2 resultados para Haematological Parameters
em Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Resumo:
Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency is very common in elderly people and can reach values as high as 40.5% of the population. It can be the result of the interaction among several factors. Vitamin B12 deficiencies have been associated with neurological, cognitive deterioration, haematological abnormalities and cardiovascular diseases that have an important influence on the health of the elderly and their quality of life. It is necessary to approach the problems arisen from the lack of data relative to them. The main objective of this thesis was to analyse the evolution of vitamin B12 status and related parameters, lipid and haematological profiles and their relationship to health risk factors, and to functional and cognitive status over one year and to determine the effect of an oral supplementation of 500 g of cyanocobalamin for a short period of 28 days. An additional objective was to analyze the possible effects of medicine intakes on vitamin B status. Three studies were performed: a) a one year longitudinal follow-up with four measure points; b) an intervention study providing an oral liquid supplement of 500 g of cyanocobalamin for a 28 days period; and c) analysis of the possible effect of medication intake on vitamin B status using the ATC classification of medicines. The participants for these studies were recruited from nursing homes for the elderly in the Region of Madrid. Sixty elders (mean age 84 _ 7y, 19 men and 41 women) were recruited for Study I and 64 elders (mean age 82 _ 7y, 24 men and 40 women) for Study II. For Study III, baseline data from the initially recruited participants of the first two studies were used. An informed consent was obtained from all participants or their mentors. The studies were approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Granada. Blood samples were obtained at each examination date and were analyzed for serum cobalamin, holoTC, serum and RBC folate and total homocysteine according to laboratory standard procedures. The haematological parameters analyzed were haematocrit, haemoglobin and MCV. For the lipid profile TG, total cholesterol, LDL- and HDLcholesterol were analyzed. Anthropometric measures (BMI, skinfolds [triceps and subscapular], waist girth and waist to hip ratio), functional tests (hand grip, arm and leg strength tests, static balance) and MMSE were obtained or administered by trained personal. The vitamin B12 supplement of Study II was administered with breakfast and the medication intake was taken from the residents anamnesis. Data were analyzed by parametric and non-parametric statistics depending on the obtained data. Comparisons were done using the appropriate ANOVAs or non-parametric tests. Pearsons partial correlations with the variable time as control were used to define the association of the analyzed parameters. XIII The results showed that: A) Over one year, in relationship to vitamin B status, serum cobalamin decreased, serum folate and mean corpuscular volumen increased significantly and total homocysteine concentrations were stable. Regarding blood lipid profile, triglycerides increased and HDL-cholesterol decreased significantly. Regarding selected anthropometric measurements, waist circumference increased significantly. No significant changes were observed for the rest of parameters. B) Prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was high in the elderly studied, ranging from 60% to 90 % over the year depending on the cut-off used for the classification. LDL-cholesterol values were high, especially among women, and showed a tendency to increase over the year. Results of the balance test showed a deficiency and a tendency to decrease; this indicates that the population studied is at high risk for falls. Lower extremity muscular function was deficient and showed a tendency to decrease. A highly significant relationship was observed between the skinfold of the triceps and blood lipid profile. C) Low cobalamin concentrations correlated significantly with low MMSE scores in the elderly studied. No correlations were observed between vitamin B12 status and functional parameters. D) Regarding vitamin B12 status, holo-transcobalamin seems to be more sensitive for diagnosis; 5-10% of the elderly had a deficiency using serum cobalamin as a criterion, and 45-52% had a deficiency when using serum holotranscobalamin as a criterion. E) 500 g of cyanocobalamin administered orally during 28 days significantly improved vitamin B12 status and significantly decreased total homocysteine concentrations in institutionalized elderly. No effect of the intervention was observed on functional and cognitive parameters. F) The relative change (%) of improvement of vitamin B12 status was higher when using serum holo-transcobalamin as a criterion than serum cobalamin. G) Antiaenemic drug intake normalized cobalamin, urologic drugs and corticosteroids serum folate, and psychoanaleptics holo-transcobalamin levels. Drugs treating pulmonary obstruction increased total homocysteine concentration significantly. H) The daily mean drug intake was 5.1. Fiftynine percent of the elderly took medication belonging to 5 or more different ATC groups. The most prevalent were psycholeptic (53%), antiacid (53%) and antithrombotic (47%) drugs.
