Language identification based on a discriminative text categorization technique

In this paper, we describe new results and improvements to a lan-guage identification (LID) system based on PPRLM previously introduced in [1] and [2]. In this case, we use as parallel phone recognizers the ones provided by the Brno University of Technology for Czech, Hungarian, and Russian lan-guages, and instead of using traditional n-gram language models we use a lan-guage model that is created using a ranking with the most frequent and discrim-inative n-grams. In this language model approach, the distance between the ranking for the input sentence and the ranking for each language is computed, based on the difference in relative positions for each n-gram. This approach is able to model reliably longer span information than in traditional language models obtaining more reliable estimations. We also describe the modifications that we have being introducing along the time to the original ranking technique, e.g., different discriminative formulas to establish the ranking, variations of the template size, the suppression of repeated consecutive phones, and a new clus-tering technique for the ranking scores. Results show that this technique pro-vides a 12.9% relative improvement over PPRLM. Finally, we also describe re-sults where the traditional PPRLM and our ranking technique are combined.

Categorization of Anti-Patterns in Software Project Management

In the last decades, software systems have become an intrinsic element in our daily lives. Software exists in our computers, in our cars, and even in our refrigerators. Today’s world has become heavily dependent on software and yet, we still struggle to deliver quality software products, on-time and within budget. When searching for the causes of such alarming scenario, we find concurrent voices pointing to the role of the project manager. But what is project management and what makes it so challenging? Part of the answer to this question requires a deeper analysis of why software project managers have been largely ineffective. Answering this question might assist current and future software project managers in avoiding, or at least effectively mitigating, problematic scenarios that, if unresolved, will eventually lead to additional failures. This is where anti-patterns come into play and where they can be a useful tool in identifying and addressing software project management failure. Unfortunately, anti-patterns are still a fairly recent concept, and thus, available information is still scarce and loosely organized. This thesis will attempt to help remedy this scenario. The objective of this work is to help organize existing, documented software project management anti-patterns by answering our two research questions: · What are the different anti-patterns in software project management? · How can these anti-patterns be categorized?

Auto-Emergencia de Comunicación Sintáctica en Entornos Estáticos y Dinámicos para Grupos de Robots mediante Evolución Gramatical y Aprendizaje por Refuerzo

