Sistema de enfoque basado en dos espejos elípticos y un espejo plano rotatorio para un radar a 300 GHz

A focusing system for a 300 GHz radar with two target distances (5m and 10m) is proposed, having 1cm resolution in both cases. The focusing system is based on a gaussian telescope scheme and it has been designed using gaussian beam quasi-optical propagation theory with a homemade Matlab analysis tool. It has been translated into a real focusing system based on two elliptical mirrors and a plane mirror in order to have scanning capabilities and validated using the commercial antenna software GRASP

Amplificador de potencia clase F a 1.64 ghz con control de armónicos

This paper presents a high-power high efficiency PA design method using load pull technique. Harmonic impedance control at the virtual drain is accomplished through the use of tunable pre-matching circuits and modeling of package parasitics. A 0.5 µm GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is characterized using the method, and loadpull measurements are simulated illustrating the impact of varying 2nd and 3rd harmonic termination. These harmonic terminations are added to satisfy conditions for class-F load pull. The method is verified by design and simulation of a 40-W class-F PA prototype at 1.64 GHz with 76% drain efficiency and 10 dB gain (70% PAE).

Estudio sobre propagación atmosférica en la banda de los THz: influencia de gases y nubes en 100 y 300 GHz.

La presente Tesis Doctoral fue desarrollada en el marco del proyecto Consolider-Ingenio 2010 CSD2008-00068 (TeraSense), financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España. Dentro este contexto, el grupo GTIC-Radiocomunicaciones de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), ha llevado a cabo una serie de estudios, los cuales se centran específicamente en propagación atmosférica bajo condiciones de ausencia de lluvia en 100 y 300 GHz. Durante la primera etapa de esta investigación se ha llevado a cabo la caracterización y estimación de la atenuación total atmosférica y temperatura de brillo en ambas frecuencias, usando para ello perfiles atmosféricos. Con este propósito, se han obtenido datos de sondeos realizados en la estación de Madrid/Barajas, correspondientes a un periodo de 5 años. A partir de esta base de datos, así como de modelos de estimación, y asumiendo la validez de la aproximación de Rayleigh hasta 300 GHz, se han calculado las distribuciones acumuladas anuales de gases, nubes, y atenuación total, además de los correspondientes niveles de temperatura de brillo. Los principales resultados muestran que, a medida que aumenta la frecuencia, el vapor de agua tiene una fuerte influencia negativa, la cual es claramente dominante en 300 GHz. Así mismo, los estadísticos anuales de temperatura de brillo en 100 GHz han mostrado que la estimación de la atenuación total, a partir de medidas radiométricas, podría realizarse durante la mayor parte del tiempo, salvo en condiciones de lluvia. En 300 GHz, esta estimación sería difícil de realizar a partir de esta técnica, siendo posible únicamente durante periodos caracterizados por bajas concentraciones de vapor de agua en la atmósfera y ausencia de precipitaciones. Se ha introducido en esta investigación un método para identificar la presencia de condiciones de lluvia durante la realización de un sondeo, con el objetivo de descartar estos eventos de los estadísticos anuales de atenuación en ambas frecuencias. Este tipo de escenarios son generalmente evitados durante la realización de medidas radiométricas o cálculos basados en datos de sondeos. El procedimiento de detección se basa en el análisis de un conjunto de parámetros, algunos de ellos extraídos de observaciones sinópticas de superficie, además de la definición de un umbral de contenido integrado de agua líquida, ILWC. El funcionamiento del método ha sido evaluado bajo diferentes condiciones climatológicas, correspondientes a tres estaciones diferentes en España, donde se verificó también la existencia de datos pluviométricos. El uso del método ha demostrado que, en ausencia de registros de intensidad de lluvia, puede ser una herramienta útil de detección, cuyo comportamiento es conservador, debido a que el número de eventos que descarta es siempre mayor que el observado por un pluviómetro. Los resultados que se obtienen son buenos cuando se comparan las distribuciones acumuladas anuales de atenuación total obtenidas excluyendo los eventos detectados por el método y por los registros pluviométricos. En colaboración con el Grupo de Microondas y Radar de la UPM, se ha realizado una campaña de medidas radiométricas en 99 GHz, entre el 11 y el 24 de abril de 2012, con el fin de estimar la atenuación total a lo largo de un trayecto inclinado. Las series temporales obtenidas son consistentes con lo que se esperaba de este tipo de medidas: un nivel de referencia de baja atenuación en ausencia de nubes o lluvia, y aparentemente una buena compensación de las variaciones en la ganancia del receptor gracias a un procedimiento manual de calibraciones con carga caliente. Así mismo, se han observado claramente los efectos de la presencia de nubes sobre los resultados, hecho que confirma la mayor sensibilidad de las medidas en esta frecuencia a la presencia de agua líquida, en comparación con medidas simultáneas realizadas por un radiómetro en 19.7 GHz. Finalmente, se han observado un buen nivel de correspondencia entre los valores de atenuación estimados por el radiómetro en 99 GHz y aquellos estimados mediante sondeos meteorológicos, lo cual constituye una conclusión valiosa de cara a futuras campañas de medidas de mayor duración.

