La iglesia de Santiago de los españoles en Roma y su entorno entre los siglos XV y XIX. Una historia a través del dibujo

Plaza Navona representa una de las visitas obligadas de Roma, pero solo algunos advertirán en ella la presencia española en la sala de exposiciones del Instituto Cervantes o en la inmediata Libreria Española. Todavía serán menos los que se percatarán de la huella española dejada en aquella iglesia de fachada anónima situada, en el extremo sur de la plaza: la antigua iglesia de Santiago de los Españoles. La presente tesis pretende, utilizando el dibujo como guía, herramienta y fin del proceso de análisis y estudio, reconstruir el proceso de conformación y construcción de la que fue iglesia española principal, cuya fundación hace patente el destacado papel jugado por la “nación” castellana en Roma durante la Edad Media; y en torno a la que se aglutinaron las actividades religiosas, diplomáticas y financieras de los castellanos que vivieron en la actual capital italiana. Se intentará recrear en el tiempo la que es hoy la iglesia de Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón, sometiéndola a una restitución gráfica disciplinada, homogénea y objetiva en la medida de lo posible de las varias etapas que la han caracterizadas, desde su fundación hasta cuando en 1878 España se deshizo de ella, ya en ruina, vendiéndola. Como nos comenta Gaetano Moroni, de todas las comunidades nacionales que se encontraban en Roma la española parece ser efectivamente una de las más rica y prestigiosa. Aunque lo que no cuenta Moroni no haya sido todavía demostrado, dicho enunciado resulta de todas formas interesante puesto que pone el acento sobre el hecho de que ya desde el siglo X parece ser habitual de ocupar y reutilizar antiguas ruinas, usándolas como base para la construcción de hospitales para los peregrinos. Esta operación se hizo particularmente frecuente sobre todo antes del Gran Jubileo de 1450: de hecho desde la primera mitad del Quattrocento se fundan distintas iglesias y hospitales nacionales para acoger y prestar una adecuada asistencia y socorro a los innumerables peregrinos que llegaban a la ciudad, edificios que se van construyendo sobre los restos de antiguos edificios de época romana. Prueba de ello es en efecto la fundación originaria de la iglesia y hospital de los Españoles que, parte del conjunto de edificios que compone la Plaza Navona, situada en el corazón de Campo Marzio y cuya posición y forma corresponden a la del antiguo Estadio de Domiciano, y que ahora es en sus dimensiones, en su imagen arquitectónica y en su consistencia material, el resultado de la definición proyectual y de las transformaciones que se llevaron a cabo sobre lo que quedaba del antiguo templo español del siglo XV, entre finales del ‘800 y los años 30 del siglo XX . Transformaciones devastadoras, huellas grabadas o canceladas que encuentran una justificación en los acontecimientos históricos reflejados en el patrimonio urbano. El análisis de todas las fuentes permite trazar, si no la totalidad, buena parte de las modificaciones que la antigua iglesia de Santiago ha sufrido. La construcción del templo se puede dividir en tres momentos decisivos: una primera etapa de fundación en 1450-1478 en la que la iglesia tenía fachada y entrada en via de la Sapienza, hoy Corso Rinascimento; una segunda de significativa ampliación hacia Plaza Navona con una nueva fachada monumental hacia ese espacio público en 1496-1500; y una última importante ampliación entre 1525-1526, llevada a cabo por el arquitecto Antonio da Sangallo el Joven. Tras la intensa vida del templo, en el siglo XVIII, éste cae en ruina y finalmente es vendido en 1878 a la orden de los misioneros franceses de Nuestra Señora del Sagrado Corazón que la reconvierten en iglesia reformando totalmente el conjunto en 1881, según