Qualidade de sementes de algodâo submetidas aos procesos de encapsulamento com e sem corante

Objetivou-se estudar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de algodão quando submetidas aos processos de encapsulamento com e sem corante em comparação com as sementes apenas tratadas com fungicidas (carboxin e thiran 200 Sc) e inseticida (pirimiphos methyl) - testemunha. A betoneira grande (capacidade de 40 L) recebeu sementes deslintadas + tratadas para serem submetidas ao processo de encapsulação (coating e finishing) com e sem corante, além de uma testemunha não encapsulada, estabelecendo-se os seguintes tratamentos: 1- sementes deslintadas e tratadas com fungicidas (carboxin e thiran 200 Sc) e inseticidas (pirimiphos methyl) (testemunha); 2- sementes deslintadas, tratadas e encapsuladas (coating e finishing) sem corante; e 3- sementes deslintadas, tratadas e encapsuladas com corante. Foi adotado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram percentagem de germinação, comprimento de plântulas e massa de 100 sementes. Observou-se que o processo de recobrimento de sementes de algodão deslintadas, tratadas com fungicidas e inseticida e encapsuladas não ocasiona redução na qualidade fisiológica das sementes, e o uso de corante em sementes encapsuladas não altera a sua qualidade.

Future reference evapotranspiration in Duero Valley (Spain)

The impact of climate change and its relation with evapotranspiration was evaluated in the Duero River Basin (Spain). The study shows the possible future situations 50 years from now from the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), dew point (Td), wind speed (U) and net radiation (Rn) trends during the 1980-2009 period were obtained and extrapolated with the FAO-56 Penman- Montheith equation to estimate ETo. Changes in stomatal resistance in response to increases in CO2 were also considered. Four scenarios were done, considering the concentration of CO2 and the period analyzed (annual or monthly). The scenarios studied showed the changes in ETo as a consequence of the annual and monthly trends in the variables Tmax, Tmin, Td, U and Rn with current and future CO2 concentrations (372 ppm and 550 ppm). The future ETo showed increases between 118 mm (11%) and 55 mm (5%) with respect to the current situation of the river basin at 1042 mm. The months most affected by climate change are May, June, July, August and September, which also coincide with the maximum water needs of the basin?s crops

Hacia un imperio sin emperador ni recursos

El día 10 de mayo de 2011 murió Ramón Fernández Durán, dos meses escasos desde el envío de la carta en la que informaba de su decisión de no continuar con el tratamiento de su segundo cáncer (http://www.rojoynegro.info/articulo/ideas/ramon-fernandez-duran-carta-despedida ). Con prisa, quizás con rabia, Ramón Fernández Durán y sus compañeros de Ecologistas en Acción y la Editorial Virus habían acelerado la publicación de dos pequeños libros en los que Ramón establecía la urgencia en revisar un modelo de producción y consumo que extendido a la totalidad del planeta está abocado a su destrucción, arrastrando tras de si unas estructuras sociales y económicas que aún nos parecen indestructibles; dejando tras de sí un marco de caos social y ambiental, para el que parece que nadie se está preparando.

Trends in climatic variables and future reference evapotranspiration in Duero Valley (Spain)

The impact of climate change and its relation with evapotranspiration was evaluated in the Duero River Basin (Spain). The study shows possible future situations 50 yr from now from the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), dew point (Td), wind speed (U) and net radiation (Rn) trends during the 1980–2009 period were obtained and extrapolated with the FAO-56 Penman-Montheith equation to estimate ETo. Changes in stomatal resistance in response to increases in CO2 were also considered. Four scenarios were done, taking the concentration of CO2 and the period analyzed (annual or monthly) into consideration. The scenarios studied showed the changes in ETo as a consequence of the annual and monthly trends in the variables Tmax, Tmin, Td, U and Rn with current and future CO2 concentrations (372 ppm and 550 ppm). The future ETo showed increases between 118 mm (11 %) and 55 mm (5 %) with respect to the current situation of the river basin at 1042 mm. The months most affected by climate change are May, June, July, August and September, which also coincide with the maximum water needs of the basin’s crops

Endosymbiotic bacteria nodulating a new endemic lupine Lupinus mariae-josephi from alkaline soils in Eastern Spain represent a new lineage within the Bradyrhizobium genus

