this recent urban phenomenon that has been taking place for several decades in many of the cities that followed in the footsteps of the large European metropolises of the 19th century, under the symbolic paradigm of a modern 'prometheic' and emancipating project. This analysis shall be done by juxtaposing two basic urban parameters that in general have been studied separately: frstly the urban political ecology', that is, the network of socio-ecological relationships within the city. Secondly, the 'economy of visibility', that is, the way the visible and invisible spheres are structured in relation with the governance frameworks. The intersection between the 'urban political ecology' and the 'economy of visibility' provides an effective analysis framework to understand the phenomenon of the 'opening of the black box'. It entails calling into question some of the predominant notions in classical urban and architectural theory, such as the segregation of nature, infrastructures and society, or the traditional forms of ecological usage of the environment. It also offers an exceptional analysis criterion to understand the discrediting process (from a philosophical, architectural, economic perspective, but also from the point of view of ecology, society, gender or queerness) of modern all-encompassing urban models that draw from the anthropocentric frameworks of the 19th century. Finally, it provides some architectural tools to tackle 21st-century ecosystemic challenges. The study of relevant authors that have analysed these problems for architecture, as well as the study of milestone architectural cases for the urban consolidation of processes associated to the 'black box', shall serve to reach the conclusion that, in ecological terms, modern cities have mobilised an 'urban political ecology' based on formulas of subjugation of the environment, through invisible architectural and technological operations. This thesis shall present an evaluation of whether the phenomenon of the 'opening of the black box' can be considered a symptom of the alteration of the 'urban political ecology'. We shall 'open the black box' to study the integration of the various urbanscale technological devices within the urban landscape, now that they have ceased to be invisible. We shall see how they participate, like any other actor, in the confguration of other cohabitation frameworks within today's cities.
Resumo:
El objetivo de esta tesis es poner de relieve cmo el desarrollo del clculo de estructuras ha influido en la manera de concebir la forma arquitectnica y qu relaciones se establecen entre estructura (formal) y estructura resistente. Este modo de explicar el hecho arquitectnico, desde la relacin arte-estructura, no es el ms generalizado. Por lo que profundizar en l podra llegar a enriquecer la manera en la que se comprende la arquitectura. Por tanto, se parte de la base de que la tcnica no es slo un instrumento, un medio del que disponer, sino que es un proceso mediante el cual la abstraccin se hace tangible. Con lo que se produce una retroalimentacin entre lo universal, es decir, lo abstracto, y lo concreto, o sea, lo real. Adems, esta investigacin se centra en la estructura resistente, en tanto que se trata del nico principio sine qua non de la trada vitruviana. Sin embargo, no se incurre en el error de pensar que la arquitectura depende nicamente de la tecnologa para su desarrollo; hay muchos ms condicionantes que intervienen en ella, que van desde la expresin, hasta cuestiones sociolgicas. La manera en la que los proyectistas disean se desarrolla en paralelo a la evolucin de la tcnica. Ahora bien, la meta de esta investigacin consiste en dilucidar hasta qu punto la voluntad de los arquitectos e ingenieros es independiente de la tecnologa. Para ello, se lleva a cabo un anlisis desde dos puntos de vista. El primero plantea un desarrollo histrico de la evolucin de la teora del clculo de estructuras en el que, a travs del tiempo, se analizan las repercusiones formales que se han ido derivando de l, tanto en ingeniera, como en arquitectura. Se pretende, as, llevar a cabo una lectura de la historia para entender el presente y proyectar el futuro. La segunda visin que se plantea estudia el modo en el que los historiadores de la arquitectura moderna han entendido la nocin de estructura resistente. Dado que se entiende que los crticos de arquitectura inf uyen en la manera de pensar y entender dicha disciplina. Para desarrollarla se tom como referencia a Panayotis Tournikiotis y su libro La historiografa de la arquitectura moderna. Finalmente, se elabora una lectura transversal de ambos puntos de vista, con la intencin de discernir la influencia de la tcnica en la gnesis de la arquitectura en el siglo XX. En ella se estudian algunos de los ejemplos ms importantes de la arquitectura moderna, as como se intentan esclarecer las distintas maneras de proyectar en relacin a la estructura resistente. A partir de todo lo anterior se pretende responder a la siguiente pregunta: la manera en que los proyectistas plantean la relacin entre estructura (formal) y estructura resistente ha sido la misma a lo largo de la Historia? Podra decirse que no. Dicha relacin ha evolucionado desde el empirismo a la invencin, pasando por la ciencia. En cada una de esas etapas el entendimiento, no slo del comportamiento estructural de las construcciones, sino tambin del Imago Mundi, ha ido variando; lo que se ha plasmado en la relacin entre estructura (formal) y estructura resistente en los edificios. RECENSIONE Lobiettivo della presente tesi mettere in evidenza come lo sviluppo del calcolo strutturale ha inf uenzato il modo di concepire la forma architettonica e, che relazioni si stabiliscono tra struttura (formale) e struttura resistente. Questo modo di spiegare la questione architettonica, partendo dalla