proyecto de Luca Carimini. En 1936, en plena fase de rectificación de trazados urbanos por obra del régimen fascista, según proyecto de Arnaldo Foschini, se mutila su extremidad hacia vía de la Sapienza dejando su estado tal y como se contempla en la actualidad. ABSTRACT The objective of this thesis is the reconstruction of the design and edification process -using drawings and sketches as a guide, tool and the end of the analytical process- of a church which was once the preeminent Spanish church in medieval Rome, known today as Nostra Signora del Sacro Cuore (Our Lady of the Sacred Heart). The founding of this church illustrates the important role held by the Castillian “nation” in Rome during the Middle Ages. It was the focal point of all the religious, diplomatic and economic activities of the Castillian community residing in today’s Italian capital. The aim of this proyect is a recreation the church in time by submitting it to a disciplined, homogenous and objective graphic restitution of the various stages most characteristic the temple, starting from its foundation until 1878 when, in a state of ruins, the church was finally sold off by Spain. Gaetano Moroni once commented that of all the international communities found in Rome, the Spanish community seemed to be one of the wealthiest and most prestigious. Such a statement proves interesting as it emphasizes that starting in the 10th century we see there was a widespread custom of occupying and reusing old ruins for use as the bases of new constructions of hospitals for pilgrims. This custom became especially frequent just before the Jubilee Year of 1450: in fact, in the first half of the Quattrocento we see the founding of many different national churches and hospitals which provided shelter and care to the countless pilgrims arriving in the city, buildings which were constructed on top of the ruins of ancient buildings left over from Roman times. Proof of this is the original foundation of the Spanish church and hospital forming part of the Piazza Navona, built upon and following the outline of the Stadium of Domitian, in the heart of Campo Marzio. Now, in its dimensions, its architectural image and its material substance, it represents the predominant result of the planning definitions and the transformations which affected the old 15th-century Spanish temple. Ocurring between the end of the 19th century and the 1930s, the transformations were devastating, erasing original peculiarities and engraving new ones, transformations made justifiable by the historical events reflected in its urban environs. Analyzing all sources allows us to trace, even if not in entirety, still a sizeable portion of the modifications undergone by the old Church of Saint James. The construction of the temple can be divided into three decisive moments: its foundation, from 1450 to 1478, when the church’s façade and main door looked out on to the Via della Sapienza, today’s central avenue of Corso del Rinascimento; the second stage being a major expansion towards the Piazza Navona (1496-1500) with a new, monumental façade facing the public space; and the third was the last significant expansion, carried out from 1525 to 1526 by the architect Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. Despite an intense and bustling life during the Modern Age, in the 18th century the church began to fall into ruin and was finally sold in 1878 to the order of French missionaries of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart, who reconverted it into a church and completely renovated the structure in 1881 in a project supervised by Luca Carimini. In 1936, the corrective urban redesign of Rome carried out by the fascist regime and implemented by Arnaldo Foschini mutilated the part bordering Via della Sapienza, leaving it as we see it today.

