10 resultados para Eco-friendly materials
em Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
Resumo:
The objective of the present study is to develop fully renewable and environmentally benign techniques for improving the fire safety of flexible polyurethane foams (PUFs). A multilayered coating made from cationic chitosan (CS) and anionic alginate (AL) was deposited on PUFs through layer-by-layer assembly. This coating system exhibits a slight influence on the thermal stability of PUF, but significantly improves the char formation during combustion. Cone calorimetry reveals that 10 CS-AL bilayers (only 5.7% of the foams weight) lead to a 66% and 11% reduction in peak heat release rate and total heat release, respectively, compared with those of the uncoated control. The notable decreased fire hazards of PUF are attributed to the CS-AL coatings being beneficial to form an insulating protective layer on the surface of burning materials that inhibits the oxygen and heat permeation and slows down the flammable gases in the vapor phase, and thereby improves the flame resistance. This water-based, environmentally benign natural coating will stimulate further efforts in improving fire safety for a variety of polymer substrates.
Resumo:
The use of tungsten disulphide inorganic nanotubes (INT-WS2) offers the opportunity to produce novel and advanced biopolymer-based nanocomposite materials with excellent nanoparticle dispersion without the need for modifiers or surfactants via conventional melt blending. The study of the non-isothermal melt-crystallization kinetics provides a clear picture of the transformation of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) molecules from the non-ordered to the ordered state. The overall crystallization rate, final crystallinity and subsequent melting behaviour of PLLA were controlled by both the incorporation of INT-WS2 and the variation of the cooling rate. In particular, it was shown that INT-WS2 exhibits much more prominent nucleation activity on the crystallization of PLLA than other specific nucleating agents or nano-sized fillers. These features may be advantageous for the enhancement of mechanical properties and process-ability of PLLA-based materials. PLLA/INT-WS2 nanocomposites can be employed as low cost biodegradable materials for many eco-friendly and medical applications, and the exceptional crystallization behaviour observed opens new perspectives for scale-up and broader applications.
Resumo:
El empleo de biomasa como combustible para la generación de bio-energía va en aumento en la actualidad, debido a su impacto medioambiental nulo en cuanto a las emisiones de CO2. Por lo tanto la generación de cenizas de biomasa, residuo de la producción de esta energía, constituye un problema medioambiental con un claro impacto social y económico. Este tipo de ceniza tiene contenidos en óxidos que la hacen atractiva para su empleo como sustituto parcial del cemento Portland, lo cual proporciona una salida eco-eficiente a este residuo, reduciendo al mismo tiempo la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero asociada a la fabricación del cemento. Esta investigación se centra en el desarrollo de nuevos e innovadores materiales base-cemento eco-eficientes que incorporan ceniza de biomasa para su aplicación integral en construcción. Para ello, se emplea una ceniza de biomasa (CB) procedente de un combustor de lecho fluidizado, cuya biomasa de combustión es principalmente restos de corteza de eucalipto, suministrada por el grupo ENCE-Navia (Asturias). El trabajo desarrollado en la presente tesis doctoral, tiene como primera fase la caracterización de esta ceniza y el análisis de viabilidad de su valorización en materiales base-cemento. Dentro de este análisis, se propone la activación de la ceniza CB mediante tratamiento hidrotermal (TH) en diferentes condiciones de medio activante, temperatura y tiempo de proceso, con el objetivo de favorecer la formación de fases hidratadas que potencien la valorización de la ceniza en el campo de los materiales de construcción. Como fase hidratada de interés se obtiene la fase tobermorita (Ca2.25(Si3O7.5(OH)1.5)(H2O)), precursora del gel C-S-H, responsable del desarrollo de resistencias mecánicas en los materiales base-cemento. El proceso de TH se optimiza para la síntesis más eficiente de esta fase. El estudio posterior de las propiedades mecánicas y micro-estructurales de pastas de cemento eco-eficientes que incorporan la ceniza CB y la ceniza tratada hidrotermalmente, CB-TH, confirma una mayor viabilidad de incorporación de la ceniza CB como sustituto parcial del cemento Portland. Como siguiente paso en el desarrollo de estos innovadores materiales base-cemento eco-eficientes se amplía el estudio multi-escalar de los materiales que incorporan CB mediante diferentes ensayos físico-mecánicos y de durabilidad. Los resultados indican que la presencia de la ceniza de biomasa no tiene efectos negativos sobre las propiedades físicas de los morteros eco-eficientes estudiados. Sin embargo, la adición de CB proporciona una mejor durabilidad del material al producir modificaciones de la microestructura que dificultan el transporte de agentes agresivos. Por otro lado, los morteros con un 10 y 20% de sustitución parcial de cemento por la ceniza de biomasa CB (CB-10 y CB-20) presentan una resistencia a compresión de 53.3 y 50.5 MPa a 28 días de curado, respectivamente. Estos morteros son comparables con un cemento Portland tradicional tipo CEM I de clase de resistencia 42.5 R. Por último, y con el fin de proporcionar la apertura de estos nuevos cementos eco-eficientes al mercado en el campo de los materiales de construcción, se estudian propiedades concretas relacionadas con diferentes tipos de aplicaciones. Concretamente se estudian en detalle las propiedades relativas a la aplicación en baldosas de mortero y los resultados indican unas prestaciones del material eco-eficiente con incorporación de CB similares o mejoradas con respecto al cemento Portland. Se analiza también la viabilidad de aplicación estructural de los cementos eco-eficientes desarrollados mediante el estudio de la adherencia al acero, que resulta similar a la del material de referencia. En cuanto a los resultados de extracción y caracterización de la fase acuosa de los poros, en todas las matrices eco-eficientes se obtiene un pH que garantiza la pasivación de la armadura. Sin embargo, el alto contenido en cloruros de dicha fase acuosa sugiere la conveniencia de realizar un análisis más detallado para la aplicación de los nuevos materiales eco-eficientes en hormigón armado. Se comprueba que todas las matrices que incorporan CB en porcentajes entre un 10 y un 90%, se pueden considerar adecuadas como nuevos materiales de construcción más eco-eficientes en aplicaciones con distintos niveles de exigencias mecánicas y sin problemas ambientales asociados con procesos de lixiviación. Con el presente trabajo de investigación se completan los objetivos iniciales de la tesis, con la obtención de nuevos e innovadores materiales base-cemento eco-eficientes que incorporan cenizas de biomasa (CB) con aplicación integral en el campo de la construcción. ABSTRACT The use of biomass as a fuel for the generation of bio-energy is increasing nowadays, due to its zero environmental impact in terms of CO2 emissions. Therefore the generation of biomass ash, a by-product of this energy, is an environmental problem with a clear social and economic impact. This type of ash contains oxides that make it attractive to be used as a partial replacement of Portland cement, providing an eco-efficient solution to this residue, while reducing the emission of greenhouse gases associated with the production of cement. The present research is focused on the development of new and innovative eco-efficient cement-based materials that incorporate biomass ash for their comprehensive application in construction. For this purpose a biomass ash (CB) is used from a fluidized bed forest combustor mainly fed with the bark of eucalyptus trees, provided by the ENCE-Navia (Asturias) group. The work includes in the first stage the characterization of the raw materials and the analysis of viability of their valorization in cement-based materials. Within this analysis, the activation of the ash is proposed by hydrothermal treatment (HT) in different conditions of activation medium, temperature and process duration, aiming an enhanced formation of hydrated phases to improve the ash valorization in the construction materials field. As an interesting hydrated phase, the tobermorite (Ca2.25(Si3O7.5(OH)1.5)(H2O)) is obtained from the process. This phase is considered as a precursor of the gel C-S-H, responsible for the development of mechanical strength in cement-based materials. HT process is optimized for the most efficient synthesis of tobermorite. The analysis of mechanical and microstructural properties of eco-efficient cement pastes incorporating CB ash and hydrothermally treated ash, CB-TH, confirms an improved viability of incorporation of CB ash as a partial replacement for Portland cement in the case. As a next step in the development of these innovative eco-efficient cement-based materials, a multiscale study of the materials that incorporate CB by different physical-mechanical and durability tests is carried out. The results indicate that the presence of biomass ash does not give rise to negative effects on the physical properties of the eco-efficient mortars analyzed. Nevertheless, the addition of CB produces a better durability performance due to microstructural modifications that hinder the transport of aggressive agents through the material. Moreover, mortars with a 10% and 20% of partial substitution of cement by the CB biomass ash (CB-10 and CB-20) show a compressive resistance of 53.3 and 50.5 MPa at 28 days of curing, respectively. These mortars are comparable to an ordinary Portland cement type CEM I with a resistance class of 42.5R. Finally, and in order to provide the opening of these new eco-efficient cement to the market in the field of construction materials, certain properties specifically related to different types of applications are studied. Among these, the properties concerning the application in mortar tiles are analyzed and the results indicate a similar, or even better performance of the eco-efficient mortar that incorporates CB, with respect to Portland cement. The viability of structural application of the developed eco-efficient cement is also performed considering the study of the adhesion to steel, with results similar to those of the reference material. Regarding the results of extraction and analysis of the aqueous phase of the pores, a pH value guaranteeing reinforcement passivation is obtained for all the eco-efficient matrices. However, high chloride content is obtained suggesting the suitability of a more detailed study to evaluate the application of these new eco-efficient materials in reinforced concrete. It is established that all the matrices incorporating CB in percentages between 10 and 90% may be considered adequate as new more eco-efficient construction materials in applications with different levels of mechanical demand and without environmental problems associated to leaching processes. In this research the initial objectives of the thesis are fulfilled by obtaining new and innovative eco-efficient cement-based materials that incorporate biomass ashes (CB) with comprehensive application in the construction field.