La idea de dotar a un grupo de robots o agentes artificiales de un lenguaje ha sido objeto de intenso estudio en las ultimas décadas. Como no podía ser de otra forma los primeros intentos se enfocaron hacia el estudio de la emergencia de vocabularios compartidos convencionalmente por el grupo de robots. Las ventajas que puede ofrecer un léxico común son evidentes, como también lo es que un lenguaje con una estructura más compleja, en la que se pudieran combinar palabras, sería todavía más beneficioso. Surgen así algunas propuestas enfocadas hacia la emergencia de un lenguaje consensuado que muestre una estructura sintáctica similar al lenguaje humano, entre las que se encuentra este trabajo. Tomar el lenguaje humano como modelo supone adoptar algunas de las hipótesis y teorías que disciplinas como la filosofía, la psicología o la lingüística entre otras se han encargado de proponer. Según estas aproximaciones teóricas el lenguaje presenta una doble dimension formal y funcional. En base a su dimensión formal parece claro que el lenguaje sigue unas reglas, por lo que el uso de una gramática se ha considerado esencial para su representación, pero también porque las gramáticas son un dispositivo muy sencillo y potente que permite generar fácilmente estructuras simbólicas. En cuanto a la dimension funcional se ha tenido en cuenta la teoría quizá más influyente de los últimos tiempos, que no es otra que la Teoría de los Actos del Habla. Esta teoría se basa en la idea de Wittgenstein por la que el significado reside en el uso del lenguaje, hasta el punto de que éste se entiende como una manera de actuar y de comportarse, en definitiva como una forma de vida. Teniendo presentes estas premisas en esta tesis se pretende experimentar con modelos computacionales que permitan a un grupo de robots alcanzar un lenguaje común de manera autónoma, simplemente mediante interacciones individuales entre los robots, en forma de juegos de lenguaje. Para ello se proponen tres modelos distintos de lenguaje: • Un modelo basado en gramáticas probabilísticas y aprendizaje por refuerzo en el que las interacciones y el uso del lenguaje son claves para su emergencia y que emplea una gramática generativa estática y diseñada de antemano. Este modelo se aplica a dos grupos distintos: uno formado exclusivamente por robots y otro que combina robots y un humano, de manera que en este segundo caso se plantea un aprendizaje supervisado por humanos. • Un modelo basado en evolución gramatical que permite estudiar no solo el consenso sintáctico, sino también cuestiones relativas a la génesis del lenguaje y que emplea una gramática universal a partir de la cual los robots pueden evolucionar por sí mismos la gramática más apropiada según la situación lingüística que traten en cada momento. • Un modelo basado en evolución gramatical y aprendizaje por refuerzo que toma aspectos de los anteriores y amplia las posibilidades de los robots al permitir desarrollar un lenguaje que se adapta a situaciones lingüísticas dinámicas que pueden cambiar en el tiempo y también posibilita la imposición de restricciones de orden muy frecuentes en las estructuras sintácticas complejas. Todos los modelos implican un planteamiento descentralizado y auto-organizado, de manera que ninguno de los robots es el dueño del lenguaje y todos deben cooperar y colaborar de forma coordinada para lograr el consenso sintáctico. En cada caso se plantean experimentos que tienen como objetivo validar los modelos propuestos, tanto en lo relativo al éxito en la emergencia del lenguaje como en lo relacionado con cuestiones paralelas de importancia, como la interacción hombre-máquina o la propia génesis del lenguaje. ABSTRACT The idea of giving a language to a group of robots or artificial agents has been the subject of intense study in recent decades. The first attempts have focused on the development and emergence of a conventionally shared vocabulary. The advantages that can provide a common vocabulary are evident and therefore a more complex language that combines words would be even more beneficial. Thus some proposals are put forward towards the emergence of a consensual language with a sintactical structure in similar terms to the human language. This work follows this trend. Taking the human language as a model means taking some of the assumptions and theories that disciplines such as philosophy, psychology or linguistics among others have provided. According to these theoretical positions language has a double formal and functional dimension. Based on its formal dimension it seems clear that language follows rules, so that the use of a grammar has been considered essential for representation, but also because grammars are a very simple and powerful device that easily generates these symbolic structures. As for the functional dimension perhaps the most influential theory of recent times, the Theory of Speech Acts has been taken into account. This theory is based on the Wittgenstein’s idea about that the meaning lies in the use of language, to the extent that it is understood as a way of acting and behaving. Having into account these issues this work implements some computational models in order to test if they allow a group of robots to reach in an autonomous way a shared language by means of individual interaction among them, that is by means of language games. Specifically, three different models of language for robots are proposed: • A reinforcement learning based model in which interactions and language use are key to its emergence. This model uses a static probabilistic generative grammar which is designed beforehand. The model is applied to two different groups: one formed exclusively by robots and other combining robots and a human. Therefore, in the second case the learning process is supervised by the human. • A model based on grammatical evolution that allows us to study not only the syntactic consensus, but also the very genesis of language. This model uses a universal grammar that allows robots to evolve for themselves the most appropriate grammar according to the current linguistic situation they deal with. • A model based on grammatical evolution and reinforcement learning that takes aspects of the previous models and increases their possibilities. This model allows robots to develop a language in order to adapt to dynamic language situations that can change over time and also allows the imposition of syntactical order restrictions which are very common in complex syntactic structures. All models involve a decentralized and self-organized approach so that none of the robots is the language’s owner and everyone must cooperate and work together in a coordinated manner to achieve syntactic consensus. In each case experiments are presented in order to validate the proposed models, both in terms of success about the emergence of language and it relates to the study of important parallel issues, such as human-computer interaction or the very genesis of language.

Paisajes de la sal en Andalucía

Los paisajes protagonistas de esta investigación han sido creados gracias a la actividad de las salinas, explotaciones “donde se beneficia la sal de las aguas del mar o de ciertos manantiales, cuando se ha evaporado el agua.” (RAE). Son lugares de características únicas, tanto por sus valores naturales y medioambientales, como por los valores culturales, patrimoniales, históricos, sociales e identitarios, “resultado de la acción e interacción de factores naturales y humanos en el territorio” (CEP, 2000). Existen salinas en muchos lugares del mundo, pero es en la Península Ibérica donde se encuentra la mayor concentración de estas explotaciones en toda Europa y, por consiguiente, de los singulares paisajes asociados y generados por ellas. Es también la única región europea donde existen salinas de interior que utilizan métodos de evaporación para la obtención de sal: las energías y circunstancias naturales aprovechadas en ellas, sol, viento, gravedad y humedad relativa, propician la evaporación del agua salada, una de las estrategias fundamentales para su funcionamiento. Esta circunstancia determina su posición geográfica en el territorio y su dependencia de los ciclos climáticos estacionales, del régimen hidrológico, la estructura geológica del subsuelo, la geomorfología y la acción humana para potenciar la eficiencia de los procesos productivos, creando para ello un extenso e interesante patrimonio natural y cultural en torno a ellas. Por tanto, son también paisajes culturales, resultado de un proceso artesanal de producción y comercialización de la sal, que se articula a través de la construcción de una serie de instalaciones preindustriales diseminadas y conectadas en puntos estratégicos del territorio costero e interior. La presente tesis aborda la grave situación a la que se enfrentan en la actualidad los paisajes ibéricos de la sal, concretamente los ubicados en la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía, que están sufriendo un ávido proceso de abandono y desaparición desde mediados del s. XX, con la consiguiente pérdida para la sociedad de este valioso patrimonio cultural y natural, que se ha ido construyendo durante siglos, prácticamente desde el inicio de la humanidad. De las diversas tipologías de salinas que existen, se han seleccionado las explotaciones, tanto marítimas como de interior, que utilizan o han utilizado en su origen técnicas de explotación artesanal basadas en la evaporación. El interés de esta acotación tipológica se ha basado en las relaciones de dependencia que estas explotaciones de sal establecen con el entorno físico y climático donde se ubican para poder existir y funcionar. El objetivo principal de esta investigación ha perseguido el establecimiento y definición de un marco territorial, global e integrador, para los paisajes culturales salineros andaluces, a través de la observación directa realizada durante el trabajo de campo, el análisis de textos, imágenes, documentos, gráficos, palabras y entrevistas abiertas. Lo anterior ha permitido identificar, clasificar, analizar y valorar sus principales características y su evolución en el tiempo, identificando las causas del deterioro y desaparición del patrimonio salinero, evaluando la efectividad de las iniciativas, públicas y/o privadas, y de las figuras de protección, así como analizar las relaciones que establecen con su entorno próximo, con los núcleos de población y habitantes a los que sirven, la red de carreteas y caminos que las conectan y los ríos y mares que las proveen de materia prima. Finalmente, se ha establecido una sistemática integral de análisis, con el fin de poder actuar, a partir del conocimiento, a favor de la gestión, salvaguarda y pervivencia de los excepcionales valores culturales y naturales, que definen el carácter e identidad de estos singulares paisajes. ----------------------ABSTRACT----------------- The landscapes of this research have been created by the activity of saltworks, sites “where salt from sea water or certain springs is obtained, when water evaporates.” (RAE). They are places with unique characteristics, because of their natural and environmental values, as well as their cultural, historic and social values, their heritage and identity, “the result of the action and interaction of natural and human factors on the territory” (European Landscape Convention, 2000). There are many saltworks in many places around the world, but it is in the Iberian Peninsula where we find the highest concentration of salt industries within Europe and, therefore, the particular landscapes associated and created by them. It is as well the only European region where we can find inland saltworks with evaporation methods to obtain salt: the energies and natural circumstances used in them are sun, wind, gravity and relative humidity, favouring salt water evaporation, one of the main strategies of their functioning. This circumstance determines their geographic position in the territory and its dependence on seasonal climatic cycles, hydrological regimes, geological subsoil structure, geomorphology and human action to strengthen productive processes efficiency, creating an extensive and interesting natural and cultural heritage around them. Therefore, they are also cultural landscapes, result of a traditional salt production process and marketing, organized through the construction of certain preindustrial buildings scattered and connected in strategic inland and seaside spots. This thesis deals with the plight today’s salt landscapes are facing, particularly those within the Andalucian Region, since the middle of the 20th century undergoing an avid process of abandonment and disappearance, meaning a great loss for society of a cultural and natural heritage constructed along centuries, almost since the beginning of mankind. Among the diverse typologies of saltworks, the selection made consists on those inland and seaside ones, which use or have originally used traditional production techniques based on evaporation. The interest in this particular saltwork typology is based on the dependency relationships these industries establish with the environment and climate where they are located, in order to be able to exist and function. The main goal of this research has pursued to establish and define a global and inclusive territorial framework for Andalucian cultural saltworks landscapes, through direct observation carried out during fieldwork, analysis of texts, images, documents, graphs, words and open interviews. All of it has allowed to identify, classify, analyze and evaluate their main characteristics and evolution over time, identifying the causes of deterioration and disappearance of the saltworks heritage, assessing the effectiveness of public and private initiatives, and protection projects, as well as analyzing the relationships with their surroundings, population centers and residents they serve, road networks connecting them and rivers and seas supplying the raw material. Finally, a comprehensive analysis systematic has been established, in order to be able to take action, with knowledge as starting point, for the management, preservation and survival of the unique cultural and natural values that define the character and identity of these singular landscapes.

