Decoupling of soil nutrient cycles as a function of aridity in global drylands

The biogeochemical cycles of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are interlinked by primary production, respiration and decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. It has been suggested that the C, N and P cycles could become uncoupled under rapid climate change because of the different degrees of control exerted on the supply of these elements by biological and geochemical processes. Climatic controls on biogeochemical cycles are particularly relevant in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid ecosystems (drylands) because their biological activity is mainly driven by water availability. The increase in aridity predicted for the twenty-first century in many drylands worldwide may therefore threaten the balance between these cycles, differentially affecting the availability of essential nutrients. Here we evaluate how aridity affects the balance between C, N and P in soils collected from 224 dryland sites from all continents except Antarctica. We find a negative effect of aridity on the concentration of soil organic C and total N, but a positive effect on the concentration of inorganic P. Aridity is negatively related to plant cover, which may favour the dominance of physical processes such as rock weathering, a major source of P to ecosystems, over biological processes that provide more C and N, such as litter decomposition. Our findings suggest that any predicted increase in aridity with climate change will probably reduce the concentrations of N and C in global drylands, but increase that of P. These changes would uncouple the C, N and P cycles in drylands and could negatively affect the provision of key services provided by these ecosystems.

Thermal and mechanical effects of different excitation modes based on low frequency laser modulation in optical hyperthermia

The low frequency modulation of the laser source (menor que30KHz) allows the generation of a pulsed signal that intermittently excites the gold nanorods. The temperature curves obtained for different frequencies and duty cycles of modulation but with equal average power and identical laser parameters, show that the thermal behavior in continuous wave and modulation modes is the same. However, the cell death experiments suggest that the percentage of death is higher in the cases of modulation. This observation allows us to conclude that there are other effects in addition to temperature that contribute to the cellular death. The mechanical effects like sound or pressure waves are expected to be generated from thermal expansion of gold nanorods. In order to study the behavior and magnitude of these processes we have developed a measure device based on ultrasound piezoelectric receivers (25KHz) and a lock-in amplifier that is able to detect the sound waves generated in samples of gold nanorods during laser irradiation providing us a voltage result proportional to the pressure signal. The first results show that the pressure measurements are directly proportional to the concentration of gold nanorods and the laser power, therefore, our present work is focused on determine the real influence of these effects in the cell death process.

Remote sensing of LAI, chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen pools of crop- and grasslands in five European landscapes.

Leaf nitrogen and leaf surface area influence the exchange of gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, and play a significant role in the global cycles of carbon, nitrogen and water. The purpose of this study is to use field-based and satellite remote-sensing-based methods to assess leaf nitrogen pools in five diverse European agricultural landscapes located in Denmark, Scotland (United Kingdom), Poland, the Netherlands and Italy. REGFLEC (REGularized canopy reFLECtance) is an advanced image-based inverse canopy radiative transfer modelling system which has shown proficiency for regional mapping of leaf area index (LAI) and leaf chlorophyll (CHLl) using remote sensing data. In this study, high spatial resolution (10–20 m) remote sensing images acquired from the multispectral sensors aboard the SPOT (Satellite For Observation of Earth) satellites were used to assess the capability of REGFLEC for mapping spatial variations in LAI, CHLland the relation to leaf nitrogen (Nl) data in five diverse European agricultural landscapes. REGFLEC is based on physical laws and includes an automatic model parameterization scheme which makes the tool independent of field data for model calibration. In this study, REGFLEC performance was evaluated using LAI measurements and non-destructive measurements (using a SPAD meter) of leaf-scale CHLl and Nl concentrations in 93 fields representing crop- and grasslands of the five landscapes. Furthermore, empirical relationships between field measurements (LAI, CHLl and Nl and five spectral vegetation indices (the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, the Simple Ratio, the Enhanced Vegetation Index-2, the Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and the green chlorophyll index) were used to assess field data coherence and to serve as a comparison basis for assessing REGFLEC model performance. The field measurements showed strong vertical CHLl gradient profiles in 26% of fields which affected REGFLEC performance as well as the relationships between spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) and field measurements. When the range of surface types increased, the REGFLEC results were in better agreement with field data than the empirical SVI regression models. Selecting only homogeneous canopies with uniform CHLl distributions as reference data for evaluation, REGFLEC was able to explain 69% of LAI observations (rmse = 0.76), 46% of measured canopy chlorophyll contents (rmse = 719 mg m−2) and 51% of measured canopy nitrogen contents (rmse = 2.7 g m−2). Better results were obtained for individual landscapes, except for Italy, where REGFLEC performed poorly due to a lack of dense vegetation canopies at the time of satellite recording. Presence of vegetation is needed to parameterize the REGFLEC model. Combining REGFLEC- and SVI-based model results to minimize errors for a "snap-shot" assessment of total leaf nitrogen pools in the five landscapes, results varied from 0.6 to 4.0 t km−2. Differences in leaf nitrogen pools between landscapes are attributed to seasonal variations, extents of agricultural area, species variations, and spatial variations in nutrient availability. In order to facilitate a substantial assessment of variations in Nl pools and their relation to landscape based nitrogen and carbon cycling processes, time series of satellite data are needed. The upcoming Sentinel-2 satellite mission will provide new multiple narrowband data opportunities at high spatio-temporal resolution which are expected to further improve remote sensing capabilities for mapping LAI, CHLl and Nl.