Resumo:
En este trabajo se ha realizado un anlisis de la estructura del juego y de los parmetros morfolgicos y fisiolgicos en jugadores de bdminton. Para ello se han realizado 4 estudios aplicados. Objetivo: Los objetivos del trabajo han sido: (1) comprobar si existen diferencias entre el lado dominante y no dominante de las medidas antropomtricas en jugadores de bdminton de mximo nivel nacional, as como verificar si el lado del cuerpo donde se realiza la medicin puede influir en el clculo de la composicin corporal y del somatotipo. (2) Comparar la estuctura temporal y notacional en partidos de individual masculino entre los Juegos Olmpicos de Pekn y de Londres para observar como ha evolucionado el bdminton de 2008 a 2012. (3) Medir la ocurrencia de dao muscular despus de un partido simulado de bdminton y su influencia en parmetros fsicos y hematolgicos. (4) Investigar la efectividad de una bebida energtica que contiene cafena para mejorar el rendimiento fsico y el rendimiento en un partido en jugadores de lite de bdminton. Metodologa: Para caracterizar el bdminton participaron en esta tesis un total de 78 jugadores de bdminton de lite (63 hombres y 15 mujeres), distribuidos en tres estudios y se analizaron 40 sets de bdminton de individual masculino usando los videos oficiales de los Juegos Olmpicos de Pekn 2008 y Londres 2012. En el primer estudio se tomaron medidas de pliegues cutneos, dimetros, longitudes y permetros del lado dominante y no dominante de los jugadores. Se calcul la composicin corporal y el somatotipo. En el segundo estudio se analizaron los factores temporales y los factores notacionales de los partidos. En el tercer estudio se midieron la fuerza mxima isomtrica, la velocidad en test especficos de bdminton y se tomaron muestras de sangre antes y despus de jugar un partido de bdminton de 45 minutos. En el cuarto estudio se realiz un experimento a doble ciego, aleatorizado y controlado con placebo, los jugadores ingirieron 3 mg de cafena por kilgramo de masa corporal en forma de bebida energtica, o la misma bebida sin cafena (placebo). En este estudio se registraron diferente tests especficos de bdminton (tests de salto, fuerza mxima y test de agilidad) y se jug un partido simulado de 45 minutos. Resultados y discusin: (1) El porcentaje seo fue mayor calculado a partir de las mediciones del lado dominante (dominante = 16.37 1.14 %, no dominante = 15.66 1.12 %; P < 0.001), mientras que el porcentaje muscular fue mayor calculado a partir de las mediciones del lado no dominante (dominante = 49.39 2.60 %, no dominante = 50.18 2.69%; P < 0.001). (2) La duracin del set (Pekn: 1124.6 229.9 s vs Londres: 1260.3 267.1 s.; P < 0.05), el tiempo real de juego (Pekn: 306.9 45.7 s vs Londres: 354.7 86.5 s; P < 0.05), tiempo de rally, golpeos por rally, tiempo de descanso en el punto 11, tiempo de descanso entre sets y golpeos por rally fueron significativamente mayores en Londres que en Pekn. (3) El partido simulado de bdminton no afect a la fuerza isomtrica mxima (Pre: 1263.6 245.5, Post: 1290.8 240.4 N) o a la velocidad especfica de bdminton (Pre: 21.0 1.7, Post: 20.9 1.8 s), sin embargo las concentraciones de mioglobina y de creatina quinasa en sangre aumentaron de 26.5 11.6 a 197.3 70.2 g L-1 y de 258.6 192.2 a 466.0 296.5 U L-1, respectivamente despus del partido de bdminton. (4) En comparacin con la bebida placebo, la ingesta de la bebida energtica con cafena increment la altura del SJ (34.54.7 vs. 36.44.3 cm; P < 0.05) y del CMJ (37.7 4.5 vs. 39.5 5.1 cm; P < 0.05) y aument el nmero de aceleraciones totales durante el partido (7395 1594 vs. 7707 2033 aceleraciones; P < 0.05). Conclusiones: (1) Existen asimetras corporales en los jugadores de bdminton de alto nivel, al encontrarse diferencias en los dimetros seos y en los permetros entre el lado dominante y no dominante. Al calcular la composicin corporal con el lado dominante de los jugadores de bdminton se est sobreestimando el porcentaje seo e infraestimando el porcentaje muscular. (2) El bdminton est evolucionando haca rallies ms largos con intervalos de descanso mayores, lo que resulta en partidos ms largos. (3) El partido de bdminton gener dao muscular, sin embargo, el nivel de dao muscular alcanzado despus de un partido de bdminton no produjo una disminucin del rendimiento muscular. (4) El uso de una bebida energtica con cafena puede ser una ayuda nutricional