La escalera de caracol en los tratados de cantería españoles de la Edad Moderna y su presencia en el Patrimonio Construido hispánico: estudio geométrico y constructivo

La escalera de caracol es uno de los elementos que mejor define la evolución de la construcción pétrea a lo largo de nuestra historia moderna. El movimiento helicoidal de las piezas de una escalera muestra, con frecuencia, el virtuosismo que alcanzaron los maestros del arte de la cantería y la plasticidad, expresividad y ligereza de sus obras. A pesar de su origen exclusivamente utilitario y de su ubicación secundaria, se convertirán en signo de maestría y en elementos protagonistas del espacio que recorren y de la composición de los edificios, como es el caso de las grande vis de los Châteaux franceses del XVI como Blois, Chateaudun o Chambord o los schlosses alemanes como el de Hartenfels en Torgau. Este protagonismo queda patente en los tratados y manuscritos de cantería, elaborados fundamentalmente en España y Francia, a partir del siglo XVI que recogen un gran número de variantes de escaleras de caracol entre sus folios. Breve historia de la escalera de Caracol Los ejemplos más antiguos conocidos de escaleras de caracol en Occidente provienen de los primeros siglos de nuestra era y están asociados a construcciones de tipo conmemorativo, funerario o civil, romanas. Destaca de entre ellas la columna trajana, construida en el 113 por Apolodoro de Damasco en los Foros de Roma. Esta columna, conservada en la actualidad, fue profusamente representada por los tratados de arquitectura desde el Renacimento como el de Serlio, Caramuel, Piranesi, Rondelet y, más recientemente, Canina. Choisy describe en El arte de construir en Bizancio un grupo de escaleras de caracol cubiertas por bóvedas helicoidales y construidas entre el siglo IV y VIII; a esta misma época pertenecen otras escaleras con bóvedas aparejadas de forma desigual con sillarejos y sillares de pequeño tamaño sin reglas de traba claras, pensadas al igual que las de Choisy para ser revestidas con un mortero. Herederas de estas bóvedas de la antigüedad son las escaleras de caracol de la Edad Media. Así las describe Viollet le Duc: “compuestas por un machón construido en cantería, con caja perimetral circular, bóveda helicoidal construida en piedra sin aparejar, que se apoya en el machón y sobre el paramento circular interior. Estas bóvedas soportan los peldaños en los que las aristas son trazadas siguiendo los radios del círculo”. En esta misma época, siglos XI y XII, se construyen un grupo de escaleras de caracol abovedadas en piedra de cantería vista: las de la torre oeste de Notre Dame des Doms en Avignon, las de la tour de Roi, de Évêque y Bermonde de los Chateaux de Uzés, las gemelas de las torres de la Catedral Saint Théodorit de Uzés y la conocida escalera del transepto de la Abadía de Saint Gilles. Ésta última dará el nombre a uno de los modelos estereotómicos de mayor complejidad del art du trait o arte de la cantería: la vis Saint Gilles, que aparece en la mayoría de los textos dedicados al corte de piedras en España y Francia. La perfección y dificultad de su trazado hizo que, durante siglos, esta escalera de caracol fuera lugar de peregrinación de canteros y se convirtiera en el arquetipo de un modelo representado con profusión en los tratados hasta el siglo XIX. A partir del siglo XIII, será el husillo el tipo de escalera curva que dará respuesta a las intenciones de la arquitectura a la “moderna” o gótica. Estas escaleras con machón central se generalizarán, insertándose en un complejo sistema de circulaciones de servicio, que conectaban por completo, en horizontal y vertical, los edificios. Estos pasadizos horizontales y estas conexiones verticales, hábilmente incorporadas en el espesor de contrafuertes, machones, esquinas, etc, serán una innovación específicamente gótica, como señala Fitchen. La pieza de peldaño, que se fabrica casi “en serie” reflejará fielmente el espíritu racional y funcionalista de la arquitectura gótica. Inicialmente los peldaños serán prismáticos, sin labrar por su cara interior; después, éstos darán paso a escaleras más amables con los helicoides reglados formando su intradós. Insertos en construcciones góticas y en convivencia con husillos, encontramos algunos ejemplos de escaleras abovedadas en el siglo XIII y XIV. Estamos hablando de la escalera de la torre este del Castillo de Maniace en Siracusa, Sicilia y la escalera de la torre norte del