Lupinus mariae-josephi is a recently described endemic Lupinus species from a small area in Eastern Spain where it thrives in soils with active lime and high pH. The L. mariae-josephi root symbionts were shown to be very slow-growing bacteria with different phenotypic and symbiotic characteristics from those of Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating other Lupinus. Their phylogenetic status was examined by multilocus sequence analyses of four housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, glnII, recA, and atpD) and showed the existence of a distinct evolutionary lineage for L. mariae-josephi that also included Bradyrhizobium jicamae. Within this lineage, the tested isolates clustered in three different sub-groups that might correspond to novel sister Bradyrhizobium species. These core gene analyses consistently showed that all the endosymbiotic bacteria isolated from other Lupinus species of the Iberian Peninsula were related to strains of the B. canariense or B. japonicum lineages and were separate from the L. mariae-josephi isolates. Phylogenetic analysis based on nodC symbiotic gene sequences showed that L. mariae-josephi bacteria also constituted a new symbiotic lineage distant from those previously defined in the genus Bradyrhizobium. In contrast, the nodC genes of isolates from other Lupinus spp. from the Iberian Peninsula were again clearly related to the B. canariense and B. japonicum bv. genistearum lineages. Speciation of L. mariae-josephi bradyrhizobia may result from the colonization of a singular habitat by their unique legume host.

Lupinus mariae-josphi, a new lupin endemic of soils with active lime and high pH in South Eastern Spain, is nodulated by a new bacterial lineage within Bradyrhizobium genus

Lupinus mariae-josephi is a recently described species (Pascual, 2004) able to grow in soils with high pH and active lime content in the Valencia province (Spain). L. mariae-josephi endosymbionts are extremely slowgrowing bacteria with genetic and symbiotic characteristics that differentiate them from Bradyrhizobium strains nodulating Lupinus spp. native of the Iberian Peninsula and adapted to grow in acid soils. Cross-inoculation experiments revealed that all the endosymbiotic isolates from L. mariae-josephi tested are legume-host selective and are unable to nodulate species such as L. angustifolius, and L. luteus. In contrast, Bradyrhizobium strains from Lupinus spp. tested were able to nodulate L. mariae-josephi, although the nodules fixed nitrogen inefficiently. Phylogenetic analysis was performed with housekeeping genes (rrn, glnII, recA, atpD) and nodulation gene nodC. Housekeeping gene phylogeny revealed that L. mariae-josephi rhizobia form a strongly supported monophyletic group within Bradyrhizobium genus. This cluster also includes B. jicamae and certain strains of B. elkanii. Contrarily, isolates from other Lupinus spp. native of the Iberian Peninsula were grouped mainly within B. canariense and two B. japonicum lineages. Phylogenetic analysis of L. mariae-josephi isolates based on the nodC symbiotic gene defined a solid clade close to isolates from Algerian Retama spp. and to fast-growing rhizobia.

Aquaponics: integrating fish feeding rates and ion waste production for strawberry hydroponics

Aquaponics is the science of integrating intensive fish aquaculture with plant production in recirculating water systems. Although ion waste production by fish cannot satisfy all plant requirements, less is known about the relationship between total feed provided for fish and the production of milliequivalents (mEq) of different macronutrients for plants, especially for nutrient flow hydroponics used for strawberry production in Spain. That knowledge is essential to consider the amount of macronutrients available in aquaculture systems so that farmers can estimate how much nutrient needs to be supplemented in the waste water from fish, to produce viable plant growth. In the present experiment, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) were grown in a small-scale recirculating system at two different densities while growth and feed consumption were noted every week for five weeks. At the same time points, water samples were taken to measure pH, EC25, HCO3 – , Cl – , NH4 + , NO2 – , NO3 – , H2PO4 – , SO4 2– , Na + , K+ , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ build up. The total increase in mEq of each ion per kg of feed provided to the fish was highest for NO3 - , followed, in decreasing order, by Ca 2+ , H2PO4 – , K+ , Mg 2+ and SO4 2– . The total amount of feed required per mEq ranged from 1.61- 13.1 kg for the four most abundant ions (NO3 – , Ca 2+ , H2PO4 – and K+ ) at a density of 2 kg fish m–3 , suggesting that it would be rather easy to maintain small populations of fish to reduce the cost of hydroponic solution supplementation for strawberries.

Graph based study of allergen cross-reactivity of plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) using microarray in a multicenter study.

The study of cross-reactivity in allergy is key to both understanding. the allergic response of many patients and providing them with a rational treatment In the present study, protein microarrays and a co-sensitization graph approach were used in conjunction with an allergen microarray immunoassay. This enabled us to include a wide number of proteins and a large number of patients, and to study sensitization profiles among members of the LTP family. Fourteen LTPs from the most frequent plant food-induced allergies in the geographical area studied were printed into a microarray specifically designed for this research. 212 patients with fruit allergy and 117 food-tolerant pollen allergic subjects were recruited from seven regions of Spain with different pollen profiles, and their sera were tested with allergen microarray. This approach has proven itself to be a good tool to study cross-reactivity between members of LTP family, and could become a useful strategy to analyze other families of allergens.

The involvement of thaumatin-like proteins in plant food cross-reactivity: a multicenter study using a specific protein microarray.

Cross-reactivity of plant foods is an important phenomenon in allergy, with geographical variations with respect to the number and prevalence of the allergens involved in this process, whose complexity requires detailed studies. We have addressed the role of thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) in cross-reactivity between fruit and pollen allergies. A representative panel of 16 purified TLPs was printed onto an allergen microarray. The proteins selected belonged to the sources most frequently associated with peach allergy in representative regions of Spain. Sera from two groups of well characterized patients, one with allergy to Rosaceae fruit (FAG) and another against pollens but tolerant to food-plant allergens (PAG), were obtained from seven geographical areas with different environmental pollen profiles. Cross-reactivity between members of this family was demonstrated by inhibition assays. Only 6 out of 16 purified TLPs showed noticeable allergenic activity in the studied populations. Pru p 2.0201, the peach TLP (41%), chestnut TLP (24%) and plane pollen TLP (22%) proved to be allergens of probable relevance to fruit allergy, being mainly associated with pollen sensitization, and strongly linked to specific geographical areas such as Barcelona, Bilbao, the Canary Islands and Madrid. The patients exhibited mayor que50% positive response to Pru p 2.0201 and to chestnut TLP in these specific areas. Therefore, their recognition patterns were associated with the geographical area, suggesting a role for pollen in the sensitization of these allergens. Finally, the co-sensitizations of patients considering pairs of TLP allergens were analyzed by using the co-sensitization graph associated with an allergen microarray immunoassay. Our data indicate that TLPs are significant allergens in plant food allergy and should be considered when diagnosing and treating pollen-food allergy.

Análisis filogenético de bacterias endosimbióticas de Genista numidica

Los rizobios son bacterias del suelo capaces de formar unas estructuras especializadas en raíces de leguminosas donde reducen dinitrógeno. Algunas de estas leguminosas, como Genista numidica Spach, juegan un importante papel ecológico y económico por la fertilización y la remediación de suelos áridos, lo que ha impulsado el estudio y la caracterización de los rizobios específicos. En la presente investigación se analizan 53 cepas de rizobios aisladas de nódulos de raíces de G. numidica de la costa de Argelia. La diversidad genética de los aislados se llevó a cabo mediante la secuenciación del gen 16S rRNA y del espacio intergénico (ITS), región situada entre los genes 16S y 23S rRNA. Los endosimbiontes de G. numidica muestran una gran diversidad filogenética. Las secuencias de los aislados mostraron proximidad a ?-proteobacterias (Bradyrhizobium sp, Sphingobium sp) y ?-proteobacterias.

Presencia de sistemas de secreción de patógenos en bacterias endosimbióticas aisladas de Lupinus de la península Ibérica

Los rizobios son bacterias endosimbióticas capaces de fijar nitrógeno en estructuras especializadas de leguminosas. Esta simbiosis es altamente específica y depende, entre otros factores, de la capacidad de los rizobios de secretar proteínas efectoras a las células vegetales. Se han descrito diferentes sistemas de secreción en patógenos animales y vegetales y posteriormente también se han encontrado en algunos rizobios. En este trabajo se presenta el estudio de varios sistemas de secreción identificados en dos cepas LmjC e ISLU101 aisladas de Lupinus marie-josephae y Lupinus angustifolius respectivamente. LmjC posee un sistema de secreción tipo III formado por agrupación de 33 genes cuya expresión dependería del activador transcripcional TtsI mediado a su vez por flavonoides secretados por la planta huésped. La cepa ISLU101 tiene dos sistemas de tipo VI de 19 y 16 genes cada uno. La importancia en la simbiosis de estos sistemas se está estudiando en estos momentos.

Caracterización de bacterias endosimbióticas de Cytisus triflorus, una leguminosa útil para la restauración de suelos en el norte de África

La restauración de suelos degradados y pobres del norte de África puede producirse gracias al crecimiento espontáneo de leguminosas arbustivas como Cytisus triflorus L¿Herit. Parte del éxito de esta planta se debe a que es capaz de formar nódulos en sus raíces ocupados por bacterias denominadas rizobios que aportan dinitrógeno atmosférico fijado a la planta a cambio de fotosintatos. En este trabajo se presenta la caracterización de 37 rizobios aislados de C. triflorus en el norte de Argelia. Se indica morfología y color de las colonias, tiempo de generación, capacidad de nodulación con distintas plantas hospedadoras y tipos de nódulos que forman.

Influencia del riego en precosecha sobre la calidad de manzanas Golden Supreme y Golden Smoothee.

El riego, práctica habitual y a la vez indispensable de nuestra fruticultura constituye, en su manejo, uno de los principales factores determinantes de la producción y calidad final del fruto, y sobre el cual el agricultor desempeña un papel indispensable como regulador. A este respecto hay varios estudios que entre si presentan conclusiones dispares. El hecho de aumentar la frecuencia y dosis de riego provoca, según varios autores, una disminución en la firmeza de las manzanas (Asaf et al., 1975), mientras que en otras investigaciones se observa el fenómeno contrario (Reichel y Schmidt, 1983). También hay estudios con resultados dispares en relación al efecto que el riego pueda tener en la acidez titulable y el contenido en sólidos solubles del fruto. No obstante, parece ser que una restricción de riego en precosecha se traduce en un aumento de los sólidos solubles de los frutos (Ramos et al., 1993) y en una disminución de su acidez (Recasens et al., 1988). La fecha de recolección también es un factor muy importante en vistas a una optimización tanto de rendimientos de la plantación como de la aptitud del fruto para su frigoconservación. Recolectar un mismo fruto una semana más tarde implica una pérdida de firmeza durante su frigoconservación de aproximadamente 1,5 N por mes, pasando de unas pérdidas mensuales de 3 N a 4,5 N según se haga la recolección en el momento optimo o después (Duran, 1990). Es este acumulo de discrepancias el que ha motivado el planteamiento de este ensayo para nuestras propias condiciones de cultivo. En él se pretende ver si diferentes fechas de recolección y condiciones de riego pueden influir en la firmeza de los frutos y por tanto en su sensibilidad a la manipulación, aspecto de gran interés en el momento de la cosecha. Asimismo es preciso comprobar que estas prácticas culturales no afecten a la calidad del fruto.

Simbiosis bacteriana y conservación de flora amenazada: el caso del Lupinus mariae-josephae.

Lupinus mariae-josephae H. Pascual es un altramuz endémico de un reducido número de sitios en la Comunidad Valenciana, donde coloniza sustratos de ?terra rossa? sobre afloramientos de lapiaz. Descrito en 2004 a partir de plantas cultivadas, no pudo localizarse en campo hasta 2006, y el hallazgo de sus poblaciones ha estado estrechamente ligado a topónimos relativos a su nombre popular, ?tramús? en valenciano. Se ha demostrado la clara independencia genética, y en consecuencia el valor como ?buen taxon? de esta especie. Hasta ahora se han caracterizado y censado cinco poblaciones silvestres en diferentes localidades, y en todas ellas se observan fuertes fluctuaciones interanuales de sus efectivos, a veces acompañadas de importantes diferencias de vigor de los ejemplares; tres de estas poblaciones están actualmente protegidas mediante sendas microrreservas de flora. Algunos de estos núcleos poblacionales se componen en años concretos de formas poco vigorosas, que a menudo sólo producen 1-2 frutos con 1-2 semillas; por el contrario, las formas más vigorosas pueden producir varias docenas de semillas. La emergencia de plántulas se produce con gran probabilidad tras años de progresiva escarificación de la cubierta de las semillas en el suelo, y probablemente se acelera por procesos de reducción de la cubierta vegetal como los incendios forestales. La germinación experimental ex situ sólo se consigue satisfactoriamente mediante el pretratamiento de escaldado de las semillas.