Variable structure control with chattering elimination and guaranteed stability for a generalized T-S model

In this paper, a fuzzy based Variable Structure Control (VSC) with guaranteed stability is presented. The main objective is to obtain an improved performance of highly non-linear unstable systems. The main contribution of this work is that, firstly, new functions for chattering reduction and error convergence without sacrificing invariant properties are proposed, which is considered the main drawback of the VSC control. Secondly, the global stability of the controlled system is guaranteed.The well known weighting parameters approach, is used in this paper to optimize local and global approximation and modeling capability of T-S fuzzy model.A one link robot is chosen as a nonlinear unstable system to evaluate the robustness, effectiveness and remarkable performance of optimization approach and the high accuracy obtained in approximating nonlinear systems in comparison with the original T-S model. Simulation results indicate the potential and generality of the algorithm. The application of the proposed FLC-VSC shows that both alleviation of chattering and robust performance are achieved with the proposed FLC-VSC controller. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is proven in front of disturbances and noise effects.

Variable structure control with chattering reduction of a generalized T-S model

In this paper, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based variable structure control (VSC) is presented. The main objective is to obtain an improved performance of highly non-linear unstable systems. New functions for chattering reduction and error convergence without sacrificing invariant properties are proposed. The main feature of the proposed method is that the switching function is added as an additional fuzzy variable and will be introduced in the premise part of the fuzzy rules; together with the state variables. In this work, a tuning of the well known weighting parameters approach is proposed to optimize local and global approximation and modelling capability of the Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model to improve the choice of the performance index and minimize it. The main problem encountered is that the T-S identification method can not be applied when the membership functions are overlapped by pairs. This in turn restricts the application of the T-S method because this type of membership function has been widely used in control applications. The approach developed here can be considered as a generalized version of the T-S method. An inverted pendulum mounted on a cart is chosen to evaluate the robustness, effectiveness, accuracy and remarkable performance of the proposed estimation approach in comparison with the original T-S model. Simulation results indicate the potential, simplicity and generality of the estimation method and the robustness of the chattering reduction algorithm. In this paper, we prove that the proposed estimation algorithm converge the very fast, thereby making it very practical to use. The application of the proposed FLC-VSC shows that both alleviation of chattering and robust performance are achieved.

Optimal Control Using Feedback Linearization for a Generalized T-S Model

In this paper, a fuzzy feedback linearization is used to control nonlinear systems described by Takagi-Suengo (T-S) fuzzy systems. In this work, an optimal controller is designed using the linear quadratic regulator (LQR). The well known weighting parameters approach is applied to optimize local and global approximation and modelling capability of T-S fuzzy model to improve the choice of the performance index and minimize it. The approach used here can be considered as a generalized version of T-S method. Simulation results indicate the potential, simplicity and generality of the estimation method and the robustness of the proposed optimal LQR algorithm.

Fine spatial pattern of an epiphytic lichen species is affected by habitat conditions in two forest types in the Iberian Mediterranean region

Persistence and abundance of species is determined by habitat availability and the ability to disperse and colonize habitats at contrasting spatial scales. Favourable habitat fragments are also heterogeneous in quality, providing differing opportunities for establishment and affecting the population dynamics of a species. Based on these principles, we suggest that the presence and abundance of epiphytes may reflect their dispersal ability, which is primarily determined by the spatial structure of host trees, but also by host quality. To our knowledge there has been no explicit test of the importance of host tree spatial pattern for epiphytes in Mediterranean forests. We hypothesized that performance and host occupancy in a favourable habitat depend on the spatial pattern of host trees, because this pattern affects the dispersal ability of each epiphyte and it also determines the availability of suitable sites for establishment. We tested this hypothesis using new point pattern analysis tools and generalized linear mixed models to investigate the spatial distribution and performance of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria, which inhabits two types of host trees (beeches and Iberian oaks). We tested the effects on L. pulmonaria distribution of tree size, spatial configuration, and host tree identity. We built a model including tree size, stand structure, and several neighbourhood predictors to understand the effect of host tree on L. pulmonaria. We also investigated the relative importance of spatial patterning on the presence and abundance of the species, independently of the host tree configuration. L. pulmonaria distribution was highly dependent on habitat quality for successful establishment, i.e., tree species identity, tree diameter, and several forest stand structure surrogates. For beech trees, tree diameter was the main factor influencing presence and cover of the lichen, although larger lichen-colonized trees were located close to focal trees, i.e., young trees. However, oak diameter was not an important factor, suggesting that bark roughness at all diameters favoured lichen establishment. Our results indicate that L. pulmonaria dispersal is not spatially restricted, but it is dependent on habitat quality. Furthermore, new spatial analysis tools suggested that L. pulmonaria cover exhibits a distinct pattern, although the spatial pattern of tree position and size was random.