Measurement of Distributed Antenna Systems at 2.4 GHz in a Realistic Subway Tunnel Environment.

Accurate characterization of the radio channel in tunnels is of great importance for new signaling and train control communications systems. To model this environment, measurements have been taken at 2.4 GHz in a real environment in Madrid subway. The measurements were carried out with four base station transmitters installed in a 2-km tunnel and using a mobile receiver installed on a standard train. First, with an optimum antenna configuration, all the propagation characteristics of a complex subway environment, including near shadowing, path loss,shadow fading, fast fading, level crossing rate (LCR), and average fade duration (AFD), have been measured and computed. Thereafter, comparisons of propagation characteristics in a double-track tunnel (9.8-m width) and a single-track tunnel (4.8-m width) have been made. Finally, all the measurement results have been shown in a complete table for accurate statistical modeling.

Atmospheric Propagation at 100 and 300 GHz: Assessment of a Method to Identify Rainy Conditions during Radiosoundings

The influence of atmospheric gases and tropospheric phenomena becomes more relevant at frequencies within the THz band (100 GHz to 10 THz), severely affecting the propagation conditions. The use of radiosoundings in propagation studies is a well established measurement technique in order to collect information about the vertical structure of the atmosphere, from which gaseous and cloud attenuation can be estimated with the use of propagation models. However, some of these prediction models are not suitable to be used under rainy conditions. In the present study, a method to identify the presence of rainy conditions during radiosoundings is introduced, with the aim of filtering out these events from yearly statistics of predicted atmospheric attenuation. The detection procedure is based on the analysis of a set of parameters, some of them extracted from synoptical observations of weather (SYNOP reports) and other derived from radiosonde observations (RAOBs). The performance of the method has been evaluated under different climatic conditions, corresponding to three locations in Spain, where colocated rain gauge data were available. Rain events detected by the method have been compared with those precipitations identified by the rain gauge. The pertinence Received 26 June 2012, Accepted 31 July 2012, Scheduled 15 August 2012 * Corresponding author: Gustavo Adolfo Siles Soria (gsiles@grc.ssr.upm.es). 258 Siles et al. of the method is discussed on the basis of an analysis of cumulative distributions of total attenuation at 100 and 300 GHz. This study demonstrates that the proposed method can be useful to identify events probably associated to rainy conditions. Hence, it can be considered as a suitable algorithm in order to filter out this kind of events from annual attenuation statistics.

High precision pressure sensors based on SAW devices in the GHz range

In this paper, an AlN/free-standing nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) system is proposed in order to process high frequency surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators for sensing applications. The main problem of synthetic diamond is its high surface roughness that worsens the sputtered AlN quality and hence the device response. In order to study the feasibility of this structure, AlN films from 150 nm up to 1200 nm thick have been deposited on free-standing NCD. We have then analysed the influence of the AlN layer thickness on its crystal quality and device response. Optimized thin films of 300 nm have been used to fabricate of one-port SAW resonators operating in the 10–14 GHz frequency range. A SAW based sensor pressure with a sensibility of 0.33 MHz/bar has been fabricated.

