Atlas visual de cincuenta y siete años de arquitectura

En 1929 aparece el primer número de AA (L’architecture d’aujourd’hui), en 1932 existe un número-Monografía sobre los hermanos Perret, escrita por Pierre Vago, en 1946 se consolida como revista mensual y bajo la fundación de Andre Bloc. El primer número de AA que tengo en mi biblioteca es el número 34 (febrero-Marzo) de 1951. Mediante la lectura observada de una colección como AA, la determinación de unos capítulos representativos y la elección de imágenes de su tiempo se explican estos 57 años de arquitectura, cuyos resultados de un proceso temporal disfrutamos desde hace aproximadamente veinte años. A principio de los años cincuenta un grupo de jóvenes arquitectos, denso e intercomunicado en los congresos CIAM se propone situar la realidad de la arquitectura en los principios y realidades de su tiempo y de los que se intuyen futuro. Resultados de la Segunda Gran Guerra no son solo tragedias humanas sino gran investigación y desarrollo concretada industrialmente, enormes movimientos de personas en Europa y una sociedad enormemente optimista en USA, todo esto producirá las grandes transformaciones sociales de los 60’ y sus concreciones tecnológicas, políticas y desarrollo. Muchos arquitectos, publicaciones, concursos o decisiones políticas o privadas han producido el catalogo de arquitecturas de estos años, desde el CIAM IX hasta el POMPIDOU, desde la casa GEHRY hasta el KUNSTHAL, desde BRASILIA hasta SIDNEY, desde COPLEJIDAD Y CONTRADICCIÓN hasta DELIRIOS DE NY, desde OSAKA hasta MUNICH. En todas han existido un esfuerzo enorme por concretar la realidad de nuestras aspiraciones desde las puramente ideológicas de introspección social, hasta las concreciones de imagen directa. Varias líneas he abierto en mi proceso de investigación, las he llamado “anillos” porque todas estas líneas tienen similitud con los “anillos de crecimiento” de los árboles en cuanto a como se presentan en la estructura de formación y ha la cantidad de información no solo interna sino externa que aportan sobre la estructura árbol, su medio y la historia. Igual que podemos saber las temperaturas o las pluviometría que cubrieron Europa en la edad media solo estudiando los anillos de crecimiento de nuestro árboles (su grosor), de igual forma repasando LOS CONCURSOS y sus resultados que existieron en los últimos cincuenta años, podemos entender las aspiraciones y concreciones de las sociedades y sus arquitectos en este tiempo. Cuatro capítulos, los mas determinantes son los elegidos para dar cuerpo a una TESIS de tamaño capaz: Las ideas, el futuro, las referencias y el presente son los capítulos que de forma visual intentan explicar el fruto arquitectónico, sus aspiraciones y sus concreciones. Las ideas sin ninguna duda, pertenecen a los padres de nuestro tiempo, son las del Team X, la reflexión sobre lo perecedero, las realidades programáticas, densidades o lo publico-privado son solo planetas en el universo de sus ideas. El futuro lo trazaron aquellos que empezaron a investigar, concretar o reflexionar sobre la incidencia tanto de los procesos industriales con sus nuevos materiales como de las nuevas concreciones urbanas que los movimientos migratorios producirían en las ciudades. Las referencias son las bibliotecas de carácter informativo-visual que han generado nuestro inventario icónico. El presente son las imágenes de referencia de nuestro tiempo-mediático, no solo las produce un arquitecto (en este caso R.Koolhas), pero si que es verdad que en las imágenes arquitectónicas de OMA se concreta todo el catalogo de arquitecturas del presente. ENGLISH SUMMARY The fisrt AA (l´Architecture d´Aujourd´hui) issue was published in 1929, three years later, in 1932, a monographic issue on Perret brothers was written by Pierre Vago and in 1946 the magazine was strongly established as a monthly publication under the direction of André Bloc. The oldest copy I own on my bookshelves is nº 34 printed in February-March 1951. While carefully reading a collection such as AA we are able to extract representative chapters and images that can explain a linear process lasting 57 years of fruitful architectural production of which consequences we have been enjoying the past twenty years. In the early fifties a compact group of young architects linked by the CIAM congress decided to encompass architectural reality to the needs and principles of their time. Not only big human tragedies arose from the Second World War but also some of the fastest industrial inventions due to a powerful will to development, that altogether with european migrations and a high standard of optimism in the United States headed to the peak transformations of the sixties and their technological and political development. A bunch of architects, magazines and architectural competitions sided by political and private decisions produced the architectural catalogue of those years, from CIAM IX to the Pompidou art centre, from Gerhy´s house to the Kunsthal museum, from Brasilia to Sidney, from “Complexity and Contradiction“ to “Delirious NY” and from Osaka all the way to Munich. All of them carried a vast effort towards the concretion of will, from social introspection to a more effective development of images. Several paths run across my investigation, namely “the rings”, as they tend to behave as a growing structure like a tree trunk, providing internal and external information not only of the vegetal element but also of the environment and events crossing its time. In the same direction as we are able to predict the weather in the Middle Age by means of studying our forests, we can use the architectural competitions ant their results for the past fifty years to understand the will and ambitions of these developing societies and their architects. To give shape to a sizeable thesis the selected information has been packed in four chapters: Ideas, Future, References and Present, each of them structured as an Image bank visualizing the architectural product, its will and specific ambition. The first group, Ideas, is devoted entirely to the step-fathers of present architecture, with ideas that belong to TEAM X and embrace the reflection about the transitory, the programmatic reality, density or the public-private debate as wandering planets of their ideal universe. The second group is dedicated to a Future that was traced by those engaged on industrial processes and new material investigation together with some others exploring new urban concretions brought to existence by the pressure of the after war migrations. The third group, References, have been shaped as a stock-list containing all our iconic cross-references. The last group, Present, brings together the icons of this media-time we live in and not only those produced by one single architect (Rem Koolhaas) even if his production embodies all architectural references at the moment.