transepto de la Catedral de Barcelona. En ambos casos, los caracoles se pueden relacionar con el tipo vis de Saint Gilles, pero incorporan invariantes de la construcción gótica que les hace mantener una relación tipológica y constructiva con los husillos elaborados en la misma época. En la segunda mitad del siglo XV aparecen, vinculadas al ámbito mediterráneo, un conjunto de escaleras en las que el machón central se desplaza transformándose en una moldura perimetral y dejando su lugar a un espacio hueco que permite el paso de la luz. Los tratados manuscritos de cantería que circulan en el XVI y XVII por España recogen el modelo con su denominación: caracol de Mallorca. Varios autores han mantenido la tesis de que el nombre proviene de la escalera situada en la torre noroeste de la Lonja de Palma de Mallorca. Los Manuscritos y tratados de Cantería y las escaleras de caracol Coincidiendo con la apertura intelectual que propicia el Renacimiento se publican algunos tratados de arquitectura que contienen capítulos dedicados al corte de las piedras. El primero de ellos es Le premier tome de l’Architecture de Philibert de L’Orme, publicado en 1567 en Francia. En España tenemos constancia de la existencia de numerosos cuadernos profesionales que circulaban entre los canteros. Varias copias de estos manuscritos han llegado hasta nuestros días. Los más completos son sin duda, las dos copias que se conservan del tratado de arquitectura de Alonso de Vandelvira, una en la Biblioteca Nacional y otra en la Biblioteca de la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y el manuscrito titulado Cerramientos y trazas de Montea de Ginés Martínez de Aranda. Todas estas colecciones de aparejos, con excepción de la atribuida a Pedro de Albiz, presentan trazas de escaleras de caracol. En los siglos XVII y XVIII los textos en España más interesantes para nuestras investigaciones son, como en el XVI, manuscritos que no llegaron a ver la imprenta. Entre ellos destacan De l’art del picapedrer de Joseph Gelabert y el Cuaderno de Arquitectura de Juan de Portor y Castro. Estos dos textos, que contienen varios aparejos de caracoles, están claramente vinculados con la práctica constructiva a diferencia de los textos impresos del XVIII, como los del Padre Tosca o el de Juan García Berruguilla, que dedican algunos capítulos a cortes de Cantería entre los que incluyen trazas de escaleras, pero desde un punto de vista más teórico. Podemos agrupar las trazas recogidas en los manuscritos y tratados en cinco grandes grupos: el caracol de husillo, el caracol de Mallorca, los caracoles abovedados, los caracoles exentos y los caracoles dobles. El husillo, de procedencia gótica, permanece en la mayoría de nuestros textos con diferentes denominaciones: caracol de husillo, caracol de nabo redondo o caracol macho. Se seguirá construyendo con frecuencia durante todo el periodo de la Edad Moderna. Los ejemplares más bellos presentan el intradós labrado formando un helicoide cilíndrico recto como es el caso del husillo del Monasterio de la Vid o el de la Catedral de Salamanca o un helicoide axial recto como en el de la Capilla de la Comunión en la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela. La diferencia estriba en la unión del intradós y el machón central: una amable tangencia en el primer caso o un encuentro marcado por una hélice en el segundo. El segundo tipo de caracol presente en casi todos los autores es el caracol de Mallorca. Vandelvira, Martínez de Aranda, y posteriormente Portor y Castro lo estudian con detenimiento. Gelabert, a mediados del siglo XVII, nos recordará su origen mediterráneo al presentar el que denomina Caracol de ojo abierto. El Caracol de Mallorca también estará presente en colecciones de aparejos como las atribuidas a Alonso de Guardia y Juan de Aguirre, ambas depositadas en la Biblioteca Nacional y en las compilaciones técnicas del siglo XVIII, de fuerte influencia francesa, aunque en este caso ya sin conservar su apelación original. El Caracol que dicen de Mallorca se extiende por todo el territorio peninsular de la mano de los principales maestros de la cantería. Los helicoides labrados con exquisita exactitud, acompañados de armoniosas molduras, servirán de acceso a espacios más representativos como bibliotecas, archivos, salas, etc. Es la escalera de la luz, como nos recuerda su apelación francesa, vis a jour. Precisamente en Francia, coincidiendo con el renacimiento de la arquitectura clásica se realizan