Definition of a support infrastructure for replicating and aggregating families of software engineering experiments

Experimental software engineering includes several processes, the most representative being run experiments, run replications and synthesize the results of multiple replications. Of these processes, only the first is relatively well established in software engineering. Problems of information management and communication among researchers are one of the obstacles to progress in the replication and synthesis processes. Software engineering experimentation has expanded considerably over the last few years. This has brought with it the invention of experimental process support proposals. However, few of these proposals provide integral support, including replication and synthesis processes. Most of the proposals focus on experiment execution. This paper proposes an infrastructure providing integral support for the experimental research process, specializing in the replication and synthesis of a family of experiments. The research has been divided into stages or phases, whose transition milestones are marked by the attainment of their goals. Each goal exactly matches an artifact or product. Within each stage, we will adopt cycles of successive approximations (generateand- test cycles), where each approximation includes a diferent viewpoint or input. Each cycle will end with the product approval.

Methodology for kinematic cycle characterization of vehicles with fixed routes in urban areas

This paper analyses the driving cycles of a fleet of vehicles with predetermined urban itineraries. Most driving cycles developed for such type of vehicles do not properly address variability among itineraries. Here we develop a polygonal driving cycle that assesses each group of related routes, based on microscopic parameters. It measures the kinematic cycles of the routes traveled by the vehicle fleet, segments cycles into micro-cycles, and characterizes their properties, groups them into clusters with homogeneous kinematic characteristics within their specific micro-cycles, and constructs a standard cycle for each cluster. The process is used to study public bus operations in Madrid.

Development of a methodology for nuclear data uncertainty propagation on isotopic evolution calculations for advanced nuclear systems

Una apropiada evaluación de los márgenes de seguridad de una instalación nuclear, por ejemplo, una central nuclear, tiene en cuenta todas las incertidumbres que afectan a los cálculos de diseño, funcionanmiento y respuesta ante accidentes de dicha instalación. Una fuente de incertidumbre son los datos nucleares, que afectan a los cálculos neutrónicos, de quemado de combustible o activación de materiales. Estos cálculos permiten la evaluación de las funciones respuesta esenciales para el funcionamiento correcto durante operación, y también durante accidente. Ejemplos de esas respuestas son el factor de multiplicación neutrónica o el calor residual después del disparo del reactor. Por tanto, es necesario evaluar el impacto de dichas incertidumbres en estos cálculos. Para poder realizar los cálculos de propagación de incertidumbres, es necesario implementar metodologías que sean capaces de evaluar el impacto de las incertidumbres de estos datos nucleares. Pero también es necesario conocer los datos de incertidumbres disponibles para ser capaces de manejarlos. Actualmente, se están invirtiendo grandes esfuerzos en mejorar la capacidad de analizar, manejar y producir datos de incertidumbres, en especial para isótopos importantes en reactores avanzados. A su vez, nuevos programas/códigos están siendo desarrollados e implementados para poder usar dichos datos y analizar su impacto. Todos estos puntos son parte de los objetivos del proyecto europeo ANDES, el cual ha dado el marco de trabajo para el desarrollo de esta tesis doctoral. Por tanto, primero se ha llevado a cabo una revisión del estado del arte de los datos nucleares y sus incertidumbres, centrándose en los tres tipos de datos: de decaimiento, de rendimientos de fisión y de secciones eficaces. A su vez, se ha realizado una revisión del estado del arte de las metodologías para la propagación de incertidumbre de estos datos nucleares. Dentro del Departamento de Ingeniería Nuclear (DIN) se propuso una metodología para la propagación de incertidumbres en cálculos de evolución isotópica, el Método Híbrido. Esta metodología se ha tomado como punto de partida para esta tesis, implementando y desarrollando dicha metodología, así como extendiendo sus capacidades. Se han analizado sus ventajas, inconvenientes y limitaciones. El Método Híbrido se utiliza en conjunto con el código de evolución isotópica ACAB, y se basa en el muestreo por Monte Carlo de los datos nucleares con incertidumbre. En esta metodología, se presentan diferentes aproximaciones según la estructura de grupos de energía de las secciones eficaces: en un grupo, en un grupo con muestreo correlacionado y en multigrupos. Se han desarrollado diferentes secuencias para usar distintas librerías de datos nucleares almacenadas en diferentes formatos: ENDF-6 (para las librerías evaluadas), COVERX (para las librerías en multigrupos de SCALE) y EAF (para las librerías de activación). Gracias a la revisión del estado del arte de los datos nucleares de los rendimientos de fisión se ha identificado la falta de una información sobre sus incertidumbres, en concreto, de matrices de covarianza completas. Además, visto el renovado interés por parte de la comunidad internacional, a través del grupo de trabajo internacional de cooperación para evaluación de datos nucleares (WPEC) dedicado a la evaluación de las necesidades de mejora de datos nucