Caracterización de la ventilación en la edificación residencial existente. Conciliación entre calidad del aire interior y eficiencia en la rehabilitación energética

La edificación residencial existente en España y en Europa se encuentra abocada a una rehabilitación profunda para cumplir los objetivos marcados en la estrategia europea para el año 2050. Estos, para el sector de la edificación, se proponen una reducción del 90% de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) respecto a niveles del año 1990. Este plan a largo plazo establece hitos intermedios de control, con objetivos parciales para el año 2020 y 2030. El objetivo último es aprovechar el potencial de reducción de demanda energética del sector de la edificación, del cual la edificación residencial supone el 85% en España. Dentro de estos requerimientos, de reducción de demanda energética en la edificación, la ventilación en la edificación residencial se convierte en uno de los retos a resolver por su vinculación directa a la salud y el confort de los ocupantes de la misma, y al mismo tiempo su relación proporcional con la demanda energética que presenta el edificio asociada al acondicionamiento térmico. Gran parte de las pérdidas térmicas de la edificación residencial se producen por el aire de renovación y la infiltración de aire a través de la envolvente. La directiva europea de eficiencia energética de la edificación (EPBD), que establece las directrices necesarias para alcanzar los objetivos de este sector en cuanto a emisiones de CO2 y gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), contempla la ventilación con aire limpio como un requisito fundamental a tener en cuenta de cara a las nuevas construcciones y a la rehabilitación energética de los edificios existentes. El síndrome del edificio enfermo, un conjunto de molestias y síntomas asociados a la baja calidad del aire de edificios no residenciales que surgió a raíz de la crisis del petróleo de 1973, tuvo su origen en una ventilación deficiente y una renovación del aire interior insuficiente de estos edificios, producto del intento de ahorro en la factura energética. Teniendo en cuenta que, de media, pasamos un 58% de nuestro tiempo en las viviendas, es fundamental cuidar la calidad del aire interior y no empeorarla aplicando medidas de “eficiencia energética” con efectos no esperados. Para conseguir esto es fundamental conocer en profundidad cómo se produce la ventilación en la edificación en bloque en España en sus aspectos de calidad del aire interior y demanda energética asociada a la ventilación. El objetivo de esta tesis es establecer una metodología de caracterización y de optimización de las necesidades de ventilación para los espacios residenciales existentes en España que aúne el doble objetivo de garantizar la calidad ambiental y reducir la demanda energética de los mismos. La caracterización del parque edificatorio residencial español en cuanto a ventilación es concluyente: La vivienda en España se distribuye principalmente en tres periodos en los que se encuentran más del 80% del total de las viviendas construidas. El periodo anterior a las normas básicas de la edificación (NBE), de 1960 a 1980, el periodo desde 1980 al año 2005, con el mayor número total de viviendas construidas, guiado por la NTE ISV 75, y el periodo correspondiente a la edificación construida a partir del Código Técnico de la Edificación, en 2006, cuyo documento básico de condiciones de salubridad (DB HS3) es la primera norma de obligado cumplimiento en diseño y dimensionamiento de ventilación residencial en España. La selección de un modelo de bloque de viviendas de referencia, un valor medio y representativo, seleccionado de entre estos periodos, pero con cualidades que se extienden más allá de uno de ellos, nos permite realizar un intensivo análisis comparativo de las condiciones de calidad de aire interior y la demanda energética del mismo, aplicando las distintas configuraciones que presenta la ventilación en viviendas dependiendo del escenario o época constructiva (o normativa) en que esta fuera construida. Este análisis se lleva a cabo apoyándose en un doble enfoque: el modelado numérico de simulaciones y el análisis de datos experimentales, para comprobar y afinar los modelos y observar la situación real de las viviendas en estos dos aspectos. Gracias a las conclusiones del análisis previo, se define una estrategia de optimización de la ventilación basada fundamentalmente en dos medidas: 1) La introducción de un sistema de extracción mecánica y recuperación de calor que permita reducir la demanda energética debida a la renovación del aire y a la vez diluir los contaminantes interiores más eficazmente para mejorar, de esta forma, la calidad del ambiente interior. 2) La racionalización del horario de utilización de estos sistemas, no malgastando la energía en periodos de no ocupación, permitiendo una leve ventilación de fondo, debida a la infiltración, que no incida en pérdidas energéticas cuantiosas. A esta optimización, además de aplicar la metodología de análisis previo, en cuanto a demanda energética y calidad del aire, se aplica una valoración económica integradora y comparativa basada en el reglamento delegado EU244/2012 de coste óptimo (Cost Optimal Methodology). Los resultados principales de esta tesis son: • Un diagnóstico de la calidad del aire interior de la edificación residencial en España y su demanda energética asociada, imprescindible para lograr una rehabilitación energética profunda garantizando la calidad del aire interior. • Un indicador de la relación directa entre calidad de aire y demanda energética, para evaluar la adecuación de los sistemas de ventilación, respecto de las nuevas normativas de eficiencia energética y ventilación. • Una estrategia de optimización, que ofrece una alternativa de intervención, y la aplicación de un método de valoración que permite evaluar la amortización comparada de la instalación de los sistemas. ABSTRACT The housing building stock already built in Spain and Europe faces a deep renovation in the present and near future to accomplish with the objectives agreed in the European strategy for 2050. These objectives, for the building sector, are set in a 90% of Green House Gases (GHG) reduction compared to levels in 1990. This long‐term plan has set milestones to control the correct advance of achievement in 2020 and 2030. The main objective is to take advantage of the great potential to reduce energy demand from the building sector, in which housing represents 85% share in Spain. Among this reduction on building energy demand requirements, ventilation of dwellings becomes one of the challenges to solve as it’s directly connected to the indoor air quality (IAQ) and comfort conditions for the users, as well as proportional to the building energy demand on thermal conditioning. A big share of thermal losses in housing is caused by air renovation and infiltration through the envelope leaks. The European Directive on Building energy performance (EPBD), establishes the roots needed to reach the building sector objectives in terms of CO2 and GHG emissions. This directive sets the ventilation and renovation with clean air of the new and existing buildings as a fundamental requirement. The Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), an aggregation of symptoms and annoys associated to low air quality in non residential buildings, appeared as common after the 1973 oil crisis. It is originated in defective ventilation systems and deficient air renovation rates, as a consequence of trying to lower the energy bill. Accounting that we spend 58% of our time in dwellings, it becomes crucial to look after the indoor air quality and focus in not worsening it by applying “energy efficient” measures, with not expected side effects. To do so, it is primary to research in deep how the ventilation takes place in the housing blocks in Spain, in the aspects related to IAQ and ventilation energy demand. This thesis main objective is to establish a characterization and optimization methodology regarding the ventilation needs for existing housing in Spain, considering the twofold objective of guaranteeing the air quality as reducing the energy demand. The characterization of the existing housing building stock in Spain regarding ventilation is conclusive. More of 80% of the housing stock is distributed in 3 main periods: before the implementation of the firsts regulations on building comfort conditions (Normas Básicas de la Edificación), from 1960 to 1980; the period after the first recommendations on ventilation (NTE ISV 75) for housing were set, around 1980 until 2005 and; the period corresponding to the housing built after the existing mandatory regulation in terms of indoor sanity conditions and ventilation (Spanish Building Code, DB HS3) was set, in 2006. Selecting a representative blueprint of a housing block in Spain, which has medium characteristics not just within the 3 periods mention, but which qualities extent beyond the 3 of them, allows the next step, analyzing. This comparative and intense analyzing phase is focused on the air indoor conditions and the related energy demand, applying different configurations to the ventilation systems according to the different constructive or regulation period in which the building is built. This analysis is also twofold: 1) Numerical modeling with computer simulations and 2) experimental data collection from existing housing in real conditions to check and refine the models to be tested. Thanks to the analyzing phase conclusions, an optimization strategy on the ventilation of the housing stock is set, based on two actions to take: 1) To introduce a mechanical exhaust and intake ventilation system with heat recovery that allows reducing energy demand, as improves the capacity of the system to dilute the pollutant load. This way, the environmental quality is improved. 2) To optimize the schedule of the system use, avoids waste of energy in no occupancy periods, relying ventilation during this time in a light infiltration ventilation, intended not to become large and not causing extra energy losses. Apart from applying the previous analyzing methodology to the optimization strategy, regarding energy demand and air quality, a ROI valorization is performed, based on the cost optimal methodology (delegated regulation EU244/2012). The main results from the thesis are: • To obtain a through diagnose regarding air quality and energy demand for the existing housing stock in Spain, unavoidable to reach a energy deep retrofitting scheme with no air quality worsening. • To obtain a marker to relate air quality and energy demand and evaluate adequateness of ventilation systems, for the new regulations to come. • To establish an optimization strategy to improve both air quality and energy demand, applying a compared valorization methodology to obtain the Return On Investment (ROI).

Training project management complexity in postgraduate and continuing education programs: a learning strategy in the eshe (European Space of Higher Education) framework

The objective of this paper is to address the methodological process of a teaching strategy for training project management complexity in postgraduate programs. The proposal is made up of different methods —intuitive, comparative, deductive, case study, problem-solving Project-Based Learning— and different activities inside and outside the classroom. This integration of methods motivated the current use of the concept of “learning strategy”. The strategy has two phases: firstly, the integration of the competences —technical, behavioral and contextual—in real projects; and secondly, the learning activity was oriented in upper level of knowledge, the evaluating the complexity for projects management in real situations. Both the competences in the learning strategy and the Project Complexity Evaluation are based on the ICB of IPMA. The learning strategy is applied in an international Postgraduate Program —Erasmus Mundus Master of Science— with the participation of five Universities of the European Union. This master program is fruit of a cooperative experience from one Educative Innovation Group of the UPM -GIE-Project-, two Research Groups of the UPM and the collaboration with other external agents to the university. Some reflections on the experience and the main success factors in the learning strategy were presented in the paper

Training project management complexity in postgraduate and continuing education programs: a learning strategy in the eshe (European Space of Higher Education) framework

The objective of this paper is to address the methodological process of a teaching strategy for training project management complexity in postgraduate programs. The proposal is made up of different methods —intuitive, comparative, deductive, case study, problem-solving Project-Based Learning— and different activities inside and outside the classroom. This integration of methods motivated the current use of the concept of ―learning strategy‖. The strategy has two phases: firstly, the integration of the competences —technical, behavioral and contextual—in real projects; and secondly, the learning activity was oriented in upper level of knowledge, the evaluating the complexity for projects management in real situations. Both the competences in the learning strategy and the Project Complexity Evaluation are based on the ICB of IPMA. The learning strategy is applied in an international Postgraduate Program —Erasmus Mundus Master of Science— with the participation of five Universities of the European Union. This master program is fruit of a cooperative experience from one Educative Innovation Group of the UPM -GIE-Project-, two Research Groups of the UPM and the collaboration with other external agents to the university. Some reflections on the experience and the main success factors in the learning strategy were presented in the paper.

Visual Servoing for the Robotenis System: a Strategy for a 3 DOF Parallel Robot to Hit a Ping-Pong Ball

This article describes a new visual servo control and strategies that are used to carry out dynamic tasks by the Robotenis platform. This platform is basically a parallel robot that is equipped with an acquisition and processing system of visual information, its main feature is that it has a completely open architecture control, and planned in order to design, implement, test and compare control strategies and algorithms (visual and actuated joint controllers). Following sections describe a new visual control strategy specially designed to track and intercept objects in 3D space. The results are compared with a controller shown in previous woks, where the end effector of the robot keeps a constant distance from the tracked object. In this work, the controller is specially designed in order to allow changes in the tracking reference. Changes in the tracking reference can be used to grip an object that is under movement, or as in this case, hitting a hanging Ping-Pong ball. Lyapunov stability is taken into account in the controller design.

River Restoration in Spain: Theoretical and Practical Approach in the Context of the European Water Framework Directive.

River restoration is becoming a priority in many countries because of increasing the awareness of environmental degradation. In Europe, the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) has significantly reinforced river restoration, encouraging the improvement of ecological status for water bodies. To fulfill the WFD requirements, the Spanish Ministry of the Environment developed in 2006 a National Strategy for River Restoration whose design and implementation are described in this paper. At the same time many restoration projects have been conducted, and sixty of them have been evaluated in terms of stated objectives and pressures and implemented restoration measures. Riparian vegetation enhancement, weir removal and fish passes were the most frequently implemented restoration measures, although the greatest pressures came from hydrologic alteration caused by flow regulation for irrigation purposes. Water deficits in quantity and quality associated with uncontrolled water demands seriously affect Mediterranean rivers and represent the main constraint to achieving good ecological status of Spanish rivers, most of them intensively regulated. Proper environmental allocation of in-stream flows would need deep restrictions in agricultural water use which seem to be of very difficult social acceptance. This situation highlights the need to integrate land-use and rural development policies with water resources and river management, and identifies additional difficulties in achieving the WFD objectives and good ecological status of rivers in Mediterranean countries.

Atmospheric and remote sensing surveys evaluated at the natural analogue "Campo de Calatrava" and its relation with isotopic Radon activity and CO2 flux as strategy for CCS projects

C0 capture and storage (CCS) projects are presently developed to reduce the emission of anthropogenic co2 into the atmosphere. CCS technologies are expected to account for the 20% of the C0 reduction by 2050.The results of this paper are referred to the OXYCFB300 Compostilla Project (European Energy Program for Recover). Since the detection and control of potential leakage from storage formation is mandatory in a project of capture and geological storage of C02 (CCS), geophysical , ground deformation and geochemical monitoring have been carried out to detect potentialleakage, and, in the event that this occurs, identify and quantify it. This monitoring needs to be developed prior, during and after the injection stage. For a correct interpretation and quantification of the leakage, it is essential to establish a pre-injection characterization (baseline)of the area affected by the C02 storage at reservoir level as well as at shallow depth, surface and atmosphere, via soil gas measurements.

Unit Commitment and Electricity Prices Forecasting for Market Strategy Preparation in Interconnected Systems

In this paper we present a solution for building a better strategy to take part in external electricity markets. For an optimal strategy development, both the internal system costs as well as the future values of the series of electricity prices in external markets need to be known. But in practice, the real problems that must be faced are that both future electricity prices and costs are unknown. Thus, the first ones must be modeled and forecasted and the costs must be calculated. Our methodology for building an optimal strategy consists of three steps: The first step is modeling and forecasting market prices in external systems. The second step is the cost calculation on internal system taking into account the expected prices in the first step. The third step is based on the results of the previous steps, and consists of preparing the bids for external markets. The main goal is to reduce consumers' costs unlike many others that are oriented to increase GenCo's profits.

Contextualising change through a common strategy

European universities are currently going through a process of change in order to meet the common goals set for higher education by the European Commission. They are revising their educational models to adjust them to the guidelines of the ‘‘Bologna Process’’ and are devising an institutional strategy for its implementation. In practical terms, this means aligning former national degrees and diplomas to standard European Bachelor and Masters degrees and PhD doctorates, by creating acknowledged professional qualification benchmarks that also include adjusted course lengths and contents. This process, in the end, mostly affects academic staff members who have a fundamental role to play in carrying out the pedagogical reforms on the teaching front. Besides presenting a commentary on the institutional approach of one particular technical university in Spain, the purpose of this paper is to propose, from the authors’ point of view as lecturers, a strategy which has the potential to create a favourable atmosphere for carrying out such a reform. The article’s main objective is to highlight a series of action points which may serve to reinforce and advance the main institutional strategy by relying on the powerful influence of its academic staff members