Resumo:
The growing demand for sustainable animal production is compelling researchers to explore the potential approaches to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from livestock that are mainly produced by enteric fermentation. Some potential solutions, for instance, the use of chemical inhibitors to reduce methanogenesis, are not feasible in routine use due to their toxicity to ruminants, inhibition of efficient rumen function or other transitory effects. Strategies, such as use of plant secondary metabolites and dietary manipulations have emerged to reduce the methane emission, but these still require extensive research before these can be recommended and deployed in the livestock industry sector. Furthermore, immunization vaccines for methanogens and phages are also under investigation for mitigation of enteric methanogenesis. The increasing knowledge of methanogenic diversity in rumen, DNA sequencing technologies and bioinformatics have paved the way for chemogenomic strategies by targeting methane producers. Chemogenomics will help in finding target enzymes and proteins, which will further assist in the screening of natural as well chemical inhibitors. The construction of a methanogenic gene catalogue through these approaches is an attainable objective. This will lead to understand the microbiome function, its relation with the host and feeds, and therefore, will form the basis of practically viable and eco-friendly methane mitigation approaches, while improving the ruminant productivity.
Resumo:
El 1 de enero de 2014 entró en vigor la Directiva Europea 2009/128/CE sobre uso sostenible de plaguicidas y el Real Decreto 1311/2012 por el cual se traspone dicha normativa comunitaria al ámbito nacional. Estos reglamentos establecen el marco legal por el que las explotaciones agrícolas deben cumplir los principios generales de la Gestión Integrada de Plagas (GIP). Los principios de la GIP dan preferencia a aquellos métodos de control que sean sostenibles y respetuosos con el medio ambiente, dando prioridad al control biológico, al físico y a otros de carácter no químico. Sin embargo, el uso de insecticidas selectivos con los enemigos naturales es necesario en ocasiones para el adecuado manejo de las plagas en cultivos hortícolas. Por ello, el objetivo general de esta Tesis ha sido aportar conocimientos para la mejora del control de plagas en cultivos hortícolas, mediante la integración de estrategias de lucha biológica, física y química. La primera de las líneas de investigación de esta Tesis se centró en el estudio del efecto de la presencia dos depredadores, larvas Chrysoperla carnea y adultos de Adalia bipunctata, en la dispersión del virus de transmisión no persistente Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) y del virus de transmisión persistente Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV), transmitidos por el pulgón Aphis gosypii en cultivo de pepino. La tasa de transmisión de CMV fue baja para los dos tiempos de evaluación ensayados (1 y 5 días), debido al limitado movimiento de su vector A. gossypii. Las plantas que resultaron infectadas se localizaron próximas a la fuente de inóculo central y la presencia de ambos enemigos naturales no incrementó significativamente el porcentaje de plantas ocupadas por pulgones ni la tasa de transmisión de CMV. Los patrones de distribución de A. gossypii y de CMV tan solo fueron coincidentes en las proximidades de la planta central infectada en la que se liberaron los insectos. En los ensayos con CABYV, la presencia de C. carnea y de A. bipunctata respectivamente provocó un incremento significativo de la dispersión de A. gossypii tras 14 días, pero no tras 7 días desde la liberación de los insectos. La reducción en el número inicial de pulgones en la planta central infectada con CABYV fue siempre mayor tras la liberación de C. carnea en comparación con A. bipunctata. Sin embargo, la tasa de transmisión de CABYV y su distribución espacial no se vieron significativamente modificadas por la presencia de ninguno de los depredadores, ni tras 7 días ni tras 14 días desde el inicio de los ensayos. Al igual que se estudió el efecto de la presencia de enemigos naturales en el comportamiento de las plagas y en la epidemiología de las virosis que transmiten, en una segunda línea de investigación se evaluó el posible efecto del consumo de pulgones portadores de virus por parte de los enemigos naturales. Este trabajo se llevó a cabo en el Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología del Departamento de Entomología de la Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) (Brasil). En él se evaluó la influencia en los parámetros biológicos del enemigo natural Chrysoperla externa al alimentarse de Myzus persicae contaminados con el virus de transmisión persistente Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). El consumo de M. persicae contaminados con PLRV incrementó significativamente la duración de la fase larvaria, reduciendo también la supervivencia en comparación a otras dos dietas a base de M. persicae no contaminados con el virus y huevos del lepidóptero Ephestia kuehniella. La duración de la fase de pupa de C. externa no difirió significativamente entre las dietas a base de pulgones contaminados con PLRV y pulgones no contaminados, pero ambas fueron menores que con la dieta con huevos de E. kuehniella. Sin embargo, ni la supervivencia en la fase de pupa ni los parámetros reproductivos de los adultos emergidos mostraron diferencias significativas entre las dietas evaluadas. Por el contrario, la supervivencia de los adultos durante los 30 primeros días desde su emergencia sí se vio significativamente afectada por la dieta, siendo al término de este periodo del 54% para aquellos adultos de C. externa que durante su fase larvaria consumieron pulgones con PLRV. Dentro de la GIP, una de las estrategias de carácter físico que se emplean para el control de plagas y enfermedades en cultivos hortícolas protegidos es el uso de plásticos con propiedades fotoselectivas de absorción de la radiación ultravioleta (UV). Por ello, la tercera línea de investigación de la Tesis se centró en el estudio de los efectos directos e indirectos (mediados por la planta) de condiciones especiales de baja radiación UV sobre el crecimiento poblacional del pulgón A. gossypii y los parámetros biológicos del enemigo natural C. carnea, así como sobre las plantas de pepino en las que se liberaron los insectos. Los ensayos se realizaron en jaulones dentro de invernadero, utilizándose en el primero de ellos plantas de pepino sanas, mientras que en el segundo las plantas de pepino fueron previamente infectadas con CABYV para estudiar de qué manera afectaba la incidencia del virus en las mismas condiciones. Las condiciones de baja radiación UV (bajo plástico Térmico Antivirus®) ejercieron un efecto