4 resultados para Gramáticas cognitivas

em Universidad Politécnica de Madrid


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Prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency is very common in elderly people and can reach values as high as 40.5% of the population. It can be the result of the interaction among several factors. Vitamin B12 deficiencies have been associated with neurological, cognitive deterioration, haematological abnormalities and cardiovascular diseases that have an important influence on the health of the elderly and their quality of life. It is necessary to approach the problems arisen from the lack of data relative to them. The main objective of this thesis was to analyse the evolution of vitamin B12 status and related parameters, lipid and haematological profiles and their relationship to health risk factors, and to functional and cognitive status over one year and to determine the effect of an oral supplementation of 500 μg of cyanocobalamin for a short period of 28 days. An additional objective was to analyze the possible effects of medicine intakes on vitamin B status. Three studies were performed: a) a one year longitudinal follow-up with four measure points; b) an intervention study providing an oral liquid supplement of 500 μg of cyanocobalamin for a 28 days period; and c) analysis of the possible effect of medication intake on vitamin B status using the ATC classification of medicines. The participants for these studies were recruited from nursing homes for the elderly in the Region of Madrid. Sixty elders (mean age 84 _ 7y, 19 men and 41 women) were recruited for Study I and 64 elders (mean age 82 _ 7y, 24 men and 40 women) for Study II. For Study III, baseline data from the initially recruited participants of the first two studies were used. An informed consent was obtained from all participants or their mentors. The studies were approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Granada. Blood samples were obtained at each examination date and were analyzed for serum cobalamin, holoTC, serum and RBC folate and total homocysteine according to laboratory standard procedures. The haematological parameters analyzed were haematocrit, haemoglobin and MCV. For the lipid profile TG, total cholesterol, LDL- and HDLcholesterol were analyzed. Anthropometric measures (BMI, skinfolds [triceps and subscapular], waist girth and waist to hip ratio), functional tests (hand grip, arm and leg strength tests, static balance) and MMSE were obtained or administered by trained personal. The vitamin B12 supplement of Study II was administered with breakfast and the medication intake was taken from the residents’ anamnesis. Data were analyzed by parametric and non-parametric statistics depending on the obtained data. Comparisons were done using the appropriate ANOVAs or non-parametric tests. Pearsons’ partial correlations with the variable “time” as control were used to define the association of the analyzed parameters. XIII The results showed that: A) Over one year, in relationship to vitamin B status, serum cobalamin decreased, serum folate and mean corpuscular volumen increased significantly and total homocysteine concentrations were stable. Regarding blood lipid profile, triglycerides increased and HDL-cholesterol decreased significantly. Regarding selected anthropometric measurements, waist circumference increased significantly. No significant changes were observed for the rest of parameters. B) Prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia was high in the elderly studied, ranging from 60% to 90 % over the year depending on the cut-off used for the classification. LDL-cholesterol values were high, especially among women, and showed a tendency to increase over the year. Results of the balance test showed a deficiency and a tendency to decrease; this indicates that the population studied is at high risk for falls. Lower extremity muscular function was deficient and showed a tendency to decrease. A highly significant relationship was observed between the skinfold of the triceps and blood lipid profile. C) Low cobalamin concentrations correlated significantly with low MMSE scores in the elderly studied. No correlations were observed between vitamin B12 status and functional parameters. D) Regarding vitamin B12 status, holo-transcobalamin seems to be more sensitive for diagnosis; 5-10% of the elderly had a deficiency using serum cobalamin as a criterion, and 45-52% had a deficiency when using serum holotranscobalamin as a criterion. E) 500 μg of cyanocobalamin administered orally during 28 days significantly improved vitamin B12 status and significantly decreased total homocysteine concentrations in institutionalized elderly. No effect of the intervention was observed on functional and cognitive parameters. F) The relative change (%) of improvement of vitamin B12 status was higher when using serum holo-transcobalamin as a criterion than serum cobalamin. G) Antiaenemic drug intake normalized cobalamin, urologic drugs and corticosteroids serum folate, and psychoanaleptics holo-transcobalamin levels. Drugs treating pulmonary obstruction increased total homocysteine concentration significantly. H) The daily mean drug intake was 5.1. Fiftynine percent of the elderly took medication belonging to 5 or more different ATC groups. The most prevalent were psycholeptic (53%), antiacid (53%) and antithrombotic (47%) drugs.