Tropospheric scintillation with concurrent rain attenuation at 50 GHz in Madrid

Tropospheric scintillation can become a significant impairment in satellite communication systems, especially in those with low fade-margin. Moreover, fast amplitude fluctuations due to scintillation are even larger when rain is present on the propagation path. Few studies of scintillation during rain have been reported and the statistical characterization is still not totally clear. This paper presents experimental results on the relationship between scintillation and rain attenuation obtained from slant-path attenuation measurements at 50 GHz. The study is focused on the probability density function (PDF) of various scintillation parameters. It is shown that scintillation intensity, measured as the standard deviation of the amplitude fluctuations, increases with rain attenuation; in the range 1-10 dB this relationship can be expressed by power-law or linear equations. The PDFs of scintillation intensity conditioned to a given rain attenuation level are lognormal, while the overall long-term PDF is well fltted by a generalized extreme valué (GEV) distribution. The short-term PDFs of amplitude conditioned to a given intensity are normal, although skewness effects are observed for the strongest intensities. A procedure is given to derive numerically the overall PDF of scintillation amplitude using a combination of conditional PDFs and local statistics of rain attenuation.

Atmospheric attenuation at 100 and 300 GHz estimated with radiosonde data

The study of atmospheric propagation impairments at submillimeter and THz frequencies is becoming increasingly relevant due to the strong effects caused by the composition of the troposphere and the phenomena occurring in it. The present paper is devoted to the estimation of total attenuation at 100 GHz and 300 GHz under non-rainy scenarios. With this purpose, 4 years of meteorological data from Madrid have been collected, including radiosoundings from Madrid-Barajas Airport and co-site SYNOP observations. This volume of data has been analyzed with the aim of also introducing a detection method of rain conditions, which cannot be easily identified in radiosounding profiles. Finally, the method has been used to discard several probable events which would be responsible of scattering conditions and, hence, yearly CDFs of total attenuation have been obtained. It is expected that the statistics would be closest to the ones obtained by experimental techniques under similar atmospheric conditions.

New analysis and estimations of atmospheric attenuation at 100 GHz using meteorological data in Madrid

Atmospheric propagation at frequencies within the THz domain are deeply affected by the influence of the composition and phenomena of the troposphere. This paper is focused on the estimation of first order statistics of total attenuation under non-rainy conditions at 100 GHz. With this purpose, a yearly meteorological database from Madrid, including radiosoundings, SYNOP observations and co-site rain gauge, have been used in order to calculate attenuation due to atmospheric gases and clouds, as well as to introduce and evaluate a rain detection method. This method allows to filter out rain events and refine the statistics of total attenuation under the scenarios under study. It is expected that the behavior of the statistics would be closest to the ones obtained by experimental techniques under similar conditions.

Estimation of atmospheric attenuation at 99 GHz using a total power radiometer

A total power radiometer operating at 99 GHz was implemented for a propagation experiment aimed to estimate attenuation along a slant path, in Madrid. Valuable data was collected during a measurement campaign in mid-april of 2012. The retrieved time series of radiometric attenuation allow the use of this technique at this frequency to be validated, under clear sky and cloudy conditions, using a low cost instrument calibrated with simple procedures. In spite of some hardware limitations, this experiment shows an interesting application of radiometric technique in order to study atmospheric propagation at 99 GHz.

Low-cost CW-LFM radar sensor at 100 GHz

This paper presents a W-band high-resolution radar sensor for short-range applications. Low-cost technologies have been properly selected in order to implement a versatile and easily scalable radar system. A large operational bandwidth of 9 GHz, required for obtaining high-range resolution, is attained by means of a frequency multiplication-based architecture. The system characterization to identify the performance-limiting stages and the subsequent design optimization are presented. The assessment of system performance for several representative applications has been carried out.

Bifocal reflector antenna system for radar imaging at 300 GHz

A 300 GHz radar imaging system is presented, including descriptions of the radar sensor and antenna subsystems. The antenna consists of a Bifocal Ellipsoidal Gregorian Reflector whose beam is scanned by a combination of the rotation and vertical tilting of a flat small secondary mirror. A prototype is being mounted and its characterization will be presented.

Análisis y diseño de un patrón de ruido térmico de 10 MHz a 26,5 GHz en tecnología coaxial

Esta Tesis Doctoral presenta las investigaciones y los trabajos desarrollados durante los años 2008 a 2012 para el análisis y diseño de un patrón primario de ruido térmico de banda ancha en tecnología coaxial. Para ubicar esta Tesis en su campo científico es necesario tomar conciencia de que la realización de mediciones fiables y trazables forma parte del sostenimiento del bienestar de una sociedad moderna y juega un papel crítico en apoyo de la competitividad económica, la fabricación y el comercio, así como de la calidad de vida. En el mundo moderno actual, una infraestructura de medición bien desarrollada genera confianza en muchas facetas de nuestra vida diaria, porque nos permite el desarrollo y fabricación de productos fiables, innovadores y de alta calidad; porque sustenta la competitividad de las industrias y su producción sostenible; además de contribuir a la eliminación de barreras técnicas y de dar soporte a un comercio justo, garantizar la seguridad y eficacia de la asistencia sanitaria, y por supuesto, dar respuesta a los grandes retos de la sociedad moderna en temas tan complicados como la energía y el medio ambiente. Con todo esto en mente se ha desarrollado un patrón primario de ruido térmico con el fin de aportar al sistema metrológico español un nuevo patrón primario de referencia capaz de ser usado para desarrollar mediciones fiables y trazables en el campo de la medida y calibración de dispositivos de ruido electromagnético de radiofrecuencia y microondas. Este patrón se ha planteado para que cumpla en el rango de 10 MHz a 26,5 GHz con las siguientes especificaciones: Salida nominal de temperatura de ruido aproximada de ~ 83 K. Incertidumbre de temperatura de ruido menor que ± 1 K en todo su rango de frecuencias. Coeficiente de reflexión en todo su ancho de banda de 0,01 a 26,5 GHz lo más bajo posible. Se ha divido esta Tesis Doctoral en tres partes claramente diferenciadas. La primera de ellas, que comprende los capítulos 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5, presenta todo el proceso de simulaciones y ajustes de los parámetros principales del dispositivo con el fin de dejar definidos los que resultan críticos en su construcción. A continuación viene una segunda parte compuesta por el capítulo 6 en donde se desarrollan los cálculos necesarios para obtener la temperatura de ruido a la salida del dispositivo. La tercera y última parte, capítulo 7, se dedica a la estimación de la incertidumbre de la temperatura de ruido del nuevo patrón primario de ruido obtenida en el capítulo anterior. Más concretamente tenemos que en el capítulo 1 se hace una exhaustiva introducción del entorno científico en donde se desarrolla este trabajo de investigación. Además se detallan los objetivos que se persiguen y se presenta la metodología utilizada para conseguirlos. El capítulo 2 describe la caracterización y selección del material dieléctrico para el anillo del interior de la línea de transmisión del patrón que ponga en contacto térmico los dos conductores del coaxial para igualar las temperaturas entre ambos y mantener la impedancia característica de todo el patrón primario de ruido. Además se estudian las propiedades dieléctricas del nitrógeno líquido para evaluar su influencia en la impedancia final de la línea de transmisión. En el capítulo 3 se analiza el comportamiento de dos cargas y una línea de aire comerciales trabajando en condiciones criogénicas. Se pretende con este estudio obtener la variación que se produce en el coeficiente de reflexión al pasar de temperatura ambiente a criogénica y comprobar si estos dispositivos resultan dañados por trabajar a temperaturas criogénicas; además se estudia si se modifica su comportamiento tras sucesivos ciclos de enfriamiento – calentamiento, obteniendo una cota de la variación para poder así seleccionar la carga que proporcione un menor coeficiente de reflexión y una menor variabilidad. En el capítulo 4 se parte del análisis de la estructura del anillo de material dieléctrico utilizada en la nota técnica NBS 1074 del NIST con el fin de obtener sus parámetros de dispersión que nos servirán para calcular el efecto que produce sobre el coeficiente de reflexión de la estructura coaxial completa. Además se realiza un estudio posterior con el fin de mejorar el diseño de la nota técnica NBS 1074 del NIST, donde se analiza el anillo de material dieléctrico, para posteriormente realizar modificaciones en la geometría de la zona donde se encuentra éste con el fin de reducir la reflexión que produce. Concretamente se estudia el ajuste del radio del conductor interior en la zona del anillo para que presente la misma impedancia característica que la línea. Y para finalizar se obtiene analíticamente la relación entre el radio del conductor interior y el radio de la transición de anillo térmico para garantizar en todo punto de esa transición la misma impedancia característica, manteniendo además criterios de robustez del dispositivo y de fabricación realistas. En el capítulo 5 se analiza el comportamiento térmico del patrón de ruido y su influencia en la conductividad de los materiales metálicos. Se plantean las posibilidades de que el nitrógeno líquido sea exterior a la línea o que éste penetre en su interior. En ambos casos, dada la simetría rotacional del problema, se ha simulado térmicamente una sección de la línea coaxial, es decir, se ha resuelto un problema bidimensional, aunque los resultados son aplicables a la estructura real tridimensional. Para la simulación térmica se ha empleado la herramienta PDE Toolbox de Matlab®. En el capítulo 6 se calcula la temperatura de ruido a la salida del dispositivo. Se parte del estudio de la aportación a la temperatura de ruido final de cada sección que compone el patrón. Además se estudia la influencia de las variaciones de determinados parámetros de los elementos que conforman el patrón de ruido sobre las características fundamentales de éste, esto es, el coeficiente de reflexión a lo largo de todo el dispositivo. Una vez descrito el patrón de ruido electromagnético se procede, en el capítulo 7, a describir los pasos seguidos para estimar la incertidumbre de la temperatura de ruido electromagnético a su salida. Para ello se utilizan dos métodos, el clásico de la guía para la estimación de la incertidumbre [GUM95] y el método de simulación de Monte Carlo. En el capítulo 8 se describen las conclusiones y lo logros conseguidos. Durante el desarrollo de esta Tesis Doctoral se ha obtenido un dispositivo novedoso susceptible de ser patentado, que ha sido registrado en la Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas (O.E.P.M.) en Madrid, de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 20 de la Ley 11/1986, de 20 de Marzo, de Patentes, con el título Patrón Primario de Ruido Térmico de Banda Ancha (Referencia P-101061) con fecha 7 de febrero de 2011. ABSTRACT This Ph. D. work describes a number of investigations that were performed along the years 2008 to 2011, as a preparation for the study and design of a coaxial cryogenic reference noise standard. Reliable and traceable measurement underpins the welfare of a modern society and plays a critical role in supporting economic competitiveness, manufacturing and trade as well as quality of life. In our modern world, a well developed measurement infrastructure gives confidence in many aspects of our daily life, for example by enabling the development and manufacturing of reliable, high quality and innovative products; by supporting industry to be competitive and sustainable in its production; by removing technical barriers to trade and supporting fair trade; by ensuring safety and effectiveness of healthcare; by giving response to the major challenges in key sectors such energy and environment, etc. With all this in mind we have developed a primary standard thermal noise with the aim of providing the Spanish metrology system with a new primary standard for noise reference. This standard will allow development of reliable and traceable measurements in the field of calibration and measurement of electromagnetic noise RF and microwave devices. This standard has been designed to work in the frequency range from 10 MHz to 26.5 GHz, meeting the following specifications: 1. Noise temperature output is to be nominally ~ 83 K. 2. Noise temperature uncertainty less than ± 1 K in the frequency range from 0.01 to 26.5 GHz. 3. Broadband performance requires as low a reflection coefficient as possible from 0.01 to 26.5 GHz. The present Ph. D. work is divided into three clearly differentiated parts. The first one, which comprises Chapters 1 to 5, presents the whole process of simulation and adjustment of the main parameters of the device in order to define those of them which are critical for the manufacturing of the device. Next, the second part consists of Chapter 6 where the necessary computations to obtain the output noise temperature of the device are carried out. The third and last part, Chapter 7, is devoted to the estimation of the uncertainty related to the noise temperature of the noise primary standard as obtained in the preceding chapter. More specifically, Chapter 1 provides a thorough introduction to the scientific and technological environment where this research takes place. It also details the objectives to be achieved and presents the methodology used to achieve them. Chapter 2 describes the characterization and selection of the bead dielectric material inside the transmission line, intended to connect the two coaxial conductors equalizing the temperature between the two of them and thus keeping the characteristic impedance constant for the whole standard. In addition the dielectric properties of liquid nitrogen are analyzed in order to assess their influence on the impedance of the transmission line. Chapter 3 analyzes the behavior of two different loads and of a commercial airline when subjected to cryogenic working conditions. This study is intended to obtain the variation in the reflection coefficient when the temperature changes from room to cryogenic temperature, and to check whether these devices can be damaged as a result of working at cryogenic temperatures. Also we try to see whether the load changes its behavior after successive cycles of cooling / heating, in order to obtain a bound for the allowed variation of the reflection coefficient of the load. Chapter 4 analyzes the ring structure of the dielectric material used in the NBS technical note 1074 of NIST, in order to obtain its scattering parameters that will be used for computation of its effect upon the reflection coefficient of the whole coaxial structure. Subsequently, we perform a further investigation with the aim of improving the design of NBS technical note 1074 of NIST, and modifications are introduced in the geometry of the transition area in order to reduce the reflection it produces. We first analyze the ring, specifically the influence of the radius of inner conductor of the bead, and then make changes in its geometry so that it presents the same characteristic impedance as that of the line. Finally we analytically obtain the relationship between the inner conductor radius and the radius of the transition from ring, in order to ensure the heat flow through the transition thus keeping the same reflection coefficient, and at the same time meeting the robustness requirements and the feasibility of manufacturing. Chapter 5 analyzes the thermal behavior of the noise standard and its influence on the conductivity of metallic materials. Both possibilities are raised that the liquid nitrogen is kept outside the line or that it penetrates inside. In both cases, given the rotational symmetry of the structure, we have simulated a section of coaxial line, i.e. the equivalent two-dimensional problem has been resolved, although the results are applicable to the actual three-dimensional structure. For thermal simulation Matlab™ PDE Toolbox has been used. In Chapter 6 we compute the output noise temperature of the device. The starting point is the analysis of the contribution to the overall noise temperature of each section making up the standard. Moreover the influence of the variations in the parameters of all elements of the standard is analyzed, specifically the variation of the reflection coefficient along the entire device. Once the electromagnetic noise standard has been described and analyzed, in Chapter 7 we describe the steps followed to estimate the uncertainty of the output electromagnetic noise temperature. This is done using two methods, the classic analytical approach following the Guide to the Estimation of Uncertainty [GUM95] and numerical simulations made with the Monte Carlo method. Chapter 8 discusses the conclusions and achievements. During the development of this thesis, a novel device was obtained which was potentially patentable, and which was finally registered through the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office (SPTO) in Madrid, in accordance with the provisions of Article 20 of Law 11/1986 about Patents, dated March 20th, 1986. It was registered under the denomination Broadband Thermal Noise Primary Standard (Reference P-101061) dated February 7th, 2011.