directo en las fases iniciales del cultivo de pepino, promoviendo su crecimiento, mientras que en fases más avanzadas del cultivo indujeron un aumento en el contenido en nitrógeno de las plantas. Las plantas de pepino que fueron sometidas a mayor intensidad de radiación UV (bajo plástico Térmico Blanco®) al inicio del cultivo mostraron un engrosamiento significativo de las paredes de las células epidérmicas del haz de las hojas, así como de la cutícula. El uso del plástico Térmico Antivirus®, utilizado como barrera fotoselectiva para crear condiciones de baja radiación UV, no alteró con respecto al plástico Térmico Blanco® (utilizado como control) el desarrollo poblacional del pulgón A. gossypii ni los parámetros biológicos evaluados en el depredador C. carnea. En el segundo experimento, realizado con plantas infectadas con CABYV, la incidencia de la virosis enmascaró las diferencias encontradas en experimento con plantas sanas, reduciendo aparentemente la influencia de las distintas condiciones de radiación UV. Por último, para el desarrollo de las estrategias de GIP es importante estudiar los posibles efectos secundarios que los plaguicidas pueden tener en los enemigos naturales de las plagas. Es por ello que en la Tesis se evaluaron la toxicidad y los efectos subletales (fecundidad y fertilidad) de flonicamida, flubendiamida, metaflumizona, spirotetramat, sulfoxaflor y deltametrina en los enemigos naturales C. carnea y A. bipunctata. Los efectos secundarios fueron evaluados por contacto residual tanto para larvas como para adultos de ambos enemigos naturales en condiciones de laboratorio. Flonicamida, flubendiamida, metaflumizona y spirotetramat fueron inocuos para larvas de último estadio y adultos de C. carnea y A. bipunctata. Por este motivo, estos insecticidas se presentan como buenos candidatos para ser incorporados dentro de programas de GIP en combinación con estos enemigos naturales para el control de plagas de cultivos hortícolas. Sulfoxaflor fue ligeramente tóxico para adultos de C. carnea y altamente tóxico para larvas de último estadio de A. bipunctata. Para A. bipunctata, sulfoxaflor y deltametrina fueron los compuestos más dañinos. Deltametrina fue también el compuesto más tóxico para larvas y adultos de C. carnea. Por tanto, el uso de deltametrina y sulfoxaflor en programas de GIP debería tomarse en consideración cuando se liberasen cualquiera de estos dos enemigos naturales debido al comportamiento tóxico que mostraron en condiciones de laboratorio. ABSTRACT On 1 January 2014 came into effect the Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament about sustainable use of pesticides and the Royal Decree 1311/2012 that transposes the regulation to the Spanish level. These regulations establish the legal framework that agricultural holdings must adhere to in order to accomplish the general principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The guidelines of IPM give priority to sustainable and eco-friendly pest control techniques, such as biological and physical measures. Nevertheless, the use of pesticides that are selective to natural enemies is sometimes a necessary strategy to implement accurate pest management programs in horticultural protected crops. Therefore, the general objective of this Thesis was to contribute to the improvement of pest management strategies in horticultural crops, by means of the integration of biological, physical and chemical techniques. The first research line of this Thesis was focused on the evaluation of the effects of two aphidophagous predators, Chrysoperla carnea larvae and Adalia bipunctata adults, on the spread of the non-persistently transmitted Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, Cucumovirus) and the persistently transmitted Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV, Polerovirus), by the aphid vector Aphis gossypii in a cucumber crop under greenhouse conditions. The CMV transmission rate was generally low, both after 1 and 5 days, due to the limited movement of its aphid vector A. gossypii. Infected plants were mainly located around the central virusinfected source plant, and the percentage of aphid occupation and CMV-infected plants did not differ significantly in absence and presence of natural enemies. The distribution patterns of A. gossypii and CMV were only coincident close to the central plant where insects were released. In the CABYV experiments, the presence of C. carnea larvae and A. bipunctata adults induced significant A. gossypii dispersal after 14 days but not after 7 days. The reduction in the initial aphid population established in the central plant was always higher for C. carnea than for A. bipunctata. Nevertheless, CABYV spread was not significantly modified by the presence of each predator either in the short term (7 days) or in the long term (14 days). Furthermore, the percentage of CABYV-infected plants did not significantly differ when each natural enemy was present in any evaluation period. It is important to evaluate the influence that natural enemies have on pest dynamics and on the spread of viral diseases, but it should be also taken into account the possible effect on the performance of natural enemies when they feed on preys that act as vectors of viruses. Thus, in a second research line developed in the Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Entomology, of the Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) (Brazil), it was evaluated the performance of Chrysoperla externa under the condition of consuming Myzus persicae acting as vector of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). The diet composed of PLRV-infected M. persicae significantly increased the length and reduced the survival rate, of the larval period in regard to the other two diets, composed of non-infected M. persicae and Ephestia kuehniella eggs. The lengths of the pupal stage were not significantly different between the aphid diets, but both were significantly shorter than that of E. kuehniella eggs. Neither pupal survival nor reproductive parameters revealed significant differences among the diets. Nevertheless, the adult survival curves during the first 30 days after emergence showed significant differences, reaching at the end of this interval a value of 54% for those C. externa adults fed on PLRVinfected aphids during their larval period. According to the IPM guidelines, one of the physical strategies for the control of pests and diseases in horticultural protected crops is the use of plastic films with photoselective properties that act as ultraviolet (UV) radiation blocking barriers. In this sense, the third research line of the Thesis dealt with the study of the direct and plant-mediated influence of low UV radiation conditions on the performance of the aphid A. gossypii and on the biological parameters of the natural enemy C. carnea, as well as on the cucumber plants where insects were released. The experiments were conducted inside cages under greenhouse conditions, using for the first one healthy cucumber plants, while for the second experiment the cucumber plants were previously infected with CABYV in order to assess the influence of the virus in the same conditions. The low UV radiation conditions (under Térmico Antivirus® plastic film) seemed to exert a direct effect in the early stages of cucumber plants, enhancing their growth, and in an increasing nitrogen content at further developmental stages. The higher UV radiation exposure (under Térmico Blanco® plastic film) in the early stages of the cucumber crop induced the thickening of the adaxial epidermal cell walls and the cuticle of leaves. The use of Térmico Antivirus® plastic film as a photoselective barrier to induce low UV radiation conditions did not modify, in regard to Térmico Blanco® plastic film (used as control), neither the population development of A. gossypii nor the studied biological parameters of the predator C. carnea. In the second experiment, done with CABYV-infected cucumber plants, the incidence of the virus seemed to mask the direct and plant-mediated influence of the different UV radiation conditions. In last term, for the development of IPM strategies it is important to study the potential side effects that pesticides might have on natural enemies. For this reason, in the Thesis were tested the toxicity and sublethal effects (fecundity and fertility) of flonicamid, flubendiamide, metaflumizone, spirotetramat, sulfoxaflor and deltamethrin on the natural enemies C. carnea and A. bipunctata. The side effects of the active ingredients of the insecticides were evaluated with residual contact tests for the larvae and adults of these predators under laboratory conditions. Flonicamid, flubendiamide, metaflumizone and spirotetramat were innocuous to last instar larvae and adults of C. carnea and A. bipunctata. Therefore, these pesticides are promising candidates for being incorporated into IPM programs in combination with these natural enemies for the control of particular greenhouse pests. In contrast, sulfoxaflor was slightly toxic to adults of C. carnea and was highly toxic to last instar larvae of A. bipunctata. For A. bipunctata, sulfoxaflor and deltamethrin were the most damaging compounds. Deltamethrin was also the most toxic compound to larvae and adults of C. carnea. In accordance with this fact, the use of sulfoxaflor and deltamethrin in IPM strategies should be taken into consideration when releasing either of these biological control agents, due to the toxic behavior observed under laboratory conditions.
Resumo:
Pest management practices that rely on pesticides are growing increasingly less effective and environmentally inappropriate in many cases and the search of alternatives is under focus nowadays. Exclusion of pests from the crop by means of pesticide-treated screens can be an eco-friendly method to protect crops, especially if pests are vectors of important diseases. The mesh size of nets is crucial to determine if insects can eventually cross the barrier or exclude them because there is a great variation in insect size depending on the species. Long-lasting insecticide-treated (LLITN) nets, factory pre-treated, have been used since years to fight against mosquitoes vector of malaria and are able to retain their biological efficacy under field for 3 years. In agriculture, treated nets with different insecticides have shown efficacy in controlling some insects and mites, so they seem to be a good tool in helping to solve some pest problems. However, treated nets must be carefully evaluated because can diminish air flow, increase temperature and humidity and decrease light transmission, which may affect plant growth, pests and natural enemies. As biological control is considered a key factor in IPM nowadays, the potential negative effects of treated nets on natural enemies need to be studied carefully. In this work, the effects of a bifentrhin-treated net (3 g/Kg) (supplied by the company Intelligent Insect Control, IIC) on natural enemies of aphids were tested on a cucumber crop in Central Spain in autumn 2011. The crop was sown in 8x6.5 m tunnels divided in 2 sealed compartments with control or treated nets, which were simple yellow netting with 25 mesh (10 x 10 threads/cm2; 1 x 1 mm hole size). Pieces of 2 m high of the treated-net were placed along the lateral sides of one of the two tunnel compartments in each of the 3 available tunnels (replicates); the rest was covered by a commercial untreated net of a similar mesh. The pest, Aphis gossypii Glover (Aphidae), the parasitoid Aphidius colemani (Haliday) (Braconidae) and the predator Adalia bipunctata L. (Coccinellidae) were artificially introduced in the crop. Weekly sampling was done determining the presence or absence of the pest and the natural enemies (NE) in the 42 plants/compartment as well as the number of insects in 11 marked plants. Environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity, UV and PAR radiation) were recorded. Results show that when aphids were artificially released inside the tunnels, neither its number/plant nor their distribution was affected by the treated net. A lack of negative effect of the insecticide-treated net on natural enemies was also observed. Adalia bipunctata did not establish in the crop and only a short term control of aphids was observed one week after release. On the other hand, A. colemani did establish in the crop and a more long-term effect on the numbers of aphids/plant was detected irrespective of the type of net. KEY WORDS: bifenthrin-treated net, Adalia bipunctata, Aphidius colemani, Aphis gossypii, semi-field
Resumo:
Tungsten disulphide nanotubes (INT-WS2) have been successfully dispersed in a bio-based polyamide matrix (nylon 11) by conventional melt processing. The effect of INT-WS2 content on the morphology, thermal stability, crystallization behaviour and dynamic mechanical properties is investigated. The results indicate that these inorganic nanotubes can be efficiently incorporated into the bio-based polymer matrix without the need for modifiers or surfactants. Additionally, it is found that the non-isothermal crystallization behaviour of nylon 11/INT-WS2 depends on both the cooling rate and INT-WS2 concentration. In particular, crystallization kinetics results demonstrate that the nucleating activity of INTs plays a dominant role in accelerating the crystallization of nylon 11. This fact leads to the appearance of the more-disordered phase at higher temperature. More significantly, it was shown that these INT-WS2 nanocomposites can facilitate a good processability and cost efficiency, and will be of interest for many eco-friendly and medical applications.
Resumo:
Mulch materials of different origins have been introduced into the agricultural sector in recent years alternatively to the standard polyethylene due to its environmental impact. This study aimed to evaluate the multivariate response of mulch materials over three consecutive years in a processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) crop in Central Spain. Two biodegradable plastic mulches (BD1, BD2), one oxo-biodegradable material (OB), two types of paper (PP1, PP2), and one barley straw cover (BS) were compared using two control treatments (standard black polyethylene [PE] and manual weed control [MW]). A total of 17 variables relating to yield, fruit quality, and weed control were investigated. Several multivariate statistical techniques were applied, including principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis. A group of mulch materials comprised of OB and BD2 was found to be comparable to black polyethylene regarding all the variables considered. The weed control variables were found to be an important source of discrimination. The two paper mulches tested did not share the same treatment group membership in any case: PP2 presented a multivariate response more similar to the biodegradable plastics, while PP1 was more similar to BS and MW. Based on our multivariate approach, the materials OB and BD2 can be used as an effective, more environmentally friendly alternative to polyethylene mulches.
Resumo:
Uno de los retos a los que se enfrenta la humanidad es la demanda de una sociedad con casi cero residuos: la búsqueda de una economía más eficiente en el uso de los recursos teniendo en cuenta el cambio climático y un abastecimiento sostenible de materias primas que permitan satisfacer las necesidades de una población mundial cada vez mayor, dentro de los límites sostenibles de los recursos naturales del planeta. Abordar este desafío implica la recuperación y reciclaje de materiales para reducir consumos de materias primas y, para ello, debe promoverse la innovación en la prevención y gestión de residuos, como estrategia hacia un desarrollo urbano sostenible. Los envases y embalajes forman parte de la cultura actual, relacionándose con el grado de desarrollo de países y regiones; el sector de la construcción no es ajeno a la problemática y genera un importante volumen de embalajes en las obras que no se gestionan de forma adecuada. El modelo de gestión de Residuos de Construcción Demolición (RCD) actual es poco eficaz, ya que los vertederos siguen recibiendo grandes cantidades de residuos valorizables. La normativa ha conseguido minimizar las prácticas ilegales, pero se comprueba que la gestión actual de los RCD en obra deja en manos de las plantas de tratamiento la misión de separar los residuos según su naturaleza y los datos aportados por las distintas plantas no permiten afirmar el grado de alcance de dicho objetivo, ni el destino de los mismos. Los envases y embalajes son un tipo de residuos que por su naturaleza suponen una fuente de recursos valorizables y por ello están presentes en directivas y leyes, dirigidas fundamentalmente al sector de la alimentación. En el ámbito de la construcción, hasta la fecha, no se habían tratado de forma específica, motivo que justifica este trabajo. Esta Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo principal mejorar la gestión de residuos de embalajes procedentes de materiales de construcción. Para ello se estudia un importante conjunto de obras de edificación residencial colectiva de 1173 viviendas, análisis que llevará a conocer los patrones de producción de los Residuos de Envases y Embalajes en Construcción (REEC) e identificar los productos o materiales responsables de su generación. La monitorización realizada, permitirá diseñar estrategias específicas que minimicen la generación de estos residuos y optimicen su valorización. Se ha podido comprobar que el tratamiento particularizado de los REEC puede mejorar los resultados de la gestión del conjunto de RCD, debido a que, al no mezclarse, se elimina un importante agente contaminador de los residuos inertes. Las obras analizadas alcanzan un nivel de segregación in situ muy bajo, y los capítulos de cerramientos e instalaciones suman más del 50% del global de REEC. Particularizando en cada tipo de material, el cartón predomina en los trabajos de electricidad, el plástico en las particiones y la madera en fachadas. Se evalúa la opción del eco-‐rediseño para uno de los embalajes predominantes, y se identifican estrategias para minimizar su impacto. Se comprueba que el ahorro en la gestión de RCD en caso de impulsar la segregación in situ no es muy significativo en las obras estudiadas, si bien se demuestra que la viabilidad económica es el factor más importante para motivar a las empresas constructoras. Las Administraciones Públicas deberían incentivar la gestión responsable, estableciendo medidas de control en las plantas de tratamiento e implementando en sus obras medidas de gestión de RCD ejemplares para el mercado. Una adecuada planificación de la obra, y formación específica para el personal son medidas que facilitan la segregación in situ y mejoran los resultados. Los promotores, mediante su relación contractual con el resto de agentes, tienen la capacidad de establecer objetivos de reducción, planificación y gestión sostenible de los REEC. Por último, se propone un sistema de gestión de REEC, integrable dentro del Sistema de Gestión de la empresa constructora, que permite evitar que residuos valorizables tales como los envases y embalajes se envíen a vertedero, guiando al sector hacia un futuro más respetuoso, alineado con el desarrollo sostenible. ABSTRACT One of the challenges humanity faces is the demand of an almost zero waste society: the search for a more efficient economy in the use of resources, taking into account climate change and a sustainable supply of raw materials, that meet the needs of an increasing world population within the sustainable limits of the planet's natural resources. Addressing this challenge involves the recovery and recycling of materials to reduce consumption of raw materials, so innovation must therefore be promoted in the prevention and management of waste, as a strategy towards a sustainable urban development. Packaging is part of our current culture and is related to the degree of development of countries and regions; the construction sector is no stranger to this problem and generates a significant amount of packaging waste in the site works, which nowadays is not managed properly. The current Construction Demolition Waste (CDW) management model is ineffective, since landfills continue to receive large amounts of recoverable waste. The legislation has managed to minimize illegal practices, but it has been observed that the current management of CDW in the analysed works leaves the mission of separating waste according to their nature to the plants, and data provided by the latter does not allow for checking the scope of this objective, nor the destiny of the waste. Packaging is a type of waste which, by its nature, represents a source of recoverable resources and is therefore present in directives and laws, focused primarily on the food industry. It has not been specifically treated to date in the construction field, hence the reason that justifies this work. This Thesis aims to improve the management of packaging waste from construction materials. An important set of residential building works with 1173 dwellings is analysed, which leads to knowledge on the production patterns of packaging waste (PW) in the construction industry, and the identification of the products responsible for its generation. The monitorization also allows for the design of specific strategies which minimise the generation of waste and optimize recovery. It has been found that the individualized treatment of PW can improve the results of the management of the whole CDW since, when not mixed, a major pollutant of inert waste is removed. The analysed works reached a very low segregation level and the façades and building services phases account for more than 50% of the overall PW. Focusing on each type of material, cardboard predominates electricity works, plastic on partitions and wood on façades. Eco-‐redesign is evaluated for one of the predominant packages, and strategies are identified to minimise their impact are . There is evidence that the savings in the CDW management in case of promoting segregation on site are not very significant at the studied works, although economic feasibility is the most important factor to motivate the construction companies. Public Administrations should encourage responsible management, establishing control measures in treatment plants and implementing CDW management exemplary measures on their work sites for the market. A proper planning of the works and specific training for the personnel are measures that facilitate in situ segregation and improve outcomes. The developers, through their contractual relationship with the other agents, have the ability to set reduction targets, planning and sustainable management of PW. Finally, a management system for PW is proposed, integrated within the Management System of the construction company, which aims to avoid that recoverable waste such as packaging is sent to landfill, leading the industry towards a more environmentally friendly future, aligned with sustainable development.