Nueva terminal de pasajeros para el aeropuerto Federico García Lorca, Granada - Jaén

El presente proyecto de construcción define las actuaciones para la ejecución de la Nueva Terminal de pasajeros para el aeropuerto Federico García Lorca, Granada – Jaén, situado entre los términos municipales de Chauchina y Santa Fe, en la provincia de Granada. Estudios realizados por AENA, en colaboración con el Ministerio de Fomento, dejan constancia de los déficits en cuanto a capacidad de las instalaciones del aeropuerto se refiere, en múltiples facetas. En el caso de la terminal de pasajeros, sus principales elementos de servicio han sido sometidos a estudio, revelando claras faltas en numerosos puntos. El más relevante son las carencias en cuanto a capacidad, respecto a la demanda existente, y especialmente la demanda prevista para un cierto horizonte de estudio. Además, las nuevas normativas de aplicación en aeropuertos internacionales publicadas por la International Air Transport Association (IATA) entran en conflicto con ciertos parámetros de diseño de las instalaciones actuales. Se requiere una remodelación del conjunto para adaptarse a estas exigencias de validez internacional.

Morphological and germination response variability in seeds of wild yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea L.) accessions from northwest Spain

Gentiana lutea L. (yellow gentian, Gentianaceae) is an important medicinal plant under protection as endangered species in most European countries. The aim of this work was to evaluate variation in seed mass, seed water content, and seed germination among 56 wild accessions of G. lutea. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3), putrescine, moist chilling, and level of ripeness of seeds on subsequent germination was also investigated. Seeds of G. lutea showed physiological dormancy (final germination percentages ranged from 0% to 11%, depending on the accession) and GA3 enhanced seed germination drastically in all the accessions. The highest germination (99%) of GA3-treated seeds was reached at 15 °C. Final germination percentage and germination rate (as expressed by mean germination time), as well as seed mass and seed water content, varied significantly among accessions. In general, 1 year moist chilling did not significantly enhance G. lutea seed germination. For most accessions, no significant differences were found between fully ripe seeds and less ripe seeds for seed water content, seed mass, and seed germination. Applications of GA3 were always most effective than those of putrescine for increasing seed germination.

Ferromagnetic resonance and magnetooptic study of submicron epitaxial Fe(001) stripes

We present a combined magnetooptic and ferromagnetic resonance study of a series of arrays of single-crystalline Fe stripes fabricated by electron beam lithography on epitaxial Au(001)/Fe(001)/MgO(001) films grown by pulsed laser deposition. The analysis of the films revealed a clear fourfold magnetocrystalline anisotropy, with no significant presence of other anisotropy sources. The use of a large series of arrays, with stripe widths between 140 and 1000 nm and separation between them of either 200 nm or 500 nm, allowed studying their magnetization processes and resonance modes as well as the effects of the dipolar interactions on both. The magnetization processes of the stripes were interpreted in terms of a macrospin approximation, with a good agreement between experiments and calculations and negligible influence of the dipolar interactions. The ferromagnetic resonance spectra evidenced two types of resonances linked to bulk oscillation modes, essentially insensitive to the dipolar interactions, and a third one associated with edge-localized oscillations, whose resonance field is strongly dependent on the dipolar interactions. The ability to produce a high quality, controlled series of stripes provided a good opportunity to achieve an agreement between the experiments and calculations, carried out by taking into account just the Fe intrinsic properties and the morphology of the arrays, thus evidencing the relatively small role of other extrinsic factors.

Detailed damage mechanisms assessment in composite materials by means of X-ray tomography

This research focused on the evaluation of damage formation on ±45º carbon fiber laminates subjected to tensile tests. The damage was evaluated by means of X-ray tomography. A high density of cracks developed during the plateau of the stress-strain curve and were qualitatively analyzed, showing that the inner plies eventually developed a higher crack concentration than the outer plies. Delamination started to occur in the outermost ply interface when the slope after the plateau of the stress-strain curve began to increase.

Scaling of the coercivity with the geometrical parameters in epitaxial Fe antidot arrays

We studied a series of square lattice antidot arrays, with diameter and lattice parameter from hundreds of nanometers to some microns, fabricated using two lithography techniques in epitaxial Fe(001) films. The coercivity increase of each array with respect to its base film can be scaled to a simple geometric parameter, irrespective of the lithography technique employed. Magnetic transmission x-ray microscopy studies, in arrays fabricated on polycrystalline Fe films deposited on silicon nitride membranes, evidenced the propagation of reversed domains from the edges of the arrays, in agreement with the coercivity analysis of the epitaxial arrays and with micromagnetic models.

Development and implementation of a virtual laboratory for training process improvement in the mechanics of continuous media

The project arises from the need to develop improved teaching methodologies in field of the mechanics of continuous media. The objective is to offer the student a learning process to acquire the necessary theoretical knowledge, cognitive skills and the responsibility and autonomy to professional development in this area. Traditionally the teaching of the concepts of these subjects was performed through lectures and laboratory practice. During these lessons the students attitude was usually passive, and therefore their effectiveness was poor. The proposed methodology has already been successfully employed in universities like University Bochum, Germany, University the South Australia and aims to improve the effectiveness of knowledge acquisition through use by the student of a virtual laboratory. This laboratory allows to adapt the curricula and learning techniques to the European Higher Education and improve current learning processes in the University School of Public Works Engineers -EUITOP- of the Technical University of Madrid -UPM-, due there are not laboratories in this specialization. The virtual space is created using a software platform built on OpenSim, manages 3D virtual worlds, and, language LSL -Linden Scripting Language-, which imprints specific powers to objects. The student or user can access this virtual world through their avatar -your character in the virtual world- and can perform practices within the space created for the purpose, at any time, just with computer with internet access and viewfinder. The virtual laboratory has three partitions. The virtual meeting rooms, where the avatar can interact with peers, solve problems and exchange existing documentation in the virtual library. The interactive game room, where the avatar is has to resolve a number of issues in time. And the video room where students can watch instructional videos and receive group lessons. Each audiovisual interactive element is accompanied by explanations framing it within the area of knowledge and enables students to begin to acquire a vocabulary and practice of the profession for which they are being formed. Plane elasticity concepts are introduced from the tension and compression testing of test pieces of steel and concrete. The behavior of reticulated and articulated structures is reinforced by some interactive games and concepts of tension, compression, local and global buckling will by tests to break articulated structures. Pure bending concepts, simple and composite torsion will be studied by observing a flexible specimen. Earthquake resistant design of buildings will be checked by a laboratory test video.

Optimization of curing cycle in carbon fiber-reinforced laminates: Void distribution and mechanical properties

A strategy is presented to optimize out-of-autoclave processing of quasi-isotropic carbon fiber-reinforced laminates. Square panels of 4.6 mm nominal thickness with very low porosity ð6 0:2%Þ were manufactured by compression molding at low pressure (0.2 MPa) by careful design of the temperature cycle to maximize the processing window. The mechanisms of void migration during processing were ascertained by means of X-ray microtomography and the effect of ply clustering on porosity and on void shape was explained. Finally, the effect of porosity and ply clustering on the compressive strength before and after impact was studied.

Postproducción. Metodología UD 23 Proyectos Federico Soriano

Se presenta aquí la experiencia docente llevada a cabo en la Unidad de Proyectos 23 dirigida por el profesor Federico Soriano en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Esta metodología, que viene siendo implementada y desarrollada desde el curso 2007-2008, opera desde la postproducción, es decir, la manipulación de un material preexistente, para actuar sobre él y terminar con- cretándolo en representación arquitectónica. El trabajo se realiza en equipos de tres personas, desconocidas entre sí, una por cada universidad implicada en el progreso de cada cuatrimestre. La entrega final consiste en un documento gráfico, una planta, en for- mato doble DIN-A0, una escala que permite una definición constructiva y material intensa, y una maqueta, tamaño DIN-A1, para aportar condiciones espaciales y experimentales que el soporte papel limita. La metodología del curso procura que el estudiante se enfrente ya en este punto de su formación a una situación similar a la que encontrará tras su paso por la universidad: el trabajo con materiales ajenos y cola- boradores extraños. Se sostiene que la producción y el pensamiento se dan a través de las herramientas gráficas utilizadas, establecidas por los utensilios que estén a la disposición del estudiante. Se considera que hoy en día las herramientas gráficas, tanto de referencia visual como de dibujo se encuentran en el mismo plano técnico. Por lo tanto el resultado del trabajo realizado no serán meros dibujos, sino instrumentos técnicos que permitan controlar, manipular y describir el espacio arquitectónico con todos sus datos técnic- os, materiales o programáticos.

Diario de viaje correspondiente al alumno Federico de Castro: prácticas de 6º curso

Diario de viaje correspondiente al alumno Federico de Castro Manuscrito : prácticas de 6º curso

Mechanical behavior and failure micromechanisms of hybrid 3D woven composites in tension

The deformation and failure micromechanisms of a hybrid 3D woven composite were studied in tension. Plain and open-hole composite coupons were tested in tension until failure in the fill and warp directions, as well as fiber tows extracted from the dry fabric and impregnated with the matrix. The macroscopic evolution of damage in the composite coupons was assessed by means of periodic unloading–reloading (to obtain the elastic modulus and the residual strain), whereas the microscopic mechanism were established by means of X-ray computed microtomography. To this end, specimens were periodically removed from the mechanical testing machine and infiltrated with ZnI-containing liquid to assess the main damage modes as a function of the applied strain. The experimental observations and the predictions of an isostrain model were used to understand the key factors controlling the elastic modulus, strength and notch sensitivity of hybrid 3D woven composites in tension. It was found that the full contribution of the glass fibers to the composite strength was not employed, due to the premature fracture of the carbon fibers, but their presence increased the fracture strain and the energy dissipated during fracture. Thus, hybridization of the 3D woven composite led to a notch-insensitive behavior as demonstrated by open-hole tests

Automatic quantification of matrix cracking and fiber rotation by X-ray computed tomography in shear-deformed carbon fiber-reinforced laminates

The deformation and damage mechanisms of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy laminates deformed in shear were studied by means of X-ray computed tomography. In particular, the evolution of matrix cracking, interply delamination and fiber rotation was ascertained as a function of the applied strain. In order to provide quantitative information, an algorithm was developed to automatically determine the crack density and the fiber orientation from the tomograms. The investigation provided new insights about the complex interaction between the different damage mechanisms (i.e. matrix cracking and interply delamination) as a function of the applied strain, ply thickness and ply location within the laminate as well as quantitative data about the evolution of matrix cracking and fiber rotation during deformation

Tower of Martín González or castle of La Raya (Soria): territory, history, defense and construction / La torre de Martín González o castillo de La Raya (Soria): territorio, historia, defensa y construcción

Abstract The Tower of Martín González, also known as castle of La Raya, is placed in the actual border between the Spanish provinces of Soria and Zaragoza and in the historical limit between the Crowns of Castile and Aragon: this is the reason for its name. The castle dominates the hedge of the plain-moors that surround the Valley of Nágima River. It is a castle with courtyard and a high tower in the western flank. The paper analyzes the castle in four main levels. All references about the castle are studied to draw a historical narration and to relate with the territory and other fortifications, both Castilian and Aragonese. Despite its advanced state of ruin, it preserves many rests that allow making an analysis of its defensive elements and constructive aspects. Resumen La torre de Martín González, también conocida como el castillo de La Raya, se sitúa en el límite actual entre las provincias de Soria y Zaragoza y en el límite histórico entre las coronas de Castilla y Aragón. Domina el extremo de los páramos que circundan el río Nágima. Es un castillo de tipo torrejón con patio de armas y una torre del homenaje adosada a su flanco occidental. El análisis contempla cuatro niveles fundamentales para el entendimiento de la arquitectura fortificada. La comunicación revisa la documentación existente sobre los elementos históricos que se ponen en relación, mediante el análisis territorial, con el sistema fortificado de frontera. A pesar de su avanzado estado de ruina, conserva restos que permiten realizar una lectura interpretativa de sus elementos defensivos y de sus aspectos constructivos.

Face to Face. Agustín Fernández Mallo. Federico Soriano.

Face to Face. Agustín Fernández Mallo. Federico Soriano. 30.06.2014. En Arquitectura Nº 370. Noviembre 2014. (ISSN 0004-2706) Pág. 054-062.

Unified representation of monitoring information across federated cloud infrastructures

Nowadays one of the issues hindering the potential of federating cloud-based infrastructures to reach much larger scales is their standard management and monitoring. In particular, this is true in cases where these federated infrastructures provide emerging Future Internet and Smart Cities-oriented services, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), that benefit from cloud services. The contribution of this paper is the introduction of a unified monitoring architecture for federated cloud infrastructures accompanied by the adoption of a uniform representation of measurement data. The presented solution is capable of providing multi-domain compatibility, scalability, as well as the ability to analyze large amounts of monitoring data, collected from datacenters and offered through open and standardized APIs. The solution described herein has been deployed and is currently running on a community of 5 infrastructures within the framework of the European Project XIFI, to be extended to 12 more infrastructures.