PAH occurrence during combustion of biodiesel from various feedstocks

PAHs are pollutants of concern since they are known carcinogenic compounds. Their occurrence is mainly related to combustion or pyrolysis of organic matter such as fossil fuels. In the current scenario where biofuels are growingly important, it is also necessary to characterize PAH emissions due to their combustion. There are a number of works concerning PAH emissions from biodiesel combustion in Diesel engines, however, there are few regarding the difference between them depending on the feedstock and type of alcohol used in the transesterification. The authors have processed and characterized biodiesel from several feedstocks (Le. tallow, palm, rapeseed, soy-bean, coconut, peanut and linseed oils) to obtain FAME and FAEE and they have developed a method to measure the PAHs originated during their combustion in a bomb calorimeter. The tests have been carried out under different oxygen pressure conditions, and samples have been c1eaned from the bomb after each one of these tests. The samples have been prepared for GC-MS analysis, where PAH quantities among some other combustion products have been assessed. This work shows statistical relations obtained between the measured amounts of 18 PAHs of concern and the composition (oil and type of alcohol) used to obtain the biodiesel, and also the oxygen pressure during combustion.

Estudio técnico-económico de una planta de producción de biodiesel

Se explica las posibles razones que han obligado a varias de las plantas de biodiésel en España a cerrar a pesar de estar siendo auspiciadas por la Unión Europea y fomentadas, mediante normativas específicas y ayudas sustanciales en cada uno de los países miembros, a fin de reforzar la utilización de los biocarburantes, como energía alternativa a los combustibles fósiles, debido a las ventajas medioambientales y sociopolíticas que conllevan. Para ello se ha empezado realizando un estudio del sector y de su funcionamiento así como de la evolución reciente del mercado tanto en Europa como en España. Posteriormente se ha modelizado una planta de biodiesel tipo desde las primeras fases de su construcción hasta su puesta en funcionamiento, para, a continuación analizar su desarrollo haciendo especial hincapié en la evolución de las principales variables económicas anteriormente estudiadas que han llevado finalmente a tener que cerrarla por falta de rentabilidad. El proceso de producción del biodiésel desde aceites vegetales y grasas animales mantiene un fuerte crecimiento en los mercados de la Unión Europea al igual que en Estados Unidos y Canadá. La producción de biodiésel se ha incrementado rápidamente en los últimos años, ya que es una alternativa renovable a los carburantes, como el petróleo o el diésel. La producción por trasesterificación de aceites vegetales y grasas animales, dan al biodiésel una densidad, un punto de encendido, viscosidad, estabilidad a la oxidación similares al diésel. Estas propiedades permiten a la mezcla de biodiésel poder usarlo en motores convencionales sin necesidad de grandes modificaciones. El objetivo fundamental de este proyecto es, dentro de un entorno económico hostil, explicar el posible porqué de la situación de las plantas de biodiésel en España, haciendo un análisis de la viabilidad económico – financiera de una planta de producción de biodiésel. La instalación de la que parte el presente proyecto es la de una planta, situada en la provincia de Jaén, con una capacidad de producción de 100 000 t/año, con una previsión de funcionamiento continua y con una vida útil estimada de 15 años. Una vez finalizado el estudio económico, se ha valorado el impacto del mercado en el funcionamiento de la planta, tanto a nivel internacional debido a la competencia desleal, como nacional, debido a las ayudas en los cultivos. Se deduce que la rentabilidad de una planta de biodiésel es relativamente positiva pero viene dada por un gran número de variables internas y externas que hacen un negocio inestable y poco rentable. ABSTRACT It explains the possible reasons that have forced several biodiesel plants in Spain to close in spite of being sponsored by the European Union and promoted by specific regulations and substantial aid in each of the member countries to strengthen the use of biofuels as alternative energy to fossil fuels because of the environmental and sociopolitical involving VII For this we have begun a study of the sector and its operation as well as the recent market developments in Europe and in Spain. Later was modeled biodiesel plant type from the early stages of construction to commissioning, to then analyze its development with particular emphasis on the evolution of the main economic variables that have been previously studied eventually have to close by unprofitability. The processes and production of biodiesel (methyl ester) from vegetable oil and animal fat feedstocks remain a strong growth market in the European Union as well as the United States and Canada. Biodiesel production has increased rapidly in this last years as producers sought a renewable alternative to petroleum fuel. Produced by the trans-esterification of vegetable oils and animal fats, biodiesel has similar density, flash point, viscosity, oxidation stability to petroleum diesel. These similarities enable biodiesel blends to be used in conventional diesel engines without significant modifications. This proyect gives an overview of current developments with regard to biodiesel technology, the Spain biofuel market, and national biofuel policies, looking at closely the economic-financial feasibility of a biodiesel production plant. The installation, situated at Linares (Jaén), has a production capability of 100 000 t/year. The operation estimated is constant and with a product life of 15 years. Finished the part destined to the economic view of this project, it has been considered the adverse effects on the overall performance and the financial situation of the industry. It follows form the study that biodiesel plant´s profitability is relatively high, but it is given by a large numbers of variables, internals and externals, which have made an unviable and unsustainable business.

