An approach to stakeholders involvement in the preparedness for nuclear and radiological emergency response & recovery in Spain

The elaboration of a generic decision-making strategy to address the evolution of an emergency situation, from the stages of response to recovery, and including a planning stage, can facilitate timely, effective and consistent decision making by the response organisations at every level within the emergency management structure and between countries, helping to ensure optimal protection of health, environment, and society. The degree of involvement of stakeholders in this process is a key strategic element for strengthening the local preparedness and response and can help a successful countermeasures strategy. A significant progress was made with the multi-national European project EURANOS (2004-2009) which brought together best practice, knowledge and technology to enhance the preparedness for Europe's response to any radiation emergency and long term contamination. The subsequent establishment of a European Technology Platform and the recent launch of the research project NERIS-TP ("Towards a self sustaining European Technology Platform (NERIS-TP) on Preparedness for Nuclear and Radiological Emergency Response and Recovery") are aimed to continue with the remaining tasks for gaining appropriate levels of emergency preparedness at local level in most European countries. One of the objectives of the NERIS-TP project is: Strengthen the preparedness at the local/national level by setting up dedicated fora and developing new tools or adapting the tools developed within the EURANOS projects (such as the governance framework for preparedness, the handbooks on countermeasures, the RODOS system, and the MOIRA DSS for long term contamination in catchments) to meet the needs of local communities. CIEMAT and UPM in close interaction with the Nuclear Safety Council will explore, within this project, the use and application in Spain of such technical tools, including other national tools and information and communication strategies to foster cooperation between local, national and international stakeholders. The aim is identify and involve relevant stakeholders in emergency preparedness to improve the development and implementation of appropriate protection strategies as part of the consequence management and the transition to recovery. In this paper, an overview of the "state of the art" on this area in Spain and the methodology and work Plan proposed by the Spanish group within the project NERIS to grow the stakeholder involvement in the preparedness to emergency response and recovery is presented.

An ITS architecture specification - The FOTsis project experience

The recent continuous development of Cooperative ITS has resulted in several initiatives which focus on different parts of the Cooperative environment landscape. The FOTsis project focuses on the infrastructure side of the Cooperative environment and will deploy and test 7 services designed to maximise the benefits of the integration of the road operator and infrastructure-based information providers into the ITS environment. This integration can take place in any of the stages of data collection, processing and actuations of the services, but also support and trigger external tasks such as operations of the emergency response entities, etc. This paper describes the current status of the project and focuses on the specification of the supporting architecture to the services tested: references, a brief outline of the requirements’ definition, and the FOTsis architecture proposal, with some conclusions about the architecture tests conducted. The outlook on the project’s next steps is given in the last section of the paper.

Flooding through the lens of mobile phone activity

Natural disasters affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. Emergency response efforts depend upon the availability of timely information, such as information concerning the movements of affected populations. The analysis of aggregated and anonymized Call Detail Records (CDR) captured from the mobile phone infrastructure provides new possibilities to characterize human behavior during critical events. In this work, we investigate the viability of using CDR data combined with other sources of information to characterize the floods that occurred in Tabasco, Mexico in 2009. An impact map has been reconstructed using Landsat-7 images to identify the floods. Within this frame, the underlying communication activity signals in the CDR data have been analyzed and compared against rainfall levels extracted from data of the NASA-TRMM project. The variations in the number of active phones connected to each cell tower reveal abnormal activity patterns in the most affected locations during and after the floods that could be used as signatures of the floods - both in terms of infrastructure impact assessment and population information awareness. The epresentativeness of the analysis has been assessed using census data and civil protection records. While a more extensive validation is required, these early results suggest high potential in using cell tower activity information to improve early warning and emergency management mechanisms.

Flooding through the lens of mobile phone activity

Natural disasters affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. Emergency response efforts depend upon the availability of timely information, such as information concerning the movements of affected populations. The analysis of aggregated and anonymized Call Detail Records (CDR) captured from the mobile phone infrastructure provides new possibilities to characterize human behavior during critical events. In this work, we investigate the viability of using CDR data combined with other sources of information to characterize the floods that occurred in Tabasco, Mexico in 2009. An impact map has been reconstructed using Landsat-7 images to identify the floods. Within this frame, the underlying communication activity signals in the CDR data have been analyzed and compared against rainfall levels extracted from data of the NASA-TRMM project. The variations in the number of active phones connected to each cell tower reveal abnormal activity patterns in the most affected locations during and after the floods that could be used as signatures of the floods - both in terms of infrastructure impact assessment and population information awareness. The representativeness of the analysis has been assessed using census data and civil protection records. While a more extensive validation is required, these early results suggest high potential in using cell tower activity information to improve early warning and emergency management mechanisms.