Fine spatial pattern of an epiphytic lichen species is affected by habitat conditions in two forest types in the Iberian Mediterranean region

Persistence and abundance of species is determined by habitat availability and the ability to disperse and colonize habitats at contrasting spatial scales. Favourable habitat fragments are also heterogeneous in quality, providing differing opportunities for establishment and affecting the population dynamics of a species. Based on these principles, we suggest that the presence and abundance of epiphytes may reflect their dispersal ability, which is primarily determined by the spatial structure of host trees, but also by host quality. To our knowledge there has been no explicit test of the importance of host tree spatial pattern for epiphytes in Mediterranean forests. We hypothesized that performance and host occupancy in a favourable habitat depend on the spatial pattern of host trees, because this pattern affects the dispersal ability of each epiphyte and it also determines the availability of suitable sites for establishment. We tested this hypothesis using new point pattern analysis tools and generalized linear mixed models to investigate the spatial distribution and performance of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria, which inhabits two types of host trees (beeches and Iberian oaks). We tested the effects on L. pulmonaria distribution of tree size, spatial configuration, and host tree identity. We built a model including tree size, stand structure, and several neighbourhood predictors to understand the effect of host tree on L. pulmonaria. We also investigated the relative importance of spatial patterning on the presence and abundance of the species, independently of the host tree configuration. L. pulmonaria distribution was highly dependent on habitat quality for successful establishment, i.e., tree species identity, tree diameter, and several forest stand structure surrogates. For beech trees, tree diameter was the main factor influencing presence and cover of the lichen, although larger lichen-colonized trees were located close to focal trees, i.e., young trees. However, oak diameter was not an important factor, suggesting that bark roughness at all diameters favoured lichen establishment. Our results indicate that L. pulmonaria dispersal is not spatially restricted, but it is dependent on habitat quality. Furthermore, new spatial analysis tools suggested that L. pulmonaria cover exhibits a distinct pattern, although the spatial pattern of tree position and size was random.

An empirical mixed model to quantify climate influence on the growth of Pinus halepensis Mill. stands in South-Eastern Spain

The influence of climate on forest stand composition, development and growth is undeniable. Many studies have tried to quantify the effect of climatic variables on forest growth and yield. These works become especially important because there is a need to predict the effects of climate change on the development of forest ecosystems. One of the ways of facing this problem is the inclusion of climatic variables into the classic empirical growth models. The work has a double objective: (i) to identify the indicators which best describe the effect of climate on Pinus halepensis growth and (ii) to quantify such effect in several scenarios of rainfall decrease which are likely to occur in the Mediterranean area. A growth mixed model for P. halepensis including climatic variables is presented in this work. Growth estimates are based on data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory (SNFI). The best results are obtained for the indices including rainfall, or rainfall and temperature together, with annual precipitation, precipitation effectiveness, Emberger?s index or free bioclimatic intensity standing out among them. The final model includes Emberger?s index, free bioclimatic intensity and interactions between competition and climate indices. The results obtained show that a rainfall decrease about 5% leads to a decrease in volume growth of 5.5?7.5% depending on site quality.

Deforestación y Pérdida de hábitat en Bosques de montaña en la Cuenca alta del Río Zamora (Loja, Ecuador)