Comparación de un nuevo método de aceleración de análisis dinámicos con métodos de reducción de modelos

La dinámica estructural estudia la respuesta de una estructura ante cargas o fenómenos variables en el tiempo. En muchos casos, estos fenómenos requieren realizar análisis paramétricos de la estructura considerando una gran cantidad de configuraciones de diseño o modificaciones de la estructura. Estos cambios, ya sean en fases iniciales de diseño o en fases posteriores de rediseño, alteran las propiedades físicas de la estructura y por tanto del modelo empleado para su análisis, cuyo comportamiento dinámico se modifica en consecuencia. Un caso de estudio de este tipo de modificaciones es la supervisión de la integridad estructural, que trata de identificar la presencia de daño estructural y prever el comportamiento de la estructura tras ese daño, como puede ser la variación del comportamiento dinámico de la estructura debida a una delaminación, la aparición o crecimiento de grieta, la debida a la pérdida de pala sufrida por el motor de un avión en vuelo, o la respuesta dinámica de construcciones civiles como puentes o edificios frente a cargas sísmicas. Si a la complejidad de los análisis dinámicos requeridos en el caso de grandes estructuras se añade la variación de determinados parámetros en busca de una respuesta dinámica determinada o para simular la presencia de daños, resulta necesario la búsqueda de medios de simplificación o aceleración del conjunto de análisis que de otra forma parecen inabordables tanto desde el punto de vista del tiempo de computación, como de la capacidad requerida de almacenamiento y manejo de grandes volúmenes de archivos de datos. En la presente tesis doctoral se han revisado los métodos de reducción de elementos .nitos más habituales para análisis dinámicos de grandes estructuras. Se han comparado los resultados de casos de estudio de los métodos más aptos, para el tipo de estructuras y modificaciones descritas, con los resultados de aplicación de un método de reducción reciente. Entre los primeros están el método de condensación estática de Guyan extendido al caso con amortiguamiento no proporcional y posteriores implementaciones de condensaciones dinámicas en diferentes espacios vectoriales. El método de reducción recientemente presentado se denomina en esta tesis DACMAM (Dynamic Analysis in Complex Modal space Acceleration Method), y consiste en el análisis simplificado que proporciona una solución para la respuesta dinámica de una estructura, calculada en el espacio modal complejo y que admite modificaciones estructurales. El método DACMAM permite seleccionar un número reducido de grados de libertad significativos para la dinámica del fenómeno que se quiere estudiar como son los puntos de aplicación de la carga, localizaciones de los cambios estructurales o puntos donde se quiera conocer la respuesta, de forma que al implementar las modificaciones estructurales, se ejecutan los análisis necesarios sólo de dichos grados de libertad sin pérdida de precisión. El método permite considerar alteraciones de masa, rigidez, amortiguamiento y la adición de nuevos grados de libertad. Teniendo en cuenta la dimensión del conjunto de ecuaciones a resolver, la parametrización de los análisis no sólo resulta posible, sino que es también manejable y controlable gracias a la sencilla implementación del procedimiento para los códigos habituales de cálculo mediante elementos .nitos. En el presente trabajo se muestra la bondad y eficiencia del método en comparación con algunos de los métodos de reducción de grandes modelos estructurales, verificando las diferencias entre sí de los resultados obtenidos y respecto a la respuesta real de la estructura, y comprobando los medios empleados en ellos tanto en tiempo de ejecución como en tamaño de ficheros electrónicos. La influencia de los diversos factores que se tienen en cuenta permite identificar los límites y capacidades de aplicación del método y su exhaustiva comparación con los otros procedimientos. ABSTRACT Structural dynamics studies the response of a structure under loads or phenomena which vary over time. In many cases, these phenomena require the use of parametric analyses taking into consideration several design configurations or modifications of the structure. This is a typical need in an engineering o¢ ce, no matter the structural design is in early or final stages. These changes modify the physical properties of the structure, and therefore, the finite element model to analyse it. A case study, that exempli.es this circumstance, is the structural health monitoring to predict the variation of the dynamical behaviour after damage, such as a delaminated structure, a crack onset or growth, an aircraft that suffers a blade loss event or civil structures (buildings or bridges) under seismic loads. Not only large structures require complex analyses to appropriately acquire an accurate solution, but also the variation of certain parameters. There is a need to simplify the analytical process, in order to bring CPU time, data .les, management of solutions to a reasonable size. In the current doctoral thesis, the most common finite element reduction methods for large structures are reviewed. Results of case studies are compared between a recently proposed method, herein named DACMAM (Dynamic Analysis in Complex Modal space Acceleration Method), and different condensation methods, namely static or Guyan condensation and dynamic condensation in different vectorial spaces. All these methods are suitable for considering non-classical damping. The reduction method DACMAM consist of a structural modification in the complex modal domain which provides a dynamic response solution for the reduced models. This process allows the selection of a few degrees of freedom that are relevant for the dynamic response of the system. These d.o.f. are the load application points, relevant structural points or points in which it is important to know the response. Consequently, an analysis with structural modifications implies only the calculation of the dynamic response of the selected degrees of freedom added, but with no loss of information. Therefore, mass, stiffness or damping modifications are easily considered as well as new degrees of freedom. Taking into account the size of the equations to be solved, the parameterization of the dynamic solutions is not only possible, but also manageable and controllable due to the easy implementation of the procedure in the standard finite element solvers. In this thesis, the proposed reduction method for large structural models is compared with other published model order reduction methods. The comparison shows and underlines the efficiency of the new method, and veri.es the differences in the response when compared with the response of the full model. The CPU time, the data files and the scope of the parameterization are also addressed.