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El impacto ambiental directo de la construcción naval, que se refiere a la construcción, mantenimiento y reparación de buques, no es de ninguna manera pequeño. La construcción de buques depende de un gran número de procesos que por sí mismos constituyen un riesgo significativo de daño medio ambiental en el entorno de los astilleros y que conducen a emisiones significativas de gases de efecto invernadero. Además, la construcción naval utiliza algunos materiales que no sólo puede llevar a graves consecuencias para el daño ambiental durante su producción y su uso en el proceso de construcción de la nave, sino también posteriormente durante la reparación de buques, el funcionamiento y las actividades de reciclaje. (OECD 2010) El impacto ambiental directo de la construcción naval constituye de por sí, un desafío importante para la industria. Pero este impacto no queda limitado a su entorno inmediato, aunque la Construcción Naval no es directamente responsable de la repercusión en el medio ambiente de la operación y el reciclaje de buques comerciales, si es una parte integral de estas actividades. (OECD 2010) En esta tesis se sugiere que el sector de la construcción naval puede y debe aceptar sus responsabilidades ambientales no solo en el entorno del astillero; también en la operación de los buques, sus productos; tomando conciencia, a través de un enfoque de ciclo de vida, del desempeño ambiental de la industria en su conjunto. Es necesario intensificar esfuerzos a medida que el impacto ambiental de la industria es cada vez más visible en el dominio público, en pro de un crecimiento verde que permita aumentar la capacidad de actividad o producción económica al tiempo que reduce o elimina, los impactos ambientales. Este será un imperativo para cualquier futura actividad industrial y exigirá naturalmente conocimiento ambiental intrincado perteneciente a todos los procesos asociados. Esta tesis - aprovechando como valiosa fuente de información los desarrollos y resultados del proyecto europeo: “Eco_REFITEC”. FP7-CP-266268, coordinado por el autor de esta Tesis, en nombre de la Fundación Centro Tecnológico SOERMAR - tiene como primer objetivo Investigar la interpretación del concepto de Construcción Naval y Transporte Marítimo sostenible así como las oportunidades y dificultades de aplicación en el sector de la Construcción y reparación Naval. Ello para crear o aumentar el entendimiento de la interpretación del concepto de transporte marítimo sostenible y la experiencia de su aplicación en particular en los astilleros de nuevas construcciones y reparación. Pretende también contribuir a una mejor comprensión de la industria Marítima y su impacto en relación con el cambio climático, y ayudar en la identificación de áreas para la mejora del desempeño ambiental más allá de las operaciones propias de los astilleros; arrojando luz sobre cómo puede contribuir la construcción naval en la mejora de la eficiencia y en la reducción de emisiones de CO2 en el transporte marítimo. Se espera con este enfoque ayudar a que la Industria de Construcción Naval vaya abandonando su perspectiva tradicional de solo mirar a sus propias actividades para adoptar una visión más amplia tomando conciencia en cuanto a cómo sus decisiones pueden afectar posteriormente las actividades aguas abajo, y sus impactos en el medio ambiente, el cambio climático y el crecimiento verde. Si bien cada capítulo de la tesis posee su temática propia y una sistemática específica, a su vez retoma desde una nueva perspectiva cuestiones importantes abordadas en otros capítulos. Esto ocurre especialmente con algunos ejes que atraviesan toda la tesis. Por ejemplo: la íntima relación entre el transporte marítimo y el sector de construcción naval, la responsabilidad de la política internacional y local, la invitación a buscar nuevos modos de construir el futuro del sector a través de la consideración de los impactos ambientales, económicos y sociales a lo largo de ciclo de vida completo de productos y servicios. La necesidad de una responsabilidad social corporativa. Estos temas no se cierran ni terminan, sino que son constantemente replanteados tratando de enriquecerlos. ABSTRACT The direct environmental impact of shipbuilding, which refers to construction, maintenance and repair of vessels, is by no means small. Shipbuilding depends on a large number of processes which by themselves constitute significant risks of damage to the shipyards‘ surrounding environment and which lead to significant emissions of greenhouse gases. In addition, shipbuilding uses some materials which not only may carry serious implications for environmental harm during their production and usage in the ship construction process, but also subsequently during ship repairing, operation, and recycling activities. (OECD 2010) The direct environmental impact of shipbuilding constitutes a major challenge for the industry. But this impact is not limited on their immediate surroundings, but while not being directly responsible for the impact on the environment from the operation and final recycling of commercial ships, shipbuilding is an integral part of these activities. (OECD 2010) With this in mind, this thesis is suggested that the shipbuilding industry can and must take up their environmental responsibilities not only on their immediate surroundings, also on the ships operation, becoming aware through a “life cycle” approach to ships, the environmental performance of the industry as a whole. As the environmental impact of the industry is becoming increasingly visible in the public domain much more effort is required for the sake of “green growth” which implies the ability to increase economic activity or output while lowering, or eliminating, environmental impacts. This will be an imperative for any future industrial activity and will naturally demand intricate environmental knowledge pertaining to all associated processes. This thesis making use as a valuable source of information of the developments and results of an European FP7-collaborative project called "Eco_REFITEC, coordinated by the author of this thesis on behalf of the Foundation Center Technology SOERMAR, has as its primary objective to investigate the interpretation of a sustainable Shipbuilding and Maritime Transport concept and the challenges and opportunities involved in applying for the Shipbuilding and ship repair Sector. It is done to improve the current understanding regarding sustainable shipping and to show the application experience in shipbuilding and ship repair shipyards. Assuming that sustainability is more than just an act but a process, this academic work it also aims to contribute to a much better understanding of the maritime industry and its impact with respect to climate change, and help in identifying areas for better environmental performance beyond the shipyard's own operations; shedding light on how shipbuilding can contribute in improving efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions in shipping. It is my hope that this thesis can help the Shipbuilding Industry to abandon its traditional perspective where each simply looks at its own activities to take a broader view becoming aware as to how their decisions may further affect downstream activities and their impacts on the environment, climate change and green growth. Although each chapter will have its own subject and specific approach, it will also take up and re-examine important questions previously dealt with. This is particularly the case with a number of themes which will reappear as the thesis unfolds. As example I will point to the intimate relationship between the shipping and shipbuilding industry, the responsibility of international and local policy, the call to seek other ways of building the future of the sector through the consideration of the environmental, economic and social impacts over the full life cycle of the products and services, the need for a corporate social responsibility. These questions will not be dealt with once and for all, but reframed and enriched again and again.