El confort del ganado lechero en épocas de calor. Manejo del estrés térmico.

Las condiciones ambientales reinantes en un alojamiento de vacuno lechero son de la mayor im- portancia para el confort y bienestar de los anima- les allí alojados, amén de ser una condición necesaria (aunque no suficiente) para que éstos puedan expresar todo su potencial productivo.

Claves en la observación del ganado vacuno lechero

El comportamiento inusual del ganado constituye su respuesta a las posibles “agresiones” del entorno próximo. Para entender por qué las vacas se comportan de cierta manera, será preciso recoger todas las señales, indicios y pistas emitidos por los animales para intentar comprender su conducta y obrar en consecuencia.

Genome-Wiide estimates of coancestry, in breeding and effective population size in the Spanish Holstein population

Estimates of effective population size in the Holstein cattle breed have usually been low despite the large number of animals that constitute this breed. Effective population size is inversely related to the rates at which coancestry and inbreeding increase and these rates have been high as a consequence of intense and accurate selection. Traditionally, coancestry and inbreeding coefficients have been calculated from pedigree data. However, the development of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms has increased the interest of calculating these coefficients from molecular data in order to improve their accuracy. In this study, genomic estimates of coancestry, inbreeding and effective population size were obtained in the Spanish Holstein population and then compared with pedigree-based estimates. A total of 11,135 animals genotyped with the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip were available for the study. After applying filtering criteria, the final genomic dataset included 36,693 autosomal SNPs and 10,569 animals. Pedigree data from those genotyped animals included 31,203 animals. These individuals represented only the last five generations in order to homogenise the amount of pedigree information across animals. Genomic estimates of coancestry and inbreeding were obtained from identity by descent segments (coancestry) or runs of homozygosity (inbreeding). The results indicate that the percentage of variance of pedigree-based coancestry estimates explained by genomic coancestry estimates was higher than that for inbreeding. Estimates of effective population size obtained from genome-wide and pedigree information were consistent and ranged from about 66 to 79. These low values emphasize the need of controlling the rate of increase of coancestry and inbreeding in Holstein selection programmes.