Analytical properties of horizontal visibility graphs in the Feigenbaum scenario

Time series are proficiently converted into graphs via the horizontal visibility (HV) algorithm, which prompts interest in its capability for capturing the nature of different classes of series in a network context. We have recently shown [B. Luque et al., PLoS ONE 6, 9 (2011)] that dynamical systems can be studied from a novel perspective via the use of this method. Specifically, the period-doubling and band-splitting attractor cascades that characterize unimodal maps transform into families of graphs that turn out to be independent of map nonlinearity or other particulars. Here, we provide an in depth description of the HV treatment of the Feigenbaum scenario, together with analytical derivations that relate to the degree distributions, mean distances, clustering coefficients, etc., associated to the bifurcation cascades and their accumulation points. We describe how the resultant families of graphs can be framed into a renormalization group scheme in which fixed-point graphs reveal their scaling properties. These fixed points are then re-derived from an entropy optimization process defined for the graph sets, confirming a suggested connection between renormalization group and entropy optimization. Finally, we provide analytical and numerical results for the graph entropy and show that it emulates the Lyapunov exponent of the map independently of its sign.

An analytical model for simulating the bond of prestressed concrete during the prestressed force release

A bond analytical model is proposed in this paper. The model is capable of reproducing the bond stress developed between the steel and concrete, in precast prestressed elements, during the entire process of prestressing force release. The bond stress developed in the transmission zone, where the bond stress is not constant, is also obtained. The steel and concrete stresses as well as the slip between both materials can be also estimated by means of the relation established in the model between these parameters and the bond stress. The model is validated with the results of a series of tests, considering different steel indentation depths and concrete covers and it is extended to evaluate the transmission length. This has been checked by comparing the transmission length predicted by the model and one measured experimentally in two series of tests.

Hybrid behavioral-analytical loss model for a high frequency and low load DC/DC buck converter

This work presents a behavioral-analytical hybrid loss model for a buck converter. The model has been designed for a wide operating frequency range up to 4MHz and a low power range (below 20W). It is focused on the switching losses obtained in the power MOSFETs. Main advantages of the model are the fast calculation time (below 8.5 seconds) and a good accuracy, which makes this model suitable for the optimization process of the losses in the design of a converter. It has been validated by simulation and experimentally with one GaN power transistor and three Si MOSFETs. Results show good agreement between measurements and the model

Hierarchical boundary elements

In this paper we show the possibility of applying adaptive procedures as an alternative to the well-known philosophy of standard Boundary Elements. The three characteristic steps of adaptive procedures, i.e. hierarchical shape functions families, indicator criteria, and a posteriori estimation, can be defined in order to govern an automatic refinement and stopping of the solution process. A computer program to treat potential problems, called QUEIMADA, has been developed to show the capabilities of the new idea.

An analytical model for simulating the bond of prestressed concrete during the prestressed force release

A bond analytical model is proposed in this paper. The model is capable of reproducing the bond stress developed between the steel and concrete, in precast prestressed elements, during the entire process of prestressing force release. The bond stress developed in the transmission zone, where the bond stress is not constant, is also obtained. The steel and concrete stresses as well as the slip between both materials can be also estimated by means of the relation established in the model between these parameters and the bond stress. The model is validated with the results of a series of tests, considering different steel indentation depths and concrete covers and it is extended to evaluate the transmission length. This has been checked by comparing the transmission length predicted by the model and one measured experimentally in two series of tests.