Los bosques húmedos de montaña se encuentran reconocidos como uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados en el mundo, llegando inclusive a ser considerado como un “hotspot” por su alta diversidad y endemismo. La acelerada pérdida de cobertura vegetal de estos bosques ha ocasionado que, en la actualidad, se encuentren restringidos a una pequeña fracción de su área de distribución histórica. Pese a esto, los estudios realizados sobre cual es efecto de la deforestación, fragmentación, cambios de uso de suelo y su efecto en las comunidades de plantas presentes en este tipo de vegetación aún son muy escuetos, en comparación a los realizados con sus similares amazónicos. En este trabajo, el cual se encuentra dividido en seis capítulos, abordaremos los siguientes objetivos: a) Comprender cuál es la dinámica que han seguido los diferentes tipos de bosques montanos andinos de la cuenca del Rio Zamora, Sur de Ecuador durante entre 1976 y 2002. b) Proveer de evidencia de las tasas de deforestación y fragmentación de todos los tipos diferentes de bosques montanos andinos presentes en la cuenca del Rio Zamora, Sur de Ecuador entre 1976 y 2002. c) Determinar qué factores inducen a la fragmentación de bosques de montaña en la cuenca alta del río Zamora entre 1976 y 2002. d) Determinar cuáles son y cómo afectan los factores ambientales y socioeconómicos a la dinámica de la deforestación y regeneración (pérdida y recuperación del hábitat) sufrida por los bosques de montaña dentro de la zona de estudio y e) Determinar si la deforestación y fragmentación actúan sobre la diversidad y estructura de las comunidades de tres tipos de organismos (comunidades de árboles, comunidades de líquenes epífitos y comunidades de hepáticas epífitas). Este estudio se centró en el cuenca alta del río Zamora, localizada al sur de Ecuador entre las coordenadas 3º 00´ 53” a 4º 20´ 24.65” de latitud sur y 79º 49´58” a 78º 35´ 38” de longitud oeste, que cubre alrededor de 4300 km2 de territorio situado entre las capitales de las provincias de Loja y Zamora-Chinchipe. Con objeto de predecir la dinámica futura de la deforestación en la región de Loja y cómo se verán afectados los diferentes tipos de hábitat, así como para detectar los factores que más influyen en dicha dinámica, se han construido modelos basados en la historia de la deforestación derivados de fotografías aéreas e imágenes satelitales de tres fechas (1976, 1989 y 2002). La cuantificación de la deforestación se realizó mediante la tasa de interés compuesto y para la caracterización de la configuración espacial de los fragmentos de bosque nativo se calcularon índices de paisaje los cuales fueron calculados utilizando el programa Fragstats 3.3. Se ha clasificado el recubrimiento del terreno en forestal y no forestal y se ha modelado su evolución temporal con Modelos Lineales Generalizados Mixtos (GLMM), empleando como variables explicativas tanto variables ambientales espacialmente explícitas (altitud, orientación, pendiente, etc) como antrópicas (distancia a zonas urbanizadas, deforestadas, caminos, entre otras). Para medir el efecto de la deforestación sobre las comunidades modelo (de árboles, líquenes y hepáticas) se monitorearon 11 fragmentos de vegetación de distinto tamaño: dos fragmentos de más de cien hectáreas, tres fragmentos de entre diez y noventa ha y seis fragmentos de menos de diez hectáreas. En ellos se instalaron un total de 38 transectos y 113 cuadrantes de 20 x 20 m a distancias que se alejaban progresivamente del borde en 10, 40 y 80 m. Nuestros resultados muestran una tasa media anual de deforestación del 1,16% para todo el período de estudio, que el tipo de vegetación que más alta tasa de destrucción ha sufrido, es el páramo herbáceo, con un 2,45% anual. El análisis de los patrones de fragmentación determinó un aumento en 2002 de más del doble de fragmentos presentes en 1976, lo cual se repite en el análisis del índice de densidad promedio. El índice de proximidad media entre fragmentos muestra una reducción progresiva de la continuidad de las áreas forestadas. Si bien las formas de los fragmentos se han mantenido bastante similares a lo largo del período de estudio, la conectividad entre estos ha disminuido en un 84%. Por otro lado, de nuestros análisis se desprende que las zonas con mayor probabilidad de deforestarse son aquellas que están cercanas a zonas previamente deforestadas; la cercanía a las vías también influye significativamente en la deforestación, causando un efecto directo en la composición y estructura de las comunidades estudiadas, que en el caso de los árboles viene mediado por el tamaño del fragmento y en el caso del componente epífito (hepáticas y líquenes), viene mediado tanto por el tamaño del fragmento como por la distancia al borde del mismo. Se concluye la posibilidad de que, de mantenerse esta tendencia, este tipo de bosques desaparecerá en corto tiempo y los servicios ecosistémicos que prestan, se verán seriamente comprometidos. ABSTRACT Mountain rainforests are recognized as one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world, and have even come to be considered as a “hotspot” due to their high degree of diversity and endemism. The accelerated loss of plant cover of these forests has caused them to be restricted today to a small fraction of their area of historic distribution. In spite of this, studies done on the effect of deforestation, fragmentation, changes in soil use and their effect on the plant communities present in this type of vegetation are very brief compared to those done on their analogues in the Amazon region. In this study, which is divided into six chapters, we will address the following objectives: a) To understand what the dynamic followed by the different types of Andean mountain forests in the Zamora River watershed of southern Ecuador has been between 1976 and 2002. b) To provide evidence of the rates of deforestation and fragmentation of all the different types of Andean mountain forests existing in the upper watershed of the Zamora River between 1976 and 2002. c) To determine the factors that induces fragmentation of all different types of Andean mountain forests existing in the upper watershed of the Zamora River between 1976 and 2002. d) To determine what the environmental and anthropogenic factors are driving the dynamic of deforestation and regeneration (loss and recuperation of the habitat) suffered by the mountain forests in the area of the study and e) To determine if the deforestation and fragmentation act upon the diversity and structure of three model communities: trees, epiphytic lichens and epiphytic liverworts. This study is centered on the upper Zamora River watershed, located in southern Ecuador between 3º 00´ 53” and 4º 20´ 24.65 south latitude and 79º 49´ 58” to 78º 35´ 38” west longitude, and covers around 4,300 km2 of territory located between Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe provinces. For the purpose of predicting the future dynamic of deforestation in the Loja region and how different types of habitats will be affected, as well as detecting the environmental and socioeconomic factors that influence landscape dynamics, models were constructed based on deforestation history, derived from aerial photographs and satellite images for three dates (1976, 1989 and 2002). Quantifying the deforestation was done using the compound interest rate; to characterize the spatial configuration of fragments of native forest, landscape indices were calculated with Fragstats 3.3 program. Land cover was classified as forested and not forested and its evolution over time was modeled with Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM), using spatially explicit environmental variables (altitude, orientation, slope, etc.) as well as anthropic variables (distance to urbanized, deforested areas and roads, among others) as explanatory variables. To measure the effects of fragmentation on three types of model communities (forest trees and epiphytic lichen and liverworts), 11 vegetation fragments of different sizes were monitored: two fragments of more than one hundred hectares, three fragments of between ten and ninety ha and six fragments of fewer than ten hectares . In these fragments, a total of 38 transects and 113 20 x 20 m quadrats were installed at distances that progressively moved away from the edge of the fragment by 10, 40 and 80 m. Our results show an average annual rate of deforestation of 1.16% for the entire period of the study, and that the type of vegetation that suffered the highest rate of destruction was grassy paramo, with an annual rate of 2.45%. The analysis of fragmentation patterns determined the number of fragments in 2002 more than doubled the number of fragments present in 1976, and the same occurred for the average density index. The variation of the average proximity index among fragments showed a progressive reduction of the continuity of forested areas. Although fragment shapes have remained quite similar over the period of the study, connectivity among them has diminished by 84%. On the other hand, it emerged from our analysis that the areas of greatest probability of deforestation were those that are close to previously deforested areas; proximity to roads also significantly favored the deforestation causing a direct effect on the composition of our model communities, that in the case of forest trees is determined by the size of the fragment, and in the case of the epiphyte communities (liverworts and lichens), is determined, by the size of the fragment as well as the distance to edge. A subject under discussion is the possibility that if this tendency continues, this type of forest will disappear in a short time, and the ecological services it provides, will be seriously endangered.