Methodology to assess EU Biofuel Policies: The CAPRI Approach

This report is based on the outcome of a study carried out by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre - Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (JRC-IPTS, Spain) in cooperation with EuroCARE (Bonn, Germany). The report provides a detailed description of the methodology developed to assess the implications of the European Renewable Energy Directive on the agricultural sector, with an explicit focus on regional effects of biofuel targets in the EU. For the analysis, the spatial agricultural sector model CAPRI has been extended to include a global representation of biofuel markets (with endogenous supply, demand and trade flows for biofuels and biofuel feedstocks) while keeping the focus on regional impacts in the EU. The model is capable to simulate the impacts of EU biofuel policies on food production and prices, the potential use of by-products in the feed chain, the increasing pressure on marginal and idle land and the share of imported biofuels (self-sufficiency indicators). CAPRI is now able to jointly assess biofuel and agricultural policies, including policy instruments defined at the Member State level. The CAPRI biofuel module allows for a detailed analysis of most relevant biofuel support instruments like consumer tax exemptions, quota obligations, import tariffs and other trade measures. Additionally, the model allows for analysing scenarios regarding technical progress in 2nd generation technologies for biofuels.

Impacts of the EU Biofuel Target on Agricultural Markets and Land Use - A Comparative Modelling Assessment

The Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) requires that 20% of the EU's energy needs should come from renewable sources by 2020, and includes a target for the transport sector of 10% from biofuels. This report analyses and discusses the global impacts of this biofuel target on agricultural production, markets and land use, as simulated by three agricultural sector models, AGLINK-COSIMO, ESIM and CAPRI. The impacts identified include higher EU production of ethanol and biodiesel, and of the crops used to produce them, as well as more imports of both biofuels. Trade flows of biofuel feedstocks also change to reflect greater EU demand, including a significant increase in vegetable oil imports. However, as the extra demand is small in world market terms, the impact on world market prices is limited. With the EU biofuel target, global use of land for crop cultivation is higher by 5.2 million hectares. About one quarter is area within the EU, some of which would otherwise have left agriculture.

Effects of biochar prepared from organic waste on soil properties

Biochar is a carbon-rich solid obtained by the thermal decomposition of organic matter under a limited supply of oxygen and at relatively low temperatures. Biochar can be prepared from the pyrolysis of different organic feed- stocks, such as wood and biomass crops, agricultural by-products, different types of waste or paper industry waste materials . The pyrolysis procedure of waste, i.e. sewage sludge, has mainly two advantages, firstly, it removes pathogens from waste and, secondly, biochar can reduce the leaching of heavy metals present in raw sewage sludge. This trend of the use of waste material as feedstocks to the preparation of biochar is increasing in the last years due to industrial development and economic growth imply an increase in waste generation. The application of biochar may have positive effects on soil physical properties as water holding capacity and structure or on soil biological activity and soil quality. Also, biochar can be used to remove water pollutants and can be used in multiple ways in soil remediation due to its adsorption of pesticides or metals. Also, biochar contribute to carbon sequestration due to carbon stability of biochar materials. The objective of this presentation is to review the positive effects of the biochar prepared from organic waste on soil properties.