Paisajes de la sal en Andalucía

Los paisajes protagonistas de esta investigación han sido creados gracias a la actividad de las salinas, explotaciones “donde se beneficia la sal de las aguas del mar o de ciertos manantiales, cuando se ha evaporado el agua.” (RAE). Son lugares de características únicas, tanto por sus valores naturales y medioambientales, como por los valores culturales, patrimoniales, históricos, sociales e identitarios, “resultado de la acción e interacción de factores naturales y humanos en el territorio” (CEP, 2000). Existen salinas en muchos lugares del mundo, pero es en la Península Ibérica donde se encuentra la mayor concentración de estas explotaciones en toda Europa y, por consiguiente, de los singulares paisajes asociados y generados por ellas. Es también la única región europea donde existen salinas de interior que utilizan métodos de evaporación para la obtención de sal: las energías y circunstancias naturales aprovechadas en ellas, sol, viento, gravedad y humedad relativa, propician la evaporación del agua salada, una de las estrategias fundamentales para su funcionamiento. Esta circunstancia determina su posición geográfica en el territorio y su dependencia de los ciclos climáticos estacionales, del régimen hidrológico, la estructura geológica del subsuelo, la geomorfología y la acción humana para potenciar la eficiencia de los procesos productivos, creando para ello un extenso e interesante patrimonio natural y cultural en torno a ellas. Por tanto, son también paisajes culturales, resultado de un proceso artesanal de producción y comercialización de la sal, que se articula a través de la construcción de una serie de instalaciones preindustriales diseminadas y conectadas en puntos estratégicos del territorio costero e interior. La presente tesis aborda la grave situación a la que se enfrentan en la actualidad los paisajes ibéricos de la sal, concretamente los ubicados en la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía, que están sufriendo un ávido proceso de abandono y desaparición desde mediados del s. XX, con la consiguiente pérdida para la sociedad de este valioso patrimonio cultural y natural, que se ha ido construyendo durante siglos, prácticamente desde el inicio de la humanidad. De las diversas tipologías de salinas que existen, se han seleccionado las explotaciones, tanto marítimas como de interior, que utilizan o han utilizado en su origen técnicas de explotación artesanal basadas en la evaporación. El interés de esta acotación tipológica se ha basado en las relaciones de dependencia que estas explotaciones de sal establecen con el entorno físico y climático donde se ubican para poder existir y funcionar. El objetivo principal de esta investigación ha perseguido el establecimiento y definición de un marco territorial, global e integrador, para los paisajes culturales salineros andaluces, a través de la observación directa realizada durante el trabajo de campo, el análisis de textos, imágenes, documentos, gráficos, palabras y entrevistas abiertas. Lo anterior ha permitido identificar, clasificar, analizar y valorar sus principales características y su evolución en el tiempo, identificando las causas del deterioro y desaparición del patrimonio salinero, evaluando la efectividad de las iniciativas, públicas y/o privadas, y de las figuras de protección, así como analizar las relaciones que establecen con su entorno próximo, con los núcleos de población y habitantes a los que sirven, la red de carreteas y caminos que las conectan y los ríos y mares que las proveen de materia prima. Finalmente, se ha establecido una sistemática integral de análisis, con el fin de poder actuar, a partir del conocimiento, a favor de la gestión, salvaguarda y pervivencia de los excepcionales valores culturales y naturales, que definen el carácter e identidad de estos singulares paisajes. ----------------------ABSTRACT----------------- The landscapes of this research have been created by the activity of saltworks, sites “where salt from sea water or certain springs is obtained, when water evaporates.” (RAE). They are places with unique characteristics, because of their natural and environmental values, as well as their cultural, historic and social values, their heritage and identity, “the result of the action and interaction of natural and human factors on the territory” (European Landscape Convention, 2000). There are many saltworks in many places around the world, but it is in the Iberian Peninsula where we find the highest concentration of salt industries within Europe and, therefore, the particular landscapes associated and created by them. It is as well the only European region where we can find inland saltworks with evaporation methods to obtain salt: the energies and natural circumstances used in them are sun, wind, gravity and relative humidity, favouring salt water evaporation, one of the main strategies of their functioning. This circumstance determines their geographic position in the territory and its dependence on seasonal climatic cycles, hydrological regimes, geological subsoil structure, geomorphology and human action to strengthen productive processes efficiency, creating an extensive and interesting natural and cultural heritage around them. Therefore, they are also cultural landscapes, result of a traditional salt production process and marketing, organized through the construction of certain preindustrial buildings scattered and connected in strategic inland and seaside spots. This thesis deals with the plight today’s salt landscapes are facing, particularly those within the Andalucian Region, since the middle of the 20th century undergoing an avid process of abandonment and disappearance, meaning a great loss for society of a cultural and natural heritage constructed along centuries, almost since the beginning of mankind. Among the diverse typologies of saltworks, the selection made consists on those inland and seaside ones, which use or have originally used traditional production techniques based on evaporation. The interest in this particular saltwork typology is based on the dependency relationships these industries establish with the environment and climate where they are located, in order to be able to exist and function. The main goal of this research has pursued to establish and define a global and inclusive territorial framework for Andalucian cultural saltworks landscapes, through direct observation carried out during fieldwork, analysis of texts, images, documents, graphs, words and open interviews. All of it has allowed to identify, classify, analyze and evaluate their main characteristics and evolution over time, identifying the causes of deterioration and disappearance of the saltworks heritage, assessing the effectiveness of public and private initiatives, and protection projects, as well as analyzing the relationships with their surroundings, population centers and residents they serve, road networks connecting them and rivers and seas supplying the raw material. Finally, a comprehensive analysis systematic has been established, in order to be able to take action, with knowledge as starting point, for the management, preservation and survival of the unique cultural and natural values that define the character and identity of these singular landscapes.