una serie de escaleras de caracol abovedadas, en vis de Saint Gilles. Los tratados franceses, comenzando por De L’Orme, y siguiendo por, Jousse, Derand, Milliet Dechales, De la Hire, De la Rue, Frezier, Rondelet, Adhémar o Leroy, entre otros, recogen en sus escritos el modelo y coinciden en reconocer la dificultad de su trazado y el prestigio que adquirían los canteros al elaborar este tipo de escaleras. El modelo llega nuestras tierras en un momento histórico de productivo intercambio cultural y profesional entre Francia y España. Vandelvira, Martínez de Aranda y Portor y Castro analizan en sus tratados la “vía de San Gil”. En la provincia de Cádiz, en la Iglesia Mayor de Medina Sidonia, se construirá el más perfecto de los caracoles abovedados de la España renacentista. También en la provincia de Cádiz y vinculadas, posiblemente, a los mismos maestros encontramos un curioso grupo de escaleras abovedadas con generatriz circular horizontal. A pesar del extenso catálogo de escaleras presentes en la tratadística española, no aparece ninguna que muestre una mínima relación con ellas. Desde el punto de vista de la geometría, estamos ante uno de los tipos de escaleras que describe Choisy en El arte de construir en Bizancio. Se trata de escaleras abovedadas construidas por hojas y lechos horizontales. Los caracoles abovedados tendrán también su versión poligonal: la vis Saint Gilles quarré o el caracol de emperadores cuadrado en su versión vandelviresca. Las soluciones que dibujan los tratados son de planta cuadrada, pero la ejecución será poligonal en los raros ejemplos construidos, que se encuentran exclusivamente en Francia. Su geometría es compleja: el intradós es una superficie reglada alabeada denominada cilindroide; su trazado requiere una habilidad extrema y al ser un tanto innecesaria desde el punto de vista funcional, fue muy poco construida. Otro tipo de escalera habitual es la que Vandelvira y Martínez de Aranda denominan en sus tratados “caracol exento”. Se trata de una escalera volada alrededor de un pilar, sin apoyo en una caja perimetral y que, por lo tanto, debe trabajar en ménsula. Su función fue servir de acceso a espacios de reducidas dimensiones como púlpitos, órganos o coros. Encontramos ejemplos de estos caracoles exentos en el púlpito de la catedral de Viena y en España, en la subida al coro de la Iglesia arciprestal de Morella en Valencia. El largo repertorio de escaleras de caracol prosigue en los tratados y en las múltiples soluciones que encontramos en arquitecturas civiles y religiosas en toda Europa. Hasta varios caracoles en una sola caja: dobles e incluso triples. Dobles como el conocido de Chambord, o el doble husillo del Convento de Santo Domingo en Valencia, rematado por un caracol de Mallorca; triples como la triple escalera del Convento de Santo Domingo de Bonaval en Santiago de Compostela. La tratadística española recogerá dos tipos de caracoles dobles, el ya comentado en una sola caja, en versiones con y sin machón central, definidos por Martínez de Aranda, Juan de Aguirre, Alonso de Guardia y Joseph Gelabert y el caracol doble formado por dos cajas diferentes y coaxiales. Vandelvira lo define como Caracol de Emperadores. Será el único tipo de caracol que recoja Cristobal de Rojas en su Teoría y Práctica de Fortificación. No hay duda que las escaleras de caracol han formado parte de un privilegiado grupo de elementos constructivos en constante evolución e investigación a lo largo de la historia de la arquitectura en piedra. Desde el cantero más humilde hasta los grandes maestros catedralicios las construyeron y, en muchos casos, crearon modelos nuevos en los pergaminos de sus propias colecciones o directamente sobre la piedra. Estos modelos casi experimentales sirvieron para encontrar trabajo o demostrar un grado de profesionalidad a sus autores, que les hiciera, al mismo tiempo, ganarse el respeto de sus compañeros. Gracias a esto, se inició un proceso ese proceso de investigación y evolución que produjo una diversidad en los tipos, sin precedentes en otros elementos similares, y la transferencia de procedimientos dentro del arte de la cantería. Los grandes autores del mundo de la piedra propusieron multitud de tipos y variantes, sin embargo, el modelo de estereotomía tradicionalmente considerado más complejo y más admirado es un caracol de reducidas dimensiones construido en el siglo XII: la Vis de Saint Gilles. Posiblemente ahí es donde reside la grandeza de este arte.