Tree and grazing influence on herbaceous pasture diversity in the Dehesa agroforestry system

Mediterranean Dehesas are one of the European natural habitat types of Community interest (43/92/EEC Directive), associated to high diversity levels and producer of important goods and services. In this work, tree contribution and grazing influence over pasture alpha diversity in a Dehesa in Central Spain was studied. We analyzed Richness and Shannon-Wiener (SW) indexes on herbaceous layer under 16 holms oak trees (64 sampling units distributed in two directions and in two distances to the trunk) distributed in four different grazing management zones (depending on species and stocking rate). Floristic composition by species or morphospecies and species abundance were analyzed for each sample unit. Linear mixed models (LMM) and generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to study relationships between alpha diversity measures and independent factors. Edge crown influence showed the highest values of Richness and SW index. No significant differences were found between orientations under tree crown influence. Grazing management had a significant effect over Richness and SW measures, specially the grazing species (cattle or sheep). We preliminary quantify and analyze the interaction of tree stratum and grazing management over herbaceous diversity in a year of extreme climatic conditions.

A silviculture-oriented spatio-temporal model for germination in Pinus pinea L. in the Spanish Northern Plateau based on a direct seeding experiment

Natural regeneration in Pinus pinea stands commonly fails throughout the Spanish Northern Plateau under current intensive regeneration treatments. As a result, extensive direct seeding is commonly conducted to guarantee regeneration occurrence. In a period of rationalization of the resources devoted to forest management, this kind of techniques may become unaffordable. Given that the climatic and stand factors driving germination remain unknown, tools are required to understand the process and temper the use of direct seeding. In this study, the spatio-temporal pattern of germination of P. pinea was modelled with those purposes. The resulting findings will allow us to (1) determine the main ecological variables involved in germination in the species and (2) infer adequate silvicultural alternatives. The modelling approach focuses on covariates which are readily available to forest managers. A two-step nonlinear mixed model was fitted to predict germination occurrence and abundance in P. pinea under varying climatic, environmental and stand conditions, based on a germination data set covering a 5-year period. The results obtained reveal that the process is primarily driven by climate variables. Favourable conditions for germination commonly occur in fall although the optimum window is often narrow and may not occur at all in some years. At spatial level, it would appear that germination is facilitated by high stand densities, suggesting that current felling intensity should be reduced. In accordance with other studies on P. pinea dispersal, it seems that denser stands during the regeneration period will reduce the present dependence on direct seeding.