New method for analytical photovoltaic parameter extraction

Correct modeling of the equivalent circuits regarding solar cell and panels is today an essential tool for power optimization. However, the parameter extraction of those circuits is still a quite difficult task that normally requires both experimental data and calculation procedures, generally not available to the normal user. This paper presents a new analytical method that easily calculates the equivalent circuit parameters from the data that manufacturers usually provide. The analytical approximation is based on a new methodology, since methods developed until now to obtain the aforementioned equivalent circuit parameters from manufacturer's data have always been numerical or heuristic. Results from the present method are as accurate as the ones resulting from other more complex (numerical) existing methods in terms of calculation process and resources.

Design of a Semi-analytical Method to Describe Plasma-Wall Interactions

Electric probes are objects immersed in the plasma with sharp boundaries which collect of emit charged particles. Consequently, the nearby plasma evolves under abrupt imposed and/or naturally emerging conditions. There could be localized currents, different time scales for plasma species evolution, charge separation and absorbing-emitting walls. The traditional numerical schemes based on differences often transform these disparate boundary conditions into computational singularities. This is the case of models using advection-diffusion differential equations with source-sink terms (also called Fokker-Planck equations). These equations are used in both, fluid and kinetic descriptions, to obtain the distribution functions or the density for each plasma species close to the boundaries. We present a resolution method grounded on an integral advancing scheme by using approximate Green's functions, also called short-time propagators. All the integrals, as a path integration process, are numerically calculated, what states a robust grid-free computational integral method, which is unconditionally stable for any time step. Hence, the sharp boundary conditions, as the current emission from a wall, can be treated during the short-time regime providing solutions that works as if they were known for each time step analytically. The form of the propagator (typically a multivariate Gaussian) is not unique and it can be adjusted during the advancing scheme to preserve the conserved quantities of the problem. The effects of the electric or magnetic fields can be incorporated into the iterative algorithm. The method allows smooth transitions of the evolving solutions even when abrupt discontinuities are present. In this work it is proposed a procedure to incorporate, for the very first time, the boundary conditions in the numerical integral scheme. This numerical scheme is applied to model the plasma bulk interaction with a charge-emitting electrode, dealing with fluid diffusion equations combined with Poisson equation self-consistently. It has been checked the stability of this computational method under any number of iterations, even for advancing in time electrons and ions having different time scales. This work establishes the basis to deal in future work with problems related to plasma thrusters or emissive probes in electromagnetic fields.

La memoria en el proceso creativo de Juan Muñoz = Memory in the creative process of Juan Muñoz