Investigación sobre fermentaciones metánicas de desechos estacionales

En el campo agrícola se producen una serie de desechos orgánicos, que por un lado representan serios problemas de contaminación ambiental y por otro el desperdicio de valores energéticos importantes. Es decir una acción contraria a la sostenibilidad que debe buscarse en este siglo XXI. Entre estos productos agrícolas pueden citarse la pulpa de café, residuos herbáceos, bagazo de caña y la fracción insoluble de estiércol de ganado porcino conocida como cerdaza. Un problema añadido para dar solución adecuada es la disponibilidad de estos solo en cortas épocas del año. Todo lo anterior ha sido el origen de la presente investigación, para dar solución adecuada tanto en el aprovechamiento de biogás como en la reducción de la contaminación. La investigación descrita en este documento contempla el desarrollo de los siguientes aspectos: 1) Caracterización y problemática de cada uno de los productos señalados, 2) la solución al problema mediante el proceso de digestión anaerobia con fases separadas con el aprovechamiento del biogás generados y 3) recomendaciones para el arranque del proceso de digestión anaerobia y su mantenimiento en una alternancia de los productos citados. En la primera etapa de la fase experimental se estimó el rendimiento específico de metano para los diferentes sustratos, utilizando reactores batch configurados en una y dos fases concluyendo que la digestión anaerobia en dos fases presenta diferentes ventajas sobre la digestión monoetapa. En general se obtuvo un mayor rendimiento en la producción de metano, una reducción en los tiempos de retención, mayor eficiencia en la eliminación de los sólidos volátiles agregados, y una mayor estabilidad en el proceso reflejado en el mantenimiento de valores de pH en los rangos de operación recomendados. Seguidamente, al comparar dos procesos para la puesta en marcha de digestores metanogénicos operados en forma continua, se concluye que las variables determinantes en la estabilidad del sistema son la alcalinidad total presente en el digestor, el establecimiento de la población de microorganismos y la carga orgánica aplicada. Las dos primeras están determinadas por la calidad y proporción del inóculo suministrado al inicio del proceso. La alternación de sustratos suministrados al sistema de digestión en dos fases, permitió determinar el impacto sobre el desempeño del mismo, registrando una reducción en la producción de biogás, la riqueza de metano y la eficiencia de eliminación de sólidos volátiles durante los primeros días de operación luego del cambio de sustrato. Este periodo corresponde al proceso de aclimatación de los microorganismos el cual requirió de 20 días para asimilar los componentes del nuevo sustrato. Finalmente, entre los sustratos analizados, la menor carga orgánica de operación para mantener la operación del sistema en continuo corresponde a la pulpa de café con 0.1 kg SV/m3. La composición de este sustrato favorece la rápida acumulación de acidez volátil en el sistema, proporcionando una tendencia a la acidificación. Sin embargo, al controlar las cargas orgánicas volumétricas, el sistema permaneció operando sin necesidad de adición de alcalinizantes. La aplicación de los resultados de la presente investigación a la problemática de residuos de café es alentadora, comprobando que el sistema puede ser operado en continuo alternando residuos boreales y pulpa de café, ambos sustratos disponibles en las plantas de procesamiento de la cereza de café. ABSTRACT In the agricultural field there are series of organic wastes, which in one hand are the source of serious problems of environmental pollution and in the other, they represent a residue that could be used as a feedstock with significant energy values. These actions are contrary to efforts towards sustainability, which should be a priority in this century. Among agricultural residues with significant abundance, the coffee pulp, herbaceous waste, sugarcane bagasse and the insoluble fraction of pig manure can be mentioned. An added problem to the development of appropriate treatment systems, which provides a solution to the disposal of such wastes, is the limited availability of these feedstocks only in short seasons. These arguments have been the source of our research, in order to provide properly measures to biogas usage and pollution reduction. The research presented in this document includes the approaches to the following aspects. 1) Characterization and problems regarding the selected feedstocks 2) the solution to the problem by anaerobic digestion process with separate phases and 3) recommendations for starting the process of anaerobic digestion and its maintenance with alternation of the products listed For the first stage of the experimental phase, the specific methane yield of the selected feedstocks was estimated using batch reactors configured in one and two phases. It was concluded that two-phase anaerobic digestion offered distinct advantages over the single-stage digestion. In general a higher methane production yields, lower retention times, higher efficiency in volatile solids removal, and increased stability among the process were obtained. When comparing two processes for starting up methanogenic digesters, it is concluded that the variables that determine the stability of the system are the total alkalinity in the digester, the establishment of the population of microorganisms and the organic load. The first variables are influenced by the proportion and quality of the inoculum supplied at the beginning of the process. The alternation of substrates gave as a result a negative impact on system performance, recording a reduction on biogas production, the methane concentration and the efficiency of volatile solids removal. The situation was observed during the first days of operation after the change of feeding. This period corresponds to the process of acclimatization of the microorganisms which required 20 days to assimilate new substrate components. Finally, among substrates studied, the lowest organic load applied to maintain a continuous operation of the system, corresponds to the coffee pulp with 0.1 kg VS / m3. The composition of this substrate promotes a rapid accumulation of volatile acidity within the system, providing a tendency to acidification. However, by controlling organic loads, the operating system remained stable without addition of alkalizing components. The application of the results of this research to the problem of coffee waste is promising, proving that an anaerobic system can be operated continuously by alternating boreal waste and coffee pulp, both substrates available in coffee processing plants.

Production of biodiesel from animal fat using supercritical ethanol

Biodiesel is currently produced from a catalytic transesterification reaction of various types of edible and non-edible oil with methanol. The use of waste animal tallow instead of edible oils opens a route to recycle this waste. This material has the advantage of lower costs but the problem of high content of free fatty acids, becoming necessary a pre-esterification reaction that increases the cost of the catalytic process. The production of biodiesel using supercritical alcohols is appropriate for materials with high acidity and water content, therefore the use of this process with animal fat is a promising alternative. Ethanol has been used because it can be produced from biomass via fermentation resulting in a complete renewable biodiesel, instead of methanol that derives from fossil feedstocks. Two different processes have been studied: first, the direct transesterification of animal fat using supercritical ethanol and second a two-step process where the first step is a hydrolysis of the animal fat and the second step is the esterification of the resulting fatty acids. The temperature, the molar ratio ethanol:fat and the time have been modified in the different reactions to study the effect in the final conversion and the degradation of the unsaturated fatty acid esters, main inconvenient of these high temperature and pressure processes.