El proyecto de vivienda como laboratorio de estrategias para Sejima y Nishizawa de 1987 a 2010

Como indica el título, esta tesis plantea el estudio de la arquitectura doméstica elaborada por los arquitectos japoneses Kazuyo Sejima y Ryue Nishizawa. Más concretamente, la investigación se ciñe a un conjunto integrado por veinticinco casas que los arquitectos proyectaron entre 1987, momento en el que Sejima establece su propia oficina, y 2010, fecha en la que el reconocimiento del trabajo que ambos venían desarrollando queda certificado a nivel internacional, ya que ese año son galardonados con el premio Pritzker y comisarían la Bienal deVenecia. Del estudio conjunto y sistemático de estos proyectos, y de sus distintas versiones se espera poder obtener una serie de criterios exegéticos que permitan comprenderlos y explicarlos mejor, relacionándolos entre sí de manera coherente. A estos criterios es a lo que hemos denominado estrategias. En el momento en el que se inicia esta investigación se detectó un vacío editorial respecto al tema tratado, apenas había textos, propios o ajenos que abordaran esta faceta de la obra de Sejima y Nishizawa en profundidad. No en vano, algunos críticos han acuñado el apelativo de "arquitectos sin palabras" para referirse, tanto a ellos como a la generación de arquitectos que la pareja encabeza, dando a entender que se trata de una arquitectura carente de explicación.1 Sin embargo, esta investigación sostiene que el hecho de que los arquitectos no hablen en exceso de su obra y mantengan una actitud centrada en desarrollar de forma práctica su trabajo no quiere decir que prescindan de realizar operaciones compositivas altamente idealizadas y abstractas, refrendadas por un marco cultural y teórico que se pueda describir. Tras recopilar, ordenar y analizar un número lo suficientemente amplio como para ser significativo de las manifestaciones verbales que los arquitectos han realizado a lo largo del periodo estudiado, se ha observado que de entre todos los términos que los dos socios que integran SANAA emplean para describir sus proyectos, uno de los más relevantes y quizás también el más general resulta la palabra “sistema”.2 El modo en el que ambos describen los principios de su arquitectura, diferenciando entre los componentes del programa, y las relaciones que se establecen entre éstos, y entre ellos y el exterior permiten sostener que no se trata de un uso accidental término. Paralelamente, al mismo tiempo que se indaga sobre el corpus intelectual de esta teoría se intenta detallar las circunstancias que favorecieron tal trasvase de ideas entre Occidente y Japón y como acabaron llegando al ámbito de estos arquitectos. Al amparo de este marco teórico y tras redibujar las viviendas documentadas, se intentará describir los rasgos de la estructura material de las viviendas analizadas, así como cartografiar los patrones organizativos que las caracterizan. Para ello se empleará el rigor instrumental que aporta la teoría de grafos como método habitual para la representación, estudio y caracterización de sistemas. Los resultados de la investigación evidencian que hay una serie de estrategias — tanto materiales como organizativas— que enunciadas en sus primeros proyectos se van desarrollando en obras posteriores, conformado sistemas que están paulatinamente más organizados. Y que llegado un punto en la trayectoria de estos arquitectos, se observa que tales estrategias, se van superponiendo de distinta forma en diversos proyectos, por lo que es posible agruparlos y hablar de ellos atendiendo a características comunes. Finalmente, el estudio concluye que tanto a nivel material como reladonal, bien podría decirse que en el periodo estudiado, las estrategias empleadas por Sejima y Nishizawa para elaborar su arquitectura doméstica persiguen un objetivo común que se fundamenta en la