Mixed models for short-run forecasting of electricity prices: Application for the Spanish market

Short-run forecasting of electricity prices has become necessary for power generation unit schedule, since it is the basis of every profit maximization strategy. In this article a new and very easy method to compute accurate forecasts for electricity prices using mixed models is proposed. The main idea is to develop an efficient tool for one-step-ahead forecasting in the future, combining several prediction methods for which forecasting performance has been checked and compared for a span of several years. Also as a novelty, the 24 hourly time series has been modelled separately, instead of the complete time series of the prices. This allows one to take advantage of the homogeneity of these 24 time series. The purpose of this paper is to select the model that leads to smaller prediction errors and to obtain the appropriate length of time to use for forecasting. These results have been obtained by means of a computational experiment. A mixed model which combines the advantages of the two new models discussed is proposed. Some numerical results for the Spanish market are shown, but this new methodology can be applied to other electricity markets as well

Linear color correction for multiple illumination changes and non-overlapping cameras

Many image processing methods, such as techniques for people re-identification, assume photometric constancy between different images. This study addresses the correction of photometric variations based upon changes in background areas to correct foreground areas. The authors assume a multiple light source model where all light sources can have different colours and will change over time. In training mode, the authors learn per-location relations between foreground and background colour intensities. In correction mode, the authors apply a double linear correction model based on learned relations. This double linear correction includes a dynamic local illumination correction mapping as well as an inter-camera mapping. The authors evaluate their illumination correction by computing the similarity between two images based on the earth mover's distance. The authors compare the results to a representative auto-exposure algorithm found in the recent literature plus a colour correction one based on the inverse-intensity chromaticity. Especially in complex scenarios the authors’ method outperforms these state-of-the-art algorithms.

Red Eléctrica de España uses integer programming for annual salary revisions

In this paper, we present a mixed-integer linear programming model for determining salary-revision matrices for an organization based on that organization?s general strategies. The solution obtained from this model consists of salary increases for each employee; these increases consider the employee?s professional performance, salary level relative to peers within the organization, and professional group. In addition to budget constraints, we modeled other elements typical of compensation systems, such as equity and justice. Red Eléctrica de España (REE), the transmission agent and operator of the Spanish electricity system, used the model to revise its 2010 and 2011 salary policies, and achieved results that were aligned with the company strategy. REE incorporated the model into the salary management module within its information system, and plans to continue to use the model in revisions of the module.

Effects of fiber inclusion on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of piglets reared under optimal or poor hygienic conditions

Two experiments were conducted to estimate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio requirement for growth performance of nursery pigs. Experimental diets were formulated to ensure that lysine was the second limiting AA throughout the experiments. In Exp. 1 (6 to 10 kg BW), 255 nursery pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 6.3 ± 0.15 kg, mean ± SD) arranged in pens of 6 or 7 pigs were blocked by pen weight and assigned to experimental diets (7 pens/diet) consisting of SID Trp:Lys ratios of 14.7%, 16.5%, 18.4%, 20.3%, 22.1%, and 24.0% for 14 d with 1.30% SID Lys. In Exp. 2 (11 to 20 kg BW), 1,088 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050, initially 11.2 kg ± 1.35 BW, mean ± SD) arranged in pens of 24 to 27 pigs were blocked by average pig weight and assigned to experimental diets (6 pens/diet) consisting of SID Trp:Lys ratios of 14.5%, 16.5%, 18.0%, 19.5%, 21.0%, 22.5%, and 24.5% for 21 d with 30% dried distillers grains with solubles and 0.97% SID Lys. Each experiment was analyzed using general linear mixed models with heterogeneous residual variances. Competing heteroskedastic models included broken-line linear (BLL), broken-line quadratic (BLQ), and quadratic polynomial (QP). For each response, the best-fitting model was selected using Bayesian information criterion. In Exp. 1 (6 to 10 kg BW), increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F. For ADG, the best-fitting model was a QP in which the maximum ADG was estimated at 23.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: [<14.7%, >24.0%]) SID Trp:Lys ratio. For G:F, the best-fitting model was a BLL in which the maximum G:F was estimated at 20.4% (95% CI: [14.3%, 26.5%]) SID Trp:Lys. In Exp. 2 (11 to 20 kg BW), increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F in a quadratic manner. For ADG, the best-fitting model was a QP in which the maximum ADG was estimated at 21.2% (95% CI: [20.5%, 21.9%]) SID Trp:Lys. For G:F, BLL and BLQ models had comparable fit and estimated SID Trp:Lys requirements at 16.6% (95% CI: [16.0%, 17.3%]) and 17.1% (95% CI: [16.6%, 17.7%]), respectively. In conclusion, the estimated SID Trp:Lys requirement in Exp. 1 ranged from 20.4% for maximum G:F to 23.9% for maximum ADG, whereas in Exp. 2 it ranged from 16.6% for maximum G:F to 21.2% for maximum ADG. These results suggest that standard NRC (2012) recommendations may underestimate the SID Trp:Lys requirement for nursery pigs from 11 to 20 kg BW.

Herramientas de gestión de compromiso para trabajadores del conocimiento

El objetivo de la línea de investigación seguida en esta tesis consiste en identificar palancas de gestión de las personas en las organizaciones que permitan mejorar su rendimiento mediante la gestión del compromiso de los profesionales de las organizaciones inmersas en la denominada sociedad del conocimiento. Para identificar dichas palancas se analizan algunos de los factores que, según la literatura científica, tienen como consecuencia cambios en la productividad, como son el compromiso organizacional y las conductas cívicas dentro de la organización. También, por su actualidad y relevancia en las prácticas de gestión de recursos humanos, se han analizado el impacto que tienen en estos factores en las prácticas empresariales que permiten conciliar vida profesional y personal el efecto del género en las distintas variables analizadas. Por todo lo anterior, en la investigación se analizan algunos de los factores de carácter psicosocial que promueven el compromiso en una organización, y se profundiza en dos conceptos: el análisis del compromiso de los profesionales con la organización para la que trabajan, y los comportamientos de ciudadanía organizativa que se exhiben en la organización por sus miembros. Para ello, se realiza un encuadramiento teórico de los siguientes conceptos: el compromiso como eje del trabajo; la ciudadanía organizativa como modelo cultural de la organización que promueve el compromiso; el rol de los líderes; los efectos de las políticas de conciliación; las diferencias de percepciones derivadas del género y un sistema de revisión de retributiva eficiente y coherente con el marco conceptual planteado. La metodología seleccionada para este trabajo ha sido el análisis en profundidad del caso de una empresa española, Red Eléctrica de España a través de tres pilares básicos: el primero consiste en el análisis exhaustivo de los datos obtenidos en las dos encuestas de clima social que dicha empresa realizó en el período 2006-2009; el segundo se centra en el desarrollo de un modelo matemático para el cálculo eficiente de recompensas salariales a través de un modelo de optimización; y el tercero es la consecuencia del conocimiento profundo que el autor tiene de la propia empresa, su cultura y funcionamiento, fruto de su experiencia profesional como directivo en el área de desarrollo de recursos humanos, función que desempeñó en la organización durante nueve años. En el análisis de este caso se ha investigado la influencia del género en el compromiso y la ciudadanía organizativa de los empleados de dicha organización, para identificar las diferencias de percepción que puedan ser explicadas por el género en una empresa muy masculina como es aquella. También, se ha incluido en este estudio de caso el análisis del efecto que presentan las medidas de conciliación en el compromiso de los empleados, por la relevancia que tiene este asunto en el panorama laboral español actual. Este análisis permite conocer hasta qué punto son o no motivadoras estas medidas en la organización analizada y, como consecuencia de ello, el tipo de gestión más oportuna de las mismas para conseguir no sólo los fines sociales que pretenden, garantizar que los empleados puedan compatibilizar sus exigencias laborales con una vida personal adecuada, sino también mejorar el clima, productividad y compromiso de éstos con la empresa. Para completar este análisis del caso, se han identificado de forma analítica los factores que mejor explican el clima de la organización y se ha concluido el papel central de la dirección que se concreta en la actuación de cada jefe, como motor del clima social en el equipo que dirige. Dado que la tesis pivota sobre el papel relevante que tiene la generación de una cultura de ciudadanía organizativa, se ha complementado el análisis con el desarrollo una herramienta de cálculo que facilita la determinación de los incrementos de la retribución fija de acuerdo con los principios de transparencia, equidad y justicia acordes con el modelo de empresa que promueve la virtud cívica de las personas empleadas en ella. Para ello se ha desarrollado un nuevo método de cálculo del incremento de retribución fija mediante un modelo analítico innovador y compacto de programación lineal entera mixta. Este modelo permite a las organizaciones realizar diseños de política retributiva de forma sencilla y rápida, a la vez que facilita la transparencia de las mismas en el proceso de gestión de la compensación. No se ha abordado el asunto de la determinación de la retribución variable, por ser un asunto relativamente menos complejo y profusamente tratado en la práctica directiva de las empresas. La primera de las conclusiones de la investigación realizada se refiere a los aspectos de la cultura organizativa que pueden identificarse como motores del compromiso. Se concluye que en el caso de estudio hay una fuerte relación mutua entre los rasgos que definen el compromiso emocional y los rasgos que determinan un comportamiento caracterizado como de ciudadanía organizativa. Se ha encontrado una correlación significativa y alta entre indicadores de compromiso y factores que recogen comportamientos de ciudadanía organizativa, correlación muy notable tanto para los factores de compromiso racional como para los de compromiso emocional. También se ha evidenciado que la correlación entre compromiso emocional y rasgos de comportamientos de ciudadanía organizacional es mayor que la que aparece entre compromiso racional y rasgos de comportamientos de ciudadanía organizacional. Desde el punto de vista de la práctica de gestión de recursos humanos, estas relaciones indican la conveniencia de promover una cultura organizacional basada en los principios de la ciudadanía organizativa para alcanzar altos niveles de compromiso emocional de los profesionales y mejorar la eficiencia organizativa. La segunda de las conclusiones se refiere al efecto de las políticas de conciliación en las organizaciones. Sobre este asunto se concluye que en el caso de estudio no puede considerarse que las medidas de conciliación tengan una fuerte relación con el compromiso emocional, y menos que puedan considerarse directamente una herramienta de generación de compromiso emocional. Sin embargo, sí que se detecta una cierta relación entre las percepciones de conciliación y de compromiso con la organización, y sobre todo, con el compromiso racional con la organización, que puede tener que ver con que para los empleados de la organización analizada, las medidas de conciliación son consideradas como una parte más de las condiciones laborales que ofrece la organización a los trabajadores. La tercera conclusión se refiere a la relación entre el género de los trabajadores y su nivel de compromiso y de ciudadanía organizativa. En el caso de estudio no se identifica una relación entre el género y el nivel de compromiso de los profesionales ni tampoco con la percepción de ciudadanía organizativa, variando la situación del período 2006 al período 2009. La cuarta conclusión se refiere al impacto que la actuación de los líderes (jefes) tiene en el clima social. En el caso de estudio, la actuación de los directivos y el nivel de compromiso que genera en los profesionales explica por sí sola más de un tercio de la varianza del clima organizativo, entendido como tal el que refleja el conjunto global de preguntas que constituyen la encuesta de clima del caso de estudio. Del análisis realizado se concluye que en el caso de estudio la percepción que los empleados tienen de sus jefes tiene un efecto relevante sobre el resto de percepciones de compromiso, ciudadanía organizativa y otros factores que conforman el clima social de la organización. La quinta y última conclusión supone la aportación de un modelo novedoso de cálculo de la recompensa económica coherente con un modelo de gestión empresarial mediante una cultura de ciudadanía organizativa. La solución que obtiene este modelo es el incremento salarial individual de cada profesional, que tiene en cuenta su rendimiento, posicionamiento salarial y encuadramiento profesional. Además de las restricciones presupuestarias, se consideran los principios de transparencia, equidad y justicia coherentes con el modelo conceptual planteado. La principal contribución de este trabajo es la formulación matemática de los criterios cualitativos que se emplean habitualmente en el proceso de revisión salarial. El método planteado supone una innovación que permite automatizar la metodología tradicional de gestión de incrementos salariales basados en matrices de incremento, así como evitar la aplicación de limitaciones en las valoraciones de desempeño derivadas de las restricciones presupuestarias que toda organización tiene. De esta manera se puede disponer de un mecanismo de revisión salarial que tiene en cuenta el desempeño de los profesionales, pero que permite la gestión “desacoplada” de la evaluación de rendimiento y la actualización de la retribución fija. ABSTRACT The aim of the research pursued in this thesis is to identify some human resources management levers in organizations to improve their performance through individual’s commitment management, focusing in organizations immersed in the so-called knowledge society. In order to find out these levers, the author analysed some of the psychosocial factors that promote engagement to the organizations and, according to the scientific literature, have effects in their productivity. These factors analysed are organisational commitment and citizenship behaviours. Additionally, the investigation also focuses on work-life balance policies and gender considerations, because of their relevance and topicality for the human resources’ policies. In the light of this, the investigation focuses on some of the psychosocial factors that promote organisational commitment, and delves into two concepts: the analysis of the commitment of professionals to the organization for which they work, and the organizational citizenship behaviours exhibited in the organization by its members. For this, a theoretical framework is performed for the following items: the professional’s commitment which is the pillar of this work; the organisational citizenship as a cultural model to promote that commitment; the role of the leaders; the effects of the work-life balance policies; the different perceptions of the professionals because of their gender; and an efficient salary review system, which is coherent with the conceptual framework set. The methodology selected for this work was the analysis in depth of the case of a Spanish company, Red Eléctrica de España, through three basic subjects: the first consists of a thorough analysis of the data obtained in the two work climate surveys made by this company in 2006 and 2009; the second focuses on the development of a mathematical model for calculating efficient salary reviews through an optimization model; and the third is the result of the author’s deep understanding of the company, its culture and its performance because of his professional experience as a manager in the area of human resource development, which was his role in the organization for nine years. The author investigated in the analysis of this case about the influence of gender on the employees’ organizational commitment and citizenship behaviours, in order to find out perception differences that can be explained by the highly masculine organisational culture such Red Eléctrica de España had during the studied period. Additionally, because of the importance of the work-life balance