Measured Stark widths of several spectral lines of Pb III

The Stark full widths at half of the maximal line intensity (FWHM, ω) have been measured for 25 spectrallines of PbIII (15 measured for the first time) arising from the 5d106s8s, 5d106s7p, 5d106s5f and 5d106s5g electronic configurations, in a lead plasma produced by ablation with a Nd:YAG laser. The optical emission spectroscopy from a laser-induced plasma generated by a 10 640 Å radiation, with an irradiance of 2 × 1010 W cm− 2 on a lead target (99.99% purity) in an atmosphere of argon was analysed in the wavelength interval between 2000 and 7000 Å. The broadening parameters were obtained with the target placed in argon atmosphere at 6 Torr and 400 ns after each laser light pulse, which provides appropriate measurement conditions. A Boltzmann plot was used to obtain the plasma temperature (21,400 K) and published values of the Starkwidths in Pb I, Pb II and PbIII to obtain the electron number density (7 × 1016 cm− 3); with these values, the plasma composition was determined by means of the Saha equation. Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) conditions and plasma homogeneity has been checked. Special attention was dedicated to the possible self-absorption of the different transitions. Comparison of the new results with recent available data is also presented.

Stark Broadening of Sn III Spectral Lines of Astrophysical Interest: Predictions and Regularities

The determination of the Stark broadening parameters of Sn ions is useful for astrophysicists interested in the determination of the density of electrons in stellar atmospheres. In this paper, we report on the calculated values of the Stark broadening parameters for 171 lines of Sn iii arising from 4d105sns (n= 6–9), 4d105snp (n= 5, 6), 4d105p2, 4d105snd (n= 5–7), 4d105s4f and 4d105s5g. Stark linewidths and line shifts are presented for an electron density of 1023 m−3 and temperatures T= 11 000–75 000 K. These have been calculated using a semi-empirical approach, with a set of wavefunctions obtained from Hartree–Fock relativistic calculations, including core polarization effects. The results obtained have been compared with available experimental data. These can be used to consider the influence of Stark broadening effects in A-type stellar atmospheres

Theoretical Transition Probabilities, Oscillator Strengths and Radiative Lifetimes Of Levels In Pb IV

Transitionprobabilities and oscillatorstrengths of 176 spectral lines with astrophysical interest arising from 5d10ns (n = 7,8), 5d10np (n = 6,7), 5d10nd (n = 6,7), 5d105f, 5d105g, 5d10nh (n = 6,7,8), 5d96s2, and 5d96s6p configurations, and radiativelifetimes for 43 levels of PbIV, have been calculated. These values were obtained in intermediate coupling (IC) and using relativistic Hartree–Fock calculations including core-polarization effects. For the IC calculations, we use the standard method of least-square fitting from experimental energy levels by means of the Cowan computer code. The inclusion in these calculations of the 5d107p and 5d105f configurations has facilitated a complete assignment of the energy levels in the PbIV. Transitionprobabilities, oscillatorstrengths, and radiativelifetimes obtained are generally in good agreement with the experimental data.

