Passing or stopping by: meeting points on the fly

In traditional nomadic societies, social life was created around mobile points rekindled in different places each time. After the settled urbanization period, where social life centred on fixed attractions, we are opening a new era, where thanks to technology, we are able to create meeting points on the fly. Contemporary public space for passer-by users will be again based on traces instead of lines, reflecting current reality far more accurately.

Los tratados y el jardín renacentista en Italia. Principios, metodologías y técnicas

La tesis destaca la influencia que ejerció la teoría, las técnicas y la metodología de proyecto de los principales tratados de la época renacentista en la concepción, diseño y realización de algunos de los más importantes jardines de la época. Los tratados de Vitruvio, Alberti, Filarete, Di Giorgio, Serlio, Palladio, Colonna y Del Riccio establecen una nueva estética y una nueva visión del mundo, basadas en la geometría elemental y en los números simples. En la Grecia antigua, Platón y Pitágoras intuyeron la necesidad existencial del hombre de apoyarse en unas leyes seguras de orden superior. Sus teorías sobre las leyes del Universo son retomadas y aplicadas en el arte y en el jardín por Vitruvio y por los tratadistas del Renacimiento. Según los tratadistas, la estética es el núcleo generador del que se activan la información y las leyes hacia todos los campos del conocimiento y de la vida social y, por lo tanto, la finalidad de los tratados es buscar, a través de un procedimiento científico y racional, las reglas de la belleza. Las leyes estéticas formuladas por los tratadistas examinados se aplican con el mismo rigor y respeto ya sea al paisaje que al jardín, exaltando el elemento natural al igual que el construido (la ciudad y la arquitectura). De los tratados renacentistas se han extraídos términos y conceptos que ayudan a revalorizar, reinterpretar e integrar en el debate los temas del paisaje y del jardín. La tesis sostiene que: 1) una idea moderna de jardín se tiene que fundar en la historia; 2) que la historia es indispensable incluso para enfrentar el problema del mantenimiento y de la restauración de los jardines históricos; 3) que la teoría y las ideas que tienen valor, así como nos enseña Alberti, producen obras que también tienen valor; 4) la influencia de la estética de los tratadistas se encuentra incluso en algunos importantes jardines de época moderna y contemporánea. El capítulo 1 contiene la definición de tratado y la concepción estética del Renacimiento, analizada por medio de: a) la idea de ciencia y b) a través de las pinturas. Los capítulos 2 y 3 contienen respectivamente los principios teóricos de los tratados y el diseño, la metodología, las técnicas constructivas y los métodos de representación del proyecto según los tratadistas. Estos capítulos resultan propedéuticos de los capítulos siguientes por proporcionar el instrumento de lectura e interpretación de los jardines renacentistas y modernos. El capítulo 4 destaca la gran influencia de los tratados sobre las villas y jardines renacentistas y describe sus elementos. El último capítulo, el quinto, contiene un análisis de algunos jardines modernos. Entre ellos: Chiswick, la Villa “I Tatti”, Sutton Place, y la Villa “Il Roseto” que renuevan y prosiguen, en nuestra opinión, la lección de los tratadistas. El primer anexo contiene la propuesta de líneas de investigación que surgen a la luz de la tesis, y el segundo anexo contiene las noticias biográficas de los tratadistas examinados. ABSTRACT The thesis investigates the influence exercised by the theory, techniques and project methodology contained in the most relevant essays on art and architecture of the Renaissance on the concept, design and making of some of the most important gardens of that time. The essays of Vitruvius, Alberti, Filarete, Di Giorgio, Serlio, Palladio, Colonna y Del Riccio established a new concept of aesthetics and a vision of the world based on basic geometry and simple numbers. In ancient Greece, Plato and Pythagoras understood that humans needed “superior laws” to anchor their existences. Their theories on laws of the Universe were adopted and applied in art and gardening by Vitruvius and Renaissance essays authors. According to the authors of these essays, aesthetics represents the core generating information and laws that branch out toward all the fields of knowledge and social life. Therefore, the purpose of art and architecture essays consists in exploring, through a scientific and rational process, the rules of beauty. The laws of aesthetics proposed by the authors apply to landscaping and gardening with the same rigor and exalt the natural component as much as the artificial one (city and architecture). Several terms and concepts are also extracted that, despite their age, still help us to understand and enrich the contemporary debate revolving around landscaping and gardening. The thesis argues that: 1) the modern idea of gardening must be based on history; 2) history is fundamental even to address the topics of maintenance and restoration of historical gardens; 3) like Leon Battista Alberti maintains, valid theory and ideas produce valuable works; 4) the influence played by aesthetics on authors can be found in many important modern and contemporary gardens. Chapter 1 contains the definition of essay and of the Renaissance concept of aesthetics, analyzed by: a) the idea of science and 2) the analysis of some paintings of the period. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss respectively the theoretical principles of the essays and the design, methodology, construction techniques and the methods of representation of the project according to the authors. These chapters are preparatory toward the following chapters and provide us with the keys necessary to read and interpret Renaissance and modern gardens. Chapter 4 highlights the great influence exercised by those authors on the planning of important villas and gardens from the Renaissance while describing their elements. The 5th and final chapter analyzes some modern gardens among which Chiswick, Villa “I Tatti”, Sutton Place, Villa “Il Roseto”. These villas renew and in our opinion carry on the lesson of the essays written in the Renaissance. The first addendum suggests future lines of research derived from the thesis, while the second addendum contains biographical information regarding the authors examined.

Promotion of intangible heritage as a tool to strengthen revitalisation of historic centres: the case of de Monumenta Programme in the City of Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul State) Brazil

The preservation of tangible cultural heritage does not guarantee effective revitalisation of urban historic areas as a whole. The legacy of our history consists not only of paintings, sculptures, architectural monuments and public spaces, but also the safeguarding of immaterial aspects of social life, such as oral traditions, rituals, practices, knowledge and craft skills. From 1999 to 2013, 26 Brazilian cities benefited from the Monumenta Programme - a national cultural policy that involved institutions, the private sector and the local community. The purpose of the programme was to stimulate economic growth and increase cultural and social development of the historic centres. Moreover, it sought to increase the number of residents in the benefited areas as defined in its agenda (IDB, 1999; MinC & Programa Monumenta, 2006). Using the Historic Centre of Porto Alegre as a case study, this paper examines how this cultural programme enables demographic change through the promotion of intangible cultural heritage, e.g. by supporting educational projects. The demographic flow was analysed using the microdata of the Populations Censuses (years 2000 and 2010) available from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The results showed an increase in low-income residents the areas that participated in the programme. This increase may have been motivated by a set of cultural-educational projects under the auspices of the Monumenta Programme. The retraining of artisans of Alfândega Square, the training of low-income youth for restoration work and the implementation of the "Black Route Museum in Porto Alegre" (Bicca, 2010) are just some examples of what was done to improve the local community's economy, to encourage social cohesion and to enhance the awareness of cultural diversity as a positive and essential value in society.