promotion in the Spanish labour scene, the case study analysis includes their effect in the employees’ commitment. This analysis allows to know motivating are these measures in the studied organization and, as a result, the most appropriate type of management thereof for social purposes, not only intended to ensure that employees can balance their work and personal demands, but also improving the work climate, the productivity and the organisational commitment. The investigation identifies the factors which best explain the work climate of the organization and concludes the central role of the leadership, embodied in the performance of every manager, to boost the work climate in their teams. Since this thesis pivots on the important role the generation of a culture of organizational citizenship has, the investigation has been complemented with the development of a analytic tool that facilitates the calculation of the salary review increments according to the principles of transparency, equity and justice in line with a work culture that promotes organisational citizenship behaviours. For this, this works develops a new method for calculating fixed salary increases through an innovative and compact mixed integer linear programming model. This model enables organizations to design compensation policies easily and quickly, and facilitates the transparency of the compensation management system. The method for determining variable remuneration has not been addressed because it is relatively less complex issue and widely discussed. The first conclusion of the conducted investigation concerns aspects of organizational culture that could be identified as commitment drivers. In the case study exists a strong and mutual relationship between the characteristics defining the emotional commitment and the organisational citizenship behaviours. The investigation has found out a meaningful and high correlation between indicators of commitment and the factors collecting organizational citizenship behaviour. This correlation with organisational citizenship is remarkable for both, rational and emotional, commitment. The correlation between organizational citizenship behaviours and emotional commitment and is greater than the one with rational commitment. From the practitioner point of view, these relationships show the importance of promoting an organizational culture based on the principles of organizational citizenship to achieve high levels of emotional engagement of professionals and improve organizational efficiency. The second conclusion relates to the effect of work-life balance policies in organizations. On this matter, the investigation concludes that for the case study, work-life balance measures do not have a strong relationship with the emotional commitment, and unless they can be usually considered as a tool to improve employees’ emotional commitment. However, a certain relationship between perceptions of work-life facilities and organisational commitment exists, especially with the rational commitment to the organization. This relationship appears because for employees of the analysed organization, work-life balance measures could be considered as a part of working conditions offered to them by the organization. The third conclusion concerns the relationship between the gender of workers and their level of commitment and organizational citizenship. In this case study, there is not any relationship between gender and the professional’s commitment level nor the perception of organizational citizenship; and the situation varies during the period studied. The fourth conclusion refers to the impact that the actions of the leaders have on the work climate. In the case study, the performance of management and the level of commitment generated, explains more than a third of the variance of work climate - understood as such reflecting the overall set of questions that constitute the work climate survey -. The analysis concludes that in the case study perception that employees have of their leaders has a significant effect on the rest of perceptions of commitment, organizational citizenship and other factors making the work climate of the organization. The fifth and last conclusion represents the contribution of a new model for calculating the salary increment, coherent with a corporate citizenship management culture. The solution obtained from this model consists of salary increases for each employee; these increases consider the employee’s professional performance, salary level relative to peers within the organization, and professional group. In addition to budget constraints, we modelled other elements typical of compensation systems, such as equity and justice. The major contribution of this work is the mathematical formulation of the criteria that are typically the basis for salary management. The compact formulation and the ease of obtaining the optimal solution facilitate its use in large companies that maintain very high levels of homogeneity across employees. Designing different strategies for specific groups within a company is also possible. A major benefit of this method is that it allows a company to independently manage its salary and assessment policies. Because obtaining salary-revision matrices without using the mathematical model we present in this paper is typically done iteratively by tuning previously defined matrices, managers commonly tune values for assessing employee performance to ensure that salary increases and performance assessments are consistent; however, this distorts the evaluation process and decreases employee motivation. In this MILP model, employee performance is only one parameter of several input parameters used in designing a salary policy that is independent of the results of performance-assessment values.