Ecotoxicology of pesticides on natural enemies of olive groves. Potential of ecdysone agonists for controlling Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Pesticide applications are still one of the most common control methods against the main olive grove pests and diseases: the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), the olive moth, Prays oleae (Bernard), the black scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier), and the olive leaf spot, caused by the fungus Spilocaea oleagina Fries. However, and because the new pesticide legislation is aimed at an integrated pest and disease management, it is still important to evaluate and to know the ecotoxicology of pesticides on the natural enemies of the different agrosystems. A part of this work has been focusses on evaluating the direct and indirect effects of kaolin particle films and two copper-based products (Bordeaux mixture and copper oxychloride) through different laboratory, extended laboratory and semi-field experiments. Two natural enemies have been chosen: Psyttalia concolor (Szèpligeti), a parasitoid of the olive fruit fly, and Chilocorus nigritus (F.), predator of Diaspididae. This predator has been used instead of C. bipustulatus (L.), which is the species found in olive orchards. Kaolin mainly acts as a repellent of insects and/or as an oviposition deterrent. It is used in olive groves to control the olive fruit fly and the olive moth. Copper is applied against fungal and bacterial diseases. In olive groves it is used against the olive leaf spot and other diseases. No statistical differences were found in any of the experiments performed, compared to the controls, except when the oral toxicity of the products was evaluated on P. concolor females. In this case, kaolin and copper oxychloride caused a higher mortality 72 hours after the treatments, and both kaolin and the two copper formulations decreased females’ life span. Reproductive parameters were only negatively affected when kaolin was ingested. Apart from these experiments, due to the uncommon mode of action of kaolin, two extra experiments were carried out: a dual choice and a no-choice experiment. In this case, both P. concolor females and C. nigritus adults showed a clear preference for the untreated surfaces when they had the possibility of choosing between a treated surface and an untreated one. When there was no choice, no statistical differences were found between the treatments and the controls. Furthermore, the efficacy and the selectivity of three insect growth regulators (methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide and RH-5849) on B. oleae and P. concolor, respectively, have also been evaluated. In addition to laboratory experiments to evaluate the toxicity of the insecticides, also molecular approaches were used. RNA of both insects was isolated. cDNA was subsequently synthesized and the complete sequences of the ligand biding domain (LBD) of the ecdysone receptor of each insect were then determined. Afterwards the three dimensional structures of both LBDs were constructed. Finally, the docking of the insecticide molecules in the cavity delineated by the 12 α-helix that composed the LBD was performed. Both toxicity assays and molecular docking approaches showed that either methoxyfenozide or tebufenozide had no negative effects nor on B. oleae nor on P. concolor. In contrast, RH-5849 had no deleterious effect to the parasitoid but decreased olive fruit fly adults’ life span, especially when they were in contact with the fresh residue of the insecticide applied on a glass surface. The docking study of RH-5849 molecule has shown a very light hindrance with the wall of the LBD pocket. This means that this molecule could more or less adjust in the cavity. Thus, searching of new insecticides for controlling the olive fruit fly could be based on the basic lead structure of RH-5849 molecule.

A matrix pencil approach to the existence of compactly supported reconstruction functions in average sampling

The aim of this work is to solve a question raised for average sampling in shift-invariant spaces by using the well-known matrix pencil theory. In many common situations in sampling theory, the available data are samples of some convolution operator acting on the function itself: this leads to the problem of average sampling, also known as generalized sampling. In this paper we deal with the existence of a sampling formula involving these samples and having reconstruction functions with compact support. Thus, low computational complexity is involved and truncation errors are avoided. In practice, it is accomplished by means of a FIR filter bank. An answer is given in the light of the generalized sampling theory by using the oversampling technique: more samples than strictly necessary are used. The original problem reduces to finding a polynomial left inverse of a polynomial matrix intimately related to the sampling problem which, for a suitable choice of the sampling period, becomes a matrix pencil. This matrix pencil approach allows us to obtain a practical method for computing the compactly supported reconstruction functions for the important case where the oversampling rate is minimum. Moreover, the optimality of the obtained solution is established.

Corrosion behaviour of new duplex stainless steel reinforcements embedded in chloride contaminated concrete

The use of reinforcing stainless steels (SS) in concrete have proved to be one of the most effective methods to guarantee the passivity of reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride contaminated environment. The present research studies the corrosion behaviour of a new duplex SS reinforcements with low nickel content (LND) (more economicaly compatible) is compared with the conventional austenitic AISI 304 SS and duplex AISI 2304 SS. Corrosion behaviour of ribbed SS reinforcements was studied in mortars with chloride content (0, 0.4, 2 and 4% Cl ⎯ ) using linear polarization resistance and potentiostatic pulses technique, Ecorr and Rp values were monitored over the exposure time. The obtained icorr data for the new duplex stainless steel LND no afforded passivity breakdown after one year exposure

Analysis of the information about Doctoral Degrees presented in the Spanish universities websites.

Globalization has intensified competition, as evidenced by the growing number of international classification systems (rankings) and the attention paid to them. Doctoral education has an international character in itself. It should promote opportunities for graduate students lo participate in these international studies. The quality and competitiveness are two of the most important issues for universities. To promote the interest of graduates to continue their education after the graduate level, it would be necessary to improve the published information of ihe doctoral programs. It should increase the visibility and provide high-quality, easily accessible and comparable information which includes all the relevant aspects of these programs. The authors analysed the website contents of doctoral programs, it was observed a lack of quality of them and very poor information about the contents, so that it was decided that any of them could constitute a model for creating new websites. The recommendations on the format and contents in the web were made by a discussion group. They recommended an attractive design; a page with easy access to contents and easy to find on Ihe net and with the information in more than one language. It should include complete program and academic staff information. It should also be included the study's results which should be easily accessible and includes quantitative data, such as number of students who completed scholars, publications, research projects, average duration of the studies, etc. It will facilitate the choice of program

Survey and brain storming studies about machines, constructions, human and environmental risk consideration in the careers of the Universidad Politécnica of Madrid

The Universidad Politécnica of Madrid (UPM) includes schools and faculties that were for engineering degrees, architecture and computer science, that are now in a quick EEES Bolonia Plan metamorphosis getting into degrees, masters and doctorate structures. They are focused towards action in machines, constructions, enterprises, that are subjected to machines, human and environment created risks. These are present in actions such as use loads, wind, snow, waves, flows, earthquakes, forces and effects in machines, vehicles behavior, chemical effects, and other environmental factors including effects of crops, cattle and beasts, forests, and varied essential economic and social disturbances. Emphasis is for authors in this session more about risks of natural origin, such as for hail, winds, snow or waves that are not exactly known a priori, but that are often considered with statistical expected distributions giving extreme values for convenient return periods. These distributions are known from measures in time, statistic of extremes and models about hazard scenarios and about responses of man made constructions or devices. In each engineering field theories were built about hazards scenarios and how to cover for important risks. Engineers must get that the systems they handle, such as vehicles, machines, firms or agro lands or forests, obtain production with enough safety for persons and with decent economic results in spite of risks. For that risks must be considered in planning, in realization and in operation, and safety margins must be taken but at a reasonable cost. That is a small level of risks will often remain, due to limitations in costs or because of due to strange hazards, and maybe they will be covered by insurance in cases such as in transport with cars, ships or aircrafts, in agro for hail, or for fire in houses or in forests. These and other decisions about quality, security for men or about business financial risks are sometimes considered with Decision Theories models, using often tools from Statistics or operational Research. The authors have done and are following field surveys about risk consideration in the careers in UPM, making deep analysis of curricula taking into account the new structures of degrees in the EEES Bolonia Plan, and they have considered the risk structures offered by diverse schools of Decision theories. That gives an aspect of the needs and uses, and recommendations about improving in the teaching about risk, that may include special subjects especially oriented for each career, school or faculty, so as to be recommended to be included into the curricula, including an elaboration and presentation format using a multi-criteria decision model.

Theoretical Stark broadening parameters of Pb V spectral lines

In this paper, we report calculated values of the Stark widths and shifts for 72 spectral lines of Pb v. They were calculated using the Griem semi-empirical approach. A set of wavefunctions obtained from Hartree–Fock relativistic calculations including core polarization effects was used. Stark widths and shifts corresponding to lines arising from 5d9ns (n = 7, 8), 5d9 6p, 5d9 6d and 5d9 5f configurations of Pb v. Stark widths and shifts are presented for an electron density of 1017 cm−3 and temperatures T = 1.6–5.0 (104 K). The 2142.5, 2167.9 and 2278.6 Å lines of Pb v recently measured are included in our calculations. In this case, we have included for comparison calculations without core polarization effects. There is good agreement between our calculations and the above-cited experimental values.

Selectivity of diacylhydrazine insecticides to the predatory bug Orius laevigatus: In vivo and modeling/docking experiments

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of pesticide selectivity to natural enemies is necessary for a successful implementation of biological and chemical control methods in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Diacylhydrazine (DAH)-based ecdysone agonists also known as molting-accelerating compounds (MACs) are considered a selective group of insecticides, and their compatibility with predatory Heteroptera, which are used as biological control agents, is known. However, their molecular mode of action has not been explored in beneficial insects such as Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). RESULTS: In this project in vivo toxicity assays demonstrated that the DAH-based RH-5849, tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide have no toxic effect against O. laevigatus. The ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) of O. laevigatus was sequenced and a homology protein model was constructed which confirmed a cavity structure with 12 ?-helixes, harboring the natural insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. However, docking studies showed that a steric clash occurred for the DAH-based insecticides due to a restricted extent of the ligand-binding cavity of the EcR of O. laevigatus. CONCLUSIONS: The insect toxicity assays demonstrated that MACs are selective for O. laevigatus. The modeling/docking experiments are indications that these pesticides do not bind with the LBD-EcR of O. laevigatus and support that they show no biological effects in the predatory bug. These data help in explaining the compatible use of MACs together with predatory bugs in IPM programs. Keywords: Orius laevigatus, selectivity, diacylhydrazine insecticides, ecdysone receptor, homology modelling, docking studies.