La protección civil municipal: análisis de los distintos tipos de gestión y propuesta metodológica de planificación

Mediante la elaboración de esta tesis doctoral se pretende diseñar un sistema para la realización del plan de autoprotección en industrias con riesgo de incendio dentro de un polígono industrial. Para desarrollar esta línea de investigación se realizará una investigación cartográfica así como un reconocimiento visual de las distintas empresas industriales, de actividades heterogéneas, seleccionadas por su emplazamiento y condiciones. Este tipo de industria es esencial en el sistema económico nacional, ya que dota de recursos y servicios al tejido social, además de tener una relación directa con la generación de riqueza y por tanto incide de forma positiva en el empleo de cualquier región. Estas razones y otras son determinantes para fomentar el progreso, si bien nunca a expensas de la seguridad de los empleados que hacen posible la línea de producción así como de los posibles viandantes que transcurran por la zona de impacto en caso de incidentes como por ejemplo un incendio que afecte a cualquiera de los locales y/o empresas que se emplazen en los denominados polígonos industriales. La tesis incluye trabajos experimentales de los que se extraen recomendaciones y conclusiones encaminadas a la optimización de la instrumentalización utilizada, las técnicas de observación, diseño y cálculo necesarias que determinarán el acercamiento al método propuesto para nuestra valoración del riesgo por incendio. Las posibles emergencias que pueden darse a nivel de industrias localizadas en polígonos industriales son diversas y numerosas. De todas ellas se elige abordar el caso de “incendio” por su casuística más numerosa. No obstante, la planificación orientada desde el prisma de la investigación de esta tesis puede estenderse a cualquier otro riesgo, lo que se aportará como líneas futuras de investigación. Las aproximaciones y etapas de los trabajos que forman parte de esta investigación se han integrado en cada capítulo y son las siguientes: En primer lugar un capítulo de Introducción, en el que se realiza una reflexión justificada de la elección del tema tratado, se formula la hipótesis de partida y se enumeran los distintos objetivos que se pretenden alcanzar. En el segundo capítulo, titulado Aspectos de la Protección Civil en la Constitución Española de 1978, se ha realizado un estudio exhaustivo de la Constitución en todo lo relacionado con el ámbito de la protección, haciendo especial énfasis en las distintas competencias según el tipo de administración que corresponda en cada caso, así como las obligaciones y deberes que corresponden a los ciudadanos en caso de catástrofe. Así mismo se analizan especialmente los casos de Guerra y el estado de Alarma. En el tercer capítulo, titulado Repuesta de las administraciones públicas ante emergencias colectivas, se trata de formular el adecuado sistema de repuesta que sería preciso para tratar de mitigar desastres y catástrofes. Se analizan los distintos sistemas de gestión de emergencias constatando en cada caso los pros y los contras de cada uno. Se pretende con ello servir de ayuda en la toma de decisiones de manera coherente y racional. El capítulo cuarto, denominado Planes Locales de emergencia. Estudio en las distintas administraciones, se ha pormenorizado en la presentación así como puesta en funcionamiento de los planes, comparando los datos obtenidos entre ellos para concluir en un punto informativo que nos lleva a la realidad de la planificación. Para la realización y desarrollo de los capítulos 5 y 6, llamados Análisis de la Norma Básica de Autoprotección y Métodos de evaluación del riesgo de Incendio, se estudia la normativa actual en autoprotección prestando atención a los antecedentes históricos así como a todas las figuras que intervienen en la misma. Se analizan los distintos métodos actuales para la valoración del riesgo por incendio en industrias. Este aspecto es de carácter imprescindible en la protección civil de los ciudadanos pero también es de especial importancia en las compañías aseguradoras. En el capítulo 7, Propuesta metodológica, se propone y justifica la necesidad de establecer una metodología de estudio para estos casos de riesgo por incendio en industrias para así, acortar el tiempo de respuesta de los servicios de emergencia hasta la zona, así como dotar de información imprescindible sobre el riesgo a trabajadores y transeúntes. El último capítulo se refiere a las Conclusiones, donde se establecen y enuncian una serie de conclusiones y resultados como consecuencia de la investigación desarrollada, para finalizar esta tesis doctoral enunciando posibles desarrollos y líneas de investigación futuros. ABSTRACT The development of this thesis is to design a system for the implementation of the plan of self-protection in industries with risk of fire in an industrial park. To develop this line of research will be done cartographic research as well as visual recognition of the distinct and heterogeneous industrial companies selected by its location and conditions. This type of industry is an essential part in the economic national system providing economic resources to society as well as with a direct relationship in unemployment. For this reason it is crucial to promote their progress, but never at the expense of the security of the employees that make the line of production as well as possible walkers that pass by the area of impact in the event of a fire affecting the company. The thesis includes experimental works which are extracted recommendations and conclusions aimed at optimization of used exploit, techniques of observation, design and calculation needed to determine the approach to the method proposed for our assessment of the risk from fire. The approaches and stages of works that are part of this research have been integrated into each chapter and are as follows: In the first chapter, holder introduction, perform a supporting reflection of the choice of the subject matter, is formulated the hypothesis of departure and listed the different objectives that are intended to achieve. In the second chapter, holder aspects of Civil Protection in the Spanish Constitution of 1978, examines an exhaustive study of the Constitution in everything related to the scope of protection. With an emphasis on individual skills according to the type of management with corresponding in each case, as well as the obligations and duties which correspond to citizens in the event of a catastrophe. Also analyzes the particular cases of war and the State of alarm. In the third chapter, holder public administrations collective emergency response, discussed trafficking in defining the proper system response that would be precise to address disasters and catastrophes. We discusses the different systems of emergency management in each case, we pretend the pros and cons of each. We tried that this serve as decision-making aid coherent and rational way. The fourth chapter is holder Local Emergency Plans (LEP). Study on the different administrations, has detailed in the presentation as well as operation of the LEP, comparing the data between them to conclude in an information point that leads us to the reality of planning. For the realization and development of chapters 5 and 6, holder Analysis of the basic rule of self-protection and fire risk assessment methods, paying attention to the historical background as well as all the figures involved in the same studies with the current rules of self-protection. The current methods for the estimation of the risk are analyzed by fire in industries. This aspect is essential in the civil protection of the citizens, but it is also of special importance for insurance companies. The seventh chapter, holder Methodological proposal, we propose and justifies the need to establish a methodology for these cases of risk by fire in industries. That shorts the response time of emergency services to the area, and provides essential information about the risk to workers and walkers. The last chapter refers to the Conclusions, laying down a series of results as a consequence of the previous chapters to complete billing possible developments and research future.

Making Transport Safer: V2V-Based Automated Emergency Braking System

An important goal in the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is to provide driving aids aimed at preventing accidents and reducing the number of traffic victims. The commonest traffic accidents in urban areas are due to sudden braking that demands a very fast response on the part of drivers. Attempts to solve this problem have motivated many ITS advances including the detection of the intention of surrounding cars using lasers, radars or cameras. However, this might not be enough to increase safety when there is a danger of collision. Vehicle to vehicle communications are needed to ensure that the other intentions of cars are also available. The article describes the development of a controller to perform an emergency stop via an electro-hydraulic braking system employed on dry asphalt. An original V2V communication scheme based on WiFi cards has been used for broadcasting positioning information to other vehicles. The reliability of the scheme has been theoretically analyzed to estimate its performance when the number of vehicles involved is much higher. This controller has been incorporated into the AUTOPIA program control for automatic cars. The system has been implemented in Citroën C3 Pluriel, and various tests were performed to evaluate its operation.

Emergency management in the highways of the future. A performance-based multilayered ITS architecture design proposal

Emergency management is one of the key aspects within the day-to-day operation procedures in a highway. Efficiency in the overall response in case of an incident is paramount in reducing the consequences of any incident. However, the approach of highway operators to the issue of incident management is still usually far from a systematic, standardized way. This paper attempts to address the issue and provide several hints on why this happens, and a proposal on how the situation could be overcome. An introduction to a performance based approach to a general system specification will be described, and then applied to a particular road emergency management task. A real testbed has been implemented to show the validity of the proposed approach. Ad-hoc sensors (one camera and one laser scanner) were efficiently deployed to acquire data, and advanced fusion techniques applied at the processing stage to reach the specific user requirements in terms of functionality, flexibility and accuracy.