Segmentación de la glotis en imágenes laríngeas usando snakes.

El presente trabajo describe una nueva metodología para la detección automática del espacio glotal de imágenes laríngeas tomadas a partir de 15 vídeos grabados por el servicio ORL del hospital Gregorio Marañón de Madrid con luz estroboscópica. El sistema desarrollado está basado en el modelo de contornos activos (snake). El algoritmo combina en el pre-procesado, algunas técnicas tradicionales (umbralización y filtro de mediana) con técnicas más sofisticadas tales como filtrado anisotrópico. De esta forma, se obtiene una imagen apropiada para el uso de las snakes. El valor escogido para el umbral es del 85% del pico máximo del histograma de la imagen; sobre este valor la información de los píxeles no es relevante. El filtro anisotrópico permite distinguir dos niveles de intensidad, uno es el fondo y el otro es la glotis. La inicialización se basa en obtener el módulo del campo GVF; de esta manera se asegura un proceso automático para la selección del contorno inicial. El rendimiento del algoritmo se valida usando los coeficientes de Pratt y se compara contra una segmentación realizada manualmente y otro método automático basado en la transformada de watershed. SUMMARY: The present work describes a new methodology for the automatic detection of the glottal space from laryngeal images taken from 15 videos recorded by the ENT service of the Gregorio Marañon Hospital in Madrid with videostroboscopic equipment. The system is based on active contour models (snakes). The algorithm combines for the pre-processing, some traditional techniques (thresholding and median filter) with more sophisticated techniques such as anisotropic filtering. In this way, we obtain an appropriate image for the use of snake. The value selected for the threshold is 85% of the maximum peak of the image histogram; over this point the information of the pixels is not relevant. The anisotropic filter permits to distinguish two intensity levels, one is the background and the other one is the glottis. The initialization is based on the obtained magnitude by GVF field; in this manner an automatic process for the initial contour selection will be assured. The performance of the algorithm is tested using the Pratt coefficient and compared against a manual segmentation and another automatic method based on the watershed transformation.

Use of calculus of variations to determine the shape of hovering rotors of minimum power and its application to micro air vehicles

In this paper, calculus of variations and combined blade element and momentum theory (BEMT) are used to demonstrate that, in hover, when neither root nor tip losses are considered; the rotor, which minimizes the total power (MPR), generates an induced velocity that varies linearly along the blade span. The angle of attack of every blade element is constant and equal to its optimum value. The traditional ideal twist (ITR) and optimum (OR) rotors are revisited in the context of this variational framework. Two more optimum rotors are obtained considering root and tip losses, the ORL, and the MPRL. A comparison between these five rotors is presented and discussed. The MPR and MPRL present a remarkable saving of power for low values of both thrust coefficient and maximum aerodynamic efficiency. The result obtained can be exploited to improve the aerodynamic behaviour of rotary wing micro air vehicles (MAV). A comparison with experimental results obtained from the literature is presented.

Improved heuristic drift elimination with magnetically-aided dominant directions (MiHDE) for pedestrian navigation in complex buildings

The main problem of pedestrian dead-reckoning (PDR) using only a body-attached inertial measurement unit is the accumulation of heading errors. The heading provided by magnetometers in indoor buildings is in general not reliable and therefore it is commonly not used. Recently, a new method was proposed called heuristic drift elimination (HDE) that minimises the heading error when navigating in buildings. It assumes that the majority of buildings have their corridors parallel to each other, or they intersect at right angles, and consequently most of the time the person walks along a straight path with a heading constrained to one of the four possible directions. In this article we study the performance of HDE-based methods in complex buildings, i.e. with pathways also oriented at 45°, long curved corridors, and wide areas where non-oriented motion is possible. We explain how the performance of the original HDE method can be deteriorated in complex buildings, and also, how severe errors can appear in the case of false matches with the building's dominant directions. Although magnetic compassing indoors has a chaotic behaviour, in this article we analyse large data-sets in order to study the potential use that magnetic compassing has to estimate the absolute yaw angle of a walking person. Apart from these analysis, this article also proposes an improved HDE method called Magnetically-aided Improved Heuristic Drift Elimination (MiHDE), that is implemented over a PDR framework that uses foot-mounted inertial navigation with an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The EKF is fed with the MiHDE-estimated orientation error, gyro bias corrections, as well as the confidence over that corrections. We experimentally evaluated the performance of the proposed MiHDE-based PDR method, comparing it with the original HDE implementation. Results show that both methods perform very well in ideal orthogonal narrow-corridor buildings, and MiHDE outperforms HDE for non-ideal trajectories (e.g. curved paths) and also makes it robust against potential false dominant direction matchings.