elaboración de planteamientos sintéticos que les permiten explorar y responder creativamente ante las disyuntivas previamente establecidas, precisamente explotando el potencial de las paradojas que las originan. ABSTRACT As the title suggest itself, this thesis deals about the study of domestic architecture developed by Japanese architects Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa. More specifically, research focus its attention on a group of twenty five houses that both architects projected from 1987, when Sejima establishes her own practice, and 2010, as the moment in which their work obtains international acknowledgment, since this year they are awarded the Pritzker prize and cúrate the Venice Biennale. From the combined and systematic study of all these projects, and their different versions are expected to obtain a series of exegetical criteria to relate to each other, understand and explain better. These criteria are what we cali strategies. By the time when this research began, an editorial emptiness about the treaty issue was detected; there were barely texts that addressed this aspect of the work of Sejima and Nishizawa in depth, neither the ones written by the architects themselves ñor by other authors. Some critics have coined the ñame "wordless generation" to refer to both them as to the generation of architects that the couple leads, implying that it is an architecture devoid of explanation.3 However, this study argües that the fact that architects do not speak too much about his work and keep themselves focused on developing practical work attitude does not mean that dispense perform highly idealized and abstract compositional operations, fueled by a frame cultural and theoretical that can be described. After collect, sort and analyze a large enough number of verbal statements done by the architects about their work as to be meaningful, it was observed that of all the terms that the two partners that intégrate SANAA used to describe their projects, one of the most important and, perhaps one of the most general, is the word "system".4 The way in which both describe the principies of their architecture distinguishing between program components and the relationships established between them, and between them and the outside allow us the view that it is not accidental use of a term. Similarly, while it investigates the intellectual corpus of this theory it attempts to explain some of the circumstances that favored such transfer of ideas between the West and Japan and how eventually reaching the scope of these architects. Under this framework and after redraw the documented houses we attempt to describe the characteristics of the material structure of the projects tested, as well as mapping the organizational patterns that characterize them. For this, we use the instrumental rigor that brings graph theory, as a regular method of representation, study and characterization of systems used. The research results show that there are a number of strategies -both material and organizational level- that once they are set out in its first projects are developed in later works. Bringing up systems that are gradually more and more organized. And at one point in the career of these architects, such strategies are observed, they are superimposed differently on various projects, making it possible to group them and discuss them according to common characteristics. Finally, the study condueles that both materially and organizational it could be said that in the period studied, the strategies employed by Sejima and Nishizawa to develop its domestic architecture pursue a common goal, which is based on the development of synthetic approaches that allow them explore and respond creatively to the previously established dilemmas precisely exploiting the paradoxical potential that originates them.