eficaz para aumentar el rendimiento en el salto y patrones de actividad durante el juego en jugadores de lite de bdminton. ABSTRACT: This study analyzes the structure of the game and the morphological and physiological parameters in badminton players, investigated in four applied studies. Purpose: The purposes of the study were: (1) To check if there are differences between the dominant and non-dominant side in the anthropometric measures of badminton players at the highest national level and verify if the side of the body where the measurements are performed can influence the calculation of the body composition and the somatotype. (2) To compare the temporal and notational structure in mens singles matches between the Olympic Games in Beijing and London to observe the evolution of badminton between 2008 and 2012. (3) To asses the occurrence of muscle damage after a simulated badminton match and its influence on physical and haematological parameters. (4) To determine the effectiveness of a commercially available energy drink that contains caffeine to improve match performance in elite badminton players. Methods: A total of 78 elite badminton players (63 men and 15 women) participated in this thesis to characterize the sport of badminton distributed in three studies and 40 sets of mens singles badminton analyzed using the official videos of the Olympic Games of Beijing 2008 and London 2012. In the first study skinfolds, diameters, lengths and perimeters of the dominant and non-dominant side of the players were measured and body composition and somatotype were calculated. In the second study the temporal and notational factors were analyzed. In the third study maximal isometric force and speed in badminton specific tests were measured and blood samples were taken before and after a badminton match of 45 minutes. In the fourth study, a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled experiment, players ingested 3 mg of caffeine per kilogram of body mass in the form of an energy drink or an identical drink with no caffeine content (placebo). In this study different badminton specific tests (jump tests, handgrip force test and an agility test) were recorded and a simulated badminton match of 45 minutes was played. Results and discussion: (1) The percentage of bone was higher when calculated from measurements of the dominant body side (dominant = 16.37 1.14 %, nondominant = 15.66 1.12 %; P < 0.001), while the muscle percentage was higher when calculated from measurements of the non-dominant side (dominant = 49.39 2.60 %, non-dominant = 50.18 2.69%; P < 0.001). (2) Set duration (Beijing: 1124.6 229.9 s vs. London: 1260.3 267.1 s.; P < 0.05), real time played (Beijing: 306.9 45.7 s vs. London: 354.7 86.5 s; P < 0.05), rally time, shots per rally, rest time at point 11, rest time between sets and shots per rally were significantly higher in London than in Beijing. (3) A simulated badminton match did not affect maximal isometric force (Pre: 1263.6 245.5, Post: 1290.8 240.4 N) or specific badminton speed (Pre: 21.0 1.7, Post: 20.9 1.8 s), however, concentrations of myoglobin and creatine kinase in blood increased from 26.5 11.6 to 197.3 70.2 g L-1 and from 258.6 192.2 to 466.0 296.5 U L-1, respectively after the badminton match. (4) In comparison to the placebo drink, the caffeinated beverage increased height in the SJ (34.54.7 vs. 36.44.3 cm; P < 0.05) and in the CMJ (37.7 4.5 vs. 39.5 5.1 cm; P < 0.05) and increased the number of total accelerations during the match (7395 1594 vs. 7707 2033 accelerations; P < 0.05). Conclusions: (1) Body asymmetries were found in high level badminton players, due to the differences found in bone diameters and perimeters between the dominant and non-dominant body side. When calculating body composition with the dominant side of the badminton players we are overestimating bone percentage and underestimating muscle percentage. (2) Badminton is evolving towards longer rallies with greater rest intervals, resulting in longer matches. (3) The badminton match generated muscle damage, however, the level of muscle damage reached after a badminton match did not produce a decrease in muscle performance. (4) The ingestion of an energy drink containing caffeine might be an effective ergogenic nutritional supplement to increase jump performance and activity patterns during the game in elite badminton players.