relazione arte-struttura, non il pi comune. Quindi, approfondire la ricerca su questo aspetto potrebbe arrivare ad arricchire la maniera in cui si capisce larchitettura. Per tanto, si parte da un principio di base ovvero che la tecnica non soltanto uno strumento, un medio di cui disporre, ma che un processo mediante il quale lastrazione si fa tangibile. Con cui si produce una retroalimentazione tra luniversale, cio, lastratto e il concreto, ossia, il reale. Inoltre, questa ricerca si centra nella struttura resistente, in quanto si tratta dellunico principio sine qua non della triade vitruviana. Eppure, non sincorre nellerrore di pensare che larchitettura dipenda unicamente della tecnologia per il suo sviluppo; ci sono molti altri condizionanti che intervengono in essa, che vanno dalla espressione f no a questioni sociologiche. La maniera in cui i progettisti disegnano si sviluppa in parallelo alla evoluzione della tecnica. Tuttavia, lobbiettivo della ricerca consiste nel cercare di chiarire f no che punto la volont progettuale e ideativa degli architetti e degli ingegneri indipendente della tecnologia. Per questo, si realizza unanalisi da due punti di vista. Il primo ipotizza uno sviluppo storico dellevoluzione della teoria del calcolo strutturale in cui, attraverso del tempo, si analizzano le ripercussioni formali che si sono derivate da questo, sia in ingegneria sia in architettura. Si pretende cos, realizzare una lettura della storia per capire il presente e progettare il futuro. La seconda visione che s ipotizza, studia il modo in cui gli storici dellarchitettura moderna hanno capito la nozione di struttura resistente. Poich si capisce che i critici di architettura inf uiscono nella maniera di pensare e capire questa disciplina. Per svilupparla si prese come riferimento Panayotis Tournikiotis e il suo libro La storiograf a dellarchitettura moderna. Finalmente, si elabora una lettura trasversale di ambedue punti di vista, con lintenzione di discernere linf uenza della tecnica nella genesi dellarchitettura nel XX secolo. In questa si studiano alcuni degli esempi pi importanti dellarchitettura moderna, cos come si tentano chiarif care le diverse maniere di progettare in relazione alla struttura resistente. Oltretutto quello precedente, si pretende rispondere alla seguente domanda: La maniera in cui i progettisti ipotizzano la relazione tra struttura (formale) e struttura resistente stata la stessa lungo la storia? Potrebbe dirsi di no. Essa relazione si evoluta dallempirismo allinvenzione, passando per la scienza. In ogni una di queste tappe si cerca di comprendere, non soltanto il comportamento strutturale delle costruzioni, ma anche laspetto del Imago Mundi. Ci che cambiato la coesistenza tra struttura (formale) e struttura resistente negli edifici. ABSTRACT T e objective of this thesis is to highlight how the development of structural analysis has influenced the way of conceiving architectural form and what relationship exists between (formal) structure and resistant structure. T is way of explaining architecture, from the relationship between art and structure, is not the most generalized, which is why increasing our understanding of it can enrich the way in which architecture is understood. Therefore, the basis is that technique is not only an instrument, a medium to have, but rather a process through which abstraction becomes tangible. Because of this, a type of feedback is produced between what is universal, in other words, abstract, and concrete, real. Additionally, this research focuses on resistant structure in that it refers to the unique principal sine qua non of the Vitruvian triad. However, it does not err by accepting the idea that architecture depends only on technology for its development; there are many conditioners which intervene which include everything from expression to sociological issues. T e way in which builders design is developed parallel to the evolution of technique. T e goal of this investigation consists of explaining to what point the will of architects and engineers is independent from technology. For this, an analysis of two points of view is helpful. T e f rst proposes a historical development of the theory of structures in which, through time, formal repercussions that have derived from it, in engineering as well as in architecture, are analyzed. In this way, a historical reading is attempted in order to understand the present and predict the future. T e second vision that is proposed studies the manner in which historians of modern architecture have understood the notion of resistant structure, given that it is understood that the critics of architecture inf uence the way of thinking about and understanding this discipline. In order to develop it, Panayotis Tournikiotis and his book La historiografa de la arquitectura moderna was used as a reference. Finally, a transversal reading of both points of view is done with the intention of discerning the influence of technique in the genesis of architecture in the 20th century. In this reading, several of the most important examples of modern architecture are studied and an attempt is made at shedding light on the different ways of designing in relation to resistant structure. Using the previous discussion, one can attempt to respond to the following question: Has the way in which designers conceive the relationship between (formal) structure and resistant structure been the same throughout history? In fact, the answer is no, this relationship has evolved from empiricism into invention, while incorporating scientific elements. At each of the stages of understanding, structural behavior of constructions as well as that of the Imago Mundi has continually changed, which has been captured in the relationship between (formal) structure and resistant structure in buildings.