Esta tesis integra un estudio reflexivo sobre la relación de dependencia entre la creación y la memoria a través del análisis de la última obra del escultor Juan Muñoz: Double Bind (Tate Modern, Londres, 2001). Desde esta posición es obligado replantear el análisis de la obra, lo que hace necesario su estudio cubriendo el mayor espectro posible de información accesible más allá de la obra en sí, para aproximarse a la convergencia entre memoria y creación. La perspectiva de análisis propuesta abre camino a nuevas consideraciones so¬bre la relevancia del conocimiento en el desarrollo del proceso creativo. Este análisis no debe tan sólo suponer una aportación al conocimiento del trabajo de Juan Muñoz. Debe también desprenderse de él la innegable participación y necesaria lectura del pasado en el presente. La amnesia de los tiempos pasados impide completar el atlas de imágenes en las que se apoya la creación impidiendo el conocimiento del origen de las fuentes de inspi¬ración y las bases de la creación de una determinada obra. Este hecho limita y distorsiona sus posibles interpretaciones. Pretendo un acercamiento al entendimiento de la forma de mirar y de crear a través del tiempo que es memoria. La memoria tiene un cometido de crucial importancia para la actividad mental y juega un papel fundamental en la conducta y en la creación. La obra es el resultado de la búsqueda de una idea que exprese algo que el creador no puede ex¬presar de otra manera. Es la necesidad de expresar las ideas mediante un lenguaje que se desarrolla en el tiempo y en el espacio, reflejo del ser que responde al pensamiento. Es una forma de experiencia donde subyacen las sendas del pasado y donde se plantea el futuro. Sólo el creador accede a la obra desde dentro, el observador llega a ella desde el exterior y mediante su propia subjetividad. Las obras son formas de experiencia de sus autores, comunicar el mensaje de dicha experiencia supone por tanto interpretar. Persiguiendo la necesidad de saber y entender, pretender explicar el sentido de una cosa implica una apreciación intencionada asociada al entendimiento del intérprete. Las obras son produc¬tos que portan un mensaje y que contienen en su estructura las trazas del tiempo vivido por su creador. Si se quiere adquirir un acercamiento que represente la posición de un autor, será necesario no solo mirar a través de ella, si no introducirse en el contexto de su historia. Mirar hacia atrás, hacia la profundidad del presente para tener conciencia del pensamiento presente y futuro. Recorrer de este modo la instalación Double Bind de Juan Muñoz proporciona una síntesis de sus preocupaciones e intereses a la vez que aporta un conocimiento no necesariamente inmediato, pero relevante y trascendente de la obra, su creador y la historia. ABSTRACT This thesis comprises a reflective study of the dependence relationship between creation and memory through the analysis of the latest work by the sculptor Juan Muñoz: Double Bind (Tate Modern, London, 2001). From this position, it is mandatory to rethink the analysis of the work, making it necessary to cover the widest possible range of information available beyond the work itself, in order to obtain a closer view of the convergence between memory and creation. The proposed analytical approach opens up new considerations on the relevance of knowledge during the development of the creative process. This analysis should not only make a contribution to the knowledge of the work of Juan Muñoz. It should also infer the undeniable involvement and the necessary reading of the past in the present. Amnesia regarding past makes it impossible to complete the atlas of images on which the creation is based, blocking knowledge of the origin of the sources of inspiration and the basis for the creation of a specific work. This fact limits and distorts its possible interpretations. My intention is an approach to how to understand memory as the way of looking and creating over time. Memory has a crucial role to mental activity and plays a key role in behaviour and creation. The work is the result of finding an idea that expresses something that the creator can not express otherwise. It is the need to express ideas by means of a language that develops throughout time and space, a reflection of the being that responds to the thought. It is a way of experience underlying the paths of the past and where the future is set out. Only the creator can access the work from the inside. The observer sees it from the outside and in accordance with his/her own subjectivity. The works form a part of the experience of their authors, thus implying the interpretation of the message of their experience being passed on. The pursuit of knowledge and understanding, and trying to explain the meaning of something implies a deliberate appreciation associated with the understanding of the interpreter. The works are products bearing a message and containing in their structure traces of the time lived by their creator. If one wants to come close to what the author’s posture represents, it will not only be necessary to penetrate it, but also to introduce oneself into the context of its history. Take a look back, towards the depth of the present in order to become aware of present and future thinking. To go across the installation of Double Bind by Juan Muñoz in this way offers a synthesis of his concerns and interests while also providing a not necessarily immediate knowledge, but one which is relevant and important to the work, its creator and history.

Numerical and analytical study of an atherosclerosis inflammatory disease model

We study a reaction–diffusion mathematical model for the evolution of atherosclerosis as an inflammation process by combining analytical tools with computer-intensive numerical calculations. The computational work involved the calculation of more than sixty thousand solutions of the full reaction–diffusion system and lead to the complete characterisation of the ωω-limit for every initial condition. Qualitative properties of the solution are rigorously proved, some of them hinted at by the numerical study