Five-year results of a slant-path propagation experiment at 20 GHz in Madrid

Satellite operators are starting to use the Ka-band (30/20 GHz) for communications systems requiring higher traffic capacity. The use of this band is expected to experience a significant growth in the next few years, as several operators have reported plans to launch new satellites with Ka-band capacity. It is worth mentioning the Ka-Sat satellite in Europe, launched in 2010, and ViaSat-1, of 2011, with coverage of USA1. Some other examples can be found in other parts of the World. Recent satellite communications standards, such as DVB-S22 or DVB-RCS3, which provide means to mitigate propagation impairments, have been developed with the objective of improving the use of the Ka-band, in comparison with previous technical standards. In the next years, the ALPHASAT satellite will bring about new opportunities4 for carrying out propagation and telecommunication experiments in the Ka- and Q/V-bands. Commercial uses are focused on the provision of high speed data communications, for Internet access and other applications. In the near future, it is expected that higher and higher data rates will also be needed to broadcast richer multimedia contents, including HD-TV, interactive content or 3D-TV. All of these services may be provided in the future by satellites of the current generation, whose life span can extend up to 2025 in some cases. Depending on local regulations, the available bandwidth for the satellite fixed and broadcasting services in the Ka-band is in excess of several hundred MHz, bidirectional, comprising more than 1 GHz for each sub-band in some cases. In this paper, the results of a propagation experiment that is being carried out at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Spain, are presented5. The objective of the experiment is twofold: gathering experimental time series of attenuation and analyzing them in order to characterize the propagation channel at these frequencies6. The experiment and statistical results correspond to five complete years of measurements. The experiment is described in more detail in Section II. Yearly characteristics of rain attenuation are presented in Section III, whereas Section IV is dedicated to the monthly, seasonal, and hourly characteristics. Section V covers the dynamic characteristics of this propagation effect, just before the conclusions are described in Section VI.

Receptores homodinos a 300 GHz basados en tecnología CMOS

Using CMOS transistors for terahertz detection is currently a disruptive technology that offers the direct integration of a terahertz detector with video preamplifiers. The detectors are based on the resistive mixer concept and its performance mainly depends on the following parameters: type of antenna, electrical parameters (gate to drain capacitor and channel length of the CMOS device) and foundry. Two different 300 GHz detectors are discussed: a single transistor detector with a broadband antenna and a differential pair driven by a resonant patch antenna.