Occupational allergic multiorgan disease induced by wheat flour

Bakers are repeatedly exposed to wheat flour (WF) and may develop sensitization and occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and/or asthma to WF allergens.1 Several wheat proteins have been identified as causative allergens of occupational respiratory allergy in bakery workers.1 Testing of IgE reactivity in patients with different clinical profiles of wheat allergy (food allergy, wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, and baker's asthma) to salt-soluble and salt-insoluble protein fractions from WF revealed a high degree of heterogeneity in the recognized allergens. However, mainly salt-soluble proteins (albumins, globulins) seem to be associated with baker's asthma, and prolamins (gliadins, glutenins) with wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, whereas both protein fractions reacted to IgE from food-allergic patients.1 Notwithstanding, gliadins have also been incriminated as causative allergens in baker's asthma.2 We report on a 31-year-old woman who had been exposed to WF practically since birth because her family owned a bakery housed in the same home where they lived. She moved from this house when she was 25 years, but she continued working every day in the family bakery. In the last 8 years she had suffered from work-related nasal and ocular symptoms such as itching, watery eyes, sneezing, nasal stuffiness, and rhinorrhea. These symptoms markedly improved when away from work and worsened at work. In the last 5 years, she had also experienced dysphagia with frequent choking, especially when ingesting meats or cephalopods, which had partially improved with omeprazole therapy. Two years before referral to our clinic, she began to have dry cough and breathlessness, which she also attributed to her work environment. Upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms increased when sifting the WF and making the dough. The patient did not experience gastrointestinal symptoms with ingestion of cereal products. Skin prick test results were positive to grass (mean wheal, 6 mm), cypress (5 mm) and Russian thistle pollen (4 mm), WF (4 mm), and peach lipid transfer protein (6 mm) and were negative to rice flour, corn flour, profilin, mites, molds, and animal dander. Skin prick test with a homemade WF extract (10% wt/vol) was strongly positive (15 mm). Serologic tests yielded the following results: eosinophil cationic protein, 47 ?g/L; total serum IgE, 74 kU/L; specific IgE (ImmunoCAP; ThermoFisher, Uppsala, Sweden) to WF, 7.4 kU/L; barley flour, 1.24 kU/L; and corn, gluten, alpha-amylase, peach, and apple, less than 0.35 kU/L. Specific IgE binding to microarrayed purified WF allergens (WDAI-0.19, WDAI-0.53, WTAI-CM1, WTAI-CM2, WTAI-CM3, WTAI-CM16, WTAI-CM17, Tri a 14, profilin, ?-5-gliadin, Tri a Bd 36 and Tri a TLP, and gliadin and glutamine fractions) was assessed as described elsewhere.3 The patient's serum specifically recognized ?-5-gliadin and the gliadin fraction, and no IgE reactivity was observed to other wheat allergens. Spirometry revealed a forced vital capacity of 3.88 L (88%), an FEV1 of 3.04 L (87%), and FEV1/forced vital capacity of 83%. A methacholine inhalation test was performed following an abbreviated protocol,4 and the results were expressed as PD20 in cumulative dose (mg) of methacholine. Methacholine inhalation challenge test result was positive (0.24 mg cumulative dose) when she was working, and after a 3-month period away from work and with no visits to the bakery house, it gave a negative result. A chest x-ray was normal. Specific inhalation challenge test was carried out in the hospital laboratory by tipping WF from one tray to another for 15 minutes. Spirometry was performed at baseline and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the challenge with WF. Peak expiratory flow was measured at baseline and then hourly over 24 hours (respecting sleeping time). A 12% fall in FEV1 was observed at 20 minutes and a 26% drop in peak expiratory flow at 9 hours after exposure to WF,