Inverse kinematics of a 6 DoF human upper limb using ANFIS and ANN for anticipatory actuation in ADL-based physical Neurorehabilitation

Objective: This research is focused in the creation and validation of a solution to the inverse kinematics problem for a 6 degrees of freedom human upper limb. This system is intended to work within a realtime dysfunctional motion prediction system that allows anticipatory actuation in physical Neurorehabilitation under the assisted-as-needed paradigm. For this purpose, a multilayer perceptron-based and an ANFIS-based solution to the inverse kinematics problem are evaluated. Materials and methods: Both the multilayer perceptron-based and the ANFIS-based inverse kinematics methods have been trained with three-dimensional Cartesian positions corresponding to the end-effector of healthy human upper limbs that execute two different activities of the daily life: "serving water from a jar" and "picking up a bottle". Validation of the proposed methodologies has been performed by a 10 fold cross-validation procedure. Results: Once trained, the systems are able to map 3D positions of the end-effector to the corresponding healthy biomechanical configurations. A high mean correlation coefficient and a low root mean squared error have been found for both the multilayer perceptron and ANFIS-based methods. Conclusions: The obtained results indicate that both systems effectively solve the inverse kinematics problem, but, due to its low computational load, crucial in real-time applications, along with its high performance, a multilayer perceptron-based solution, consisting in 3 input neurons, 1 hidden layer with 3 neurons and 6 output neurons has been considered the most appropriated for the target application.

Physical characterization of laser interaction and shock generation in laser shock processing: coupled theoretical-experimental analysis

Laser Shock Processing is developing as a key technology for the improvement of surface mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of metals due to its ability to introduce intense compressive residual stresses fields into high elastic limit materials by means of an intense laser driven shock wave generated by laser with intensities exceeding the 109 W/cm2 threshold, pulse energies in the range of 1 Joule and interaction times in the range of several ns. However, because of the relatively difficult-to-describe physics of shock wave formation in plasma following laser-matter interaction in solid state, only limited knowledge is available in the way of full comprehension and predictive assessment of the characteristic physical processes and material transformations with a specific consideration of real material properties. In the present paper, an account of the physical issues dominating the development of LSP processes from a moderately high intensity laser-matter interaction point of view is presented along with the theoretical and computational methods developed by the authors for their predictive assessment and new experimental contrast results obtained at laboratory scale.

On the flexural vibration of cylinders under axial loads:Numerical and experimental study

The flexural vibration of a homogeneous isotropic linearly elastic cylinder of any aspect ratio is analysed in this paper. Natural frequencies of a cylinder under uniformly distributed axial loads acting on its bases are calculated numerically by the Ritz method with terms of power series in the coordinate directions as approximating functions. The effect of axial loads on the flexural vibration cannot be described by applying infinitesimal strain theory, therefore, geometrically nonlinear strain–displacement relations with second-order terms are considered here. The natural frequencies of free–free, clamped–clamped, and sliding–sliding cylinders subjected to axial loads are calculated using the proposed three-dimensional Ritz approach and are compared with those obtained with the finite element method and the Bernoulli–Euler theory. Different experiments with cylinders axially compressed by a hydraulic press are carried out and the experimental results for the lowest flexural frequency are compared with the numerical results. An approach based on the Ritz formulation is proposed for the flexural vibration of a cylinder between the platens of the press with constraints varying with the intensity of the compression. The results show that for low compressions the cylinder behaves similarly to a sliding–sliding cylinder, whereas for high compressions the cylinder vibrates as a clamped–clamped one.

Static Pressure Impact on Aerodynamics of High Speed Railway Tunnels

A pressure wave is generated when a high speed train enters a tunnel. This wave travels along the tunnel back and forth, and is reflected at the irregularities of the tunnel duct (section changes, chimneys and tunnel ends). The pressure changes are associated to these waves can have an effect on passengers if the trains are not suitably sealed or pressurized. The intensity of the waves depends mainly on the train speed, and on the blockage ratio (train-section-to- tunnel-section area ratio). As the intensity of the waves is limited by regulations, and also by the effects on passengers and infrastructures, the sizing of the tunnel section area is largely influenced by the maximum train speed allowed in the tunnel. The aim of this study is to analyse the increase in cost in a tunnel due to the existence of this difference in ground level, and evaluate the increase of construction costs that this elevation might involve.