Resumo:
La obra flmica del director francs Jacques Tati podra considerarse como el perfecto reflejo del paradigma edificatorio de mediados del siglo XX en plena posguerra europea, una poca vida de transformaciones de las que el cine supo hacerse eco. Particularmente, el cine de Tati refleja las preocupaciones del ciudadano europeo de posguerra sobre las consecuencias de las masivas construcciones erigidas en sus devastados ncleos urbanos y la puesta en prctica de la ciudad funcional propuesta por la Carta de Atenas (1931). Pero, adems, el anlisis del cine de Jacques Tati permite un acercamiento a la modernidad desde diversos puntos de vista como la movilidad, el diseo urbano, las nuevas construcciones, los espacios de trabajo en los nuevos distritos terciarios, la vivienda -tradicional, moderna y experimental- o el diseo mobiliario en la posguerra. A travs de su alter ego -Monsieur Hulot- Tati interacciona curioso con las nuevas construcciones geomtricas de paos neutros y cuestiona su ruptura con la tradicin edificatoria francesa, enfatizando la oposicin entre el pasado nostlgico y la modernidad de las dcadas de los 50 y 60, salpicadas por el consumismo feroz del recin estrenado estado de bienestar. La confrontacin funcional, volumtrica, esttica e incluso cromtica entre ambos mundos construidos el tradicional y el moderno- invita al espectador a un ejercicio de reflexin y crtica sobre la arquitectura moderna de este perodo en Europa. En particular, la mirada cinematogrfica de Tati se centra en dos conceptos fundamentales. Por una parte, su atencin se dirige a la famosa casa mecanicista Le Corbuseriana materializada en la ultra-moderna casa Arpel (Mon Oncle, 1958) y proyectada en la misma poca en la que se desarrollaban importantes prototipos de vivienda experimental como la Casa de Futuro de Alison y Peter Smithson o las viviendas de Jean Prouv. Debe ponerse de manifiesto que la crtica de Jacques Tati no se centraba en la arquitectura moderna en s misma sino en el empleo errneo que los usuarios pudieran hacer de ella. Por otro lado, Tati centra su atencin en el prisma miesiano a travs de los bloques de oficinas que conforman la ciudad de Tativille en Playtime (1967). Se trataba de una gran ciudad moderna construida explcitamente para el rodaje de la pelcula y basada en los casi idnticos tejidos urbanos residenciales y terciarios ya en funcionamiento en las principales capitales europeas y norteamericanas en aquellos aos. Tativille funcionara como una ciudad autnoma disponiendo de diversas instalaciones y con el objetivo de integrarse y consolidarse en la trama urbana parisina. Lamentablemente, su destino al final del rodaje fue bien distinto. En definitiva, el anlisis de la produccin flmica de Jacques Tati permite un acercamiento a la arquitectura y al urbanismo modernos de posguerra y al contexto socio-econmico que favoreci su crecimiento y expansin. Por ello, su obra constituye una herramienta visual muy til que an hoy es consultada y mostrada por su claridad y humor y que invita a los ciudadanos telespectadores- a participar en un ejercicio crtico arquitectnico hasta entonces reservado a los arquitectos. ABSTRACT The film work of French director Jacques Tati could be considered as the perfect reflection of the mid-20th century European post-war building paradigm, a period of time plenty of transformations perfectly echoed by cinema. In particular, Tatis film work reflects the European post-war citizens concerns about the consequences of massive constructions built in their desvastated urban centres, as well as the development of functional cities proposed by the Athens Charter (1931). But, on top of that, an analysis of Jacques Tatis cinematography allows for an approach to modernity from different perspectives, such as mobility, urban design, new buildings, working spaces in the new tertiary districts, housing -traditional, modern, and experimental-, or furniture design during the post-war period. Embodied by his alter-ego Monsieur Hulot,- Tati curiously interacts with the new geometric constructions of neutral facades and questions the break with the French building tradition, highlighting the opposition between the nostalgic past and modernity of the 50s and 60s, affected by the fierce consumerism of the new welfare state. The functional, volumetric, aesthetic and even chromatic confrontation between both built worlds traditional vs modern- invites the viewer to an exercise of meditation and criticism on the European modern architecture of that period. Tatis film look is particularly focused on two basic concepts: on the one hand, his attention addresses Le Corbusiers famous mechanistic house which is materialized in the ultra-modern Arpel house (Mon Oncle, 1958) and designed, in turn, when the development of other important experimental dwelling prototypes like Alison and Peter Smithsons House of the Future or Jean Prouvs houses was taking place. It must be highlighted that Jacques Tatis criticism was not addressed to modern architecture itself but to the wrong use that citizens could make of it. On the other hand, Tati focuses on the Miesian prism through the office buildings that shape the city of Tativille in Playtime (1967). It was a big, modern city built specifically for the film shooting, and based on the almost identical residential and tertiary urban fabrics already active in the main European and American capitals those years. Tativille would work as an autonomous city, having several facilities at its disposal and with the goal of getting integrated and consolidated into the Parisian urban weave. However, its final use was, unfortunately, quite different. In conclusion, an analysis of Jacques Tatis film production allows for an approach to modern post-war architecture and urbanism, as well as to the socio-economic context that favoured its growth and expansion. As a result of this, Jacques Tatis film production constitutes a suitable visual tool which, even nowadays, is consulted and shown due to its clarity and humour, and at the same time invites citizens viewers- to participate in an architectural criticism exercise that, so far, had been reserved to architects.