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Este trabajo fin de grado, presenta una herramienta para experimentar con técnicas de la Programación Genética Guiada por Gramáticas. La mayor parte de los trabajos realizados hasta el momento en esta área, son demasiado restrictivos, ya que trabajan con gramáticas, y funciones fitness predefinidas dentro de las propias herramientas, por lo que solo son útiles sobre un único problema. Este trabajo se plantea el objetivo de presentar una herramienta mediante la cual todos los parámetros, gramáticas, individuos y funciones fitness, sean parametrizables. Es decir, una herramienta de carácter general, valida para cualquier tipo de problema que sea representable mediante una gramática libre de contexto. Para abordad el objetivo principal propuesto, se plantea un mecanismo para construir el árbol de derivación de los individuos de acuerdo a una gramática libre de contexto, y a partir de ahí, aplicar una serie de operadores genéticos guiados por gramáticas para ofrecer un resultado final, de acuerdo a una función fitness, que el usuario puede seleccionar antes de realizar la ejecución. La herramienta, también propone una medida de similitud entre los individuos pertenecientes a una determinada generación, que permite comparar los individuos desde el punto de vista de la información semántica que contienen. Con el objetivo de validar el trabajo realizado, se ha probado la herramienta con una gramática libre de contexto ya predefinida, y se exponen numerosos tipos de resultados de acuerdo a distintos parámetros de la aplicación, así como su comparación, para poder estudiar la velocidad e convergencia de los mismos. ---ABSTRACT---This final project presents a tool for working with algorithms related to Genetic Grammar Guided Programming. Most of the work done so far in this area is too restrictive, since they only work with predefined grammars, and fitness functions built within the tools themselves, so they are only useful on a single problem. The main objective of this tool is that all parameters, grammars, individuals and fitness functions, are can be easily modified thought the interface. In other words, a general tool valid for any type of problem that can be represented by a context-free grammar. To address the main objective proposed, the tool provides a mechanism to build the derivation tree of individuals according to a context-free grammar, and from there, applying a series of grammar guided genetic operators to deliver a final result, according to a fitness function, which the user can select before execution. The tool also offers a measure of similarity between individuals belonging to a certain generation, allowing comparison of individuals from the point of view of semantic information they contain. In order to validate the work done, the tool has been tested with a context-free grammar previously defined, and numerous types test have been run with different parameters of the application. The results are compared according to their speed convergence

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Esta tesis tiene por objeto estudiar las posibilidades de realizar en castellano tareas relativas a la resolución de problemas con sistemas basados en el conocimiento. En los dos primeros capítulos se plantea un análisis de la trayectoria seguida por las técnicas de tratamiento del lenguaje natural, prestando especial interés a los formalismos lógicos para la comprensión del lenguaje. Seguidamente, se plantea una valoración de la situación actual de los sistemas de tratamiento del lenguaje natural. Finalmente, se presenta lo que constituye el núcleo de este trabajo, un sistema llamado Sirena, que permite realizar tareas de adquisición, comprensión, recuperación y explicación de conocimiento en castellano con sistemas basados en el conocimiento. Este sistema contiene un subconjunto del castellano amplio pero simple formalizado con una gramática lógica. El significado del conocimiento se basa en la lógica y ha sido implementado en el lenguaje de programación lógica Prolog II vS. Palabras clave: Programación Lógica, Comprensión del Lenguaje Natural, Resolución de Problemas, Gramáticas Lógicas, Lingüistica Computacional, Inteligencia Artificial.---ABSTRACT---The purpose of this thesis is to study the possibi1 ities of performing in Spanish problem solving tasks with knowledge based systems. Ule study the development of the techniques for natural language processing with a particular interest in the logical formalisms that have been used to understand natural languages. Then, we present an evaluation of the current state of art in the field of natural language processing systems. Finally, we introduce the main contribution of our work, Sirena a system that allows the adquisition, understanding, retrieval and explanation of knowledge in Spanish with knowledge based systems. Sirena can deal with a large, although simple» subset of Spanish. This subset has been formalised by means of a logic grammar and the meaning of knowledge is based on logic. Sirena has been implemented in the programming language Prolog II v2. Keywords: Logic Programming, Understanding Natural Language, Problem Solving, Logic Grammars, Cumputational Linguistic, Artificial Intelligence.

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El objetivo inicial de este artículo es doble, por una parte plantear una nueva forma de estudiar la ciudad enfocada a la planificación y basada en el individuo como sujeto de estudio y no sólo en cuestiones morfológicas del tejido urbano y en el análisis estadístico de la población y, por otra, poner en práctica este planteamiento en una zona cuyo asentamiento inicial fue informal y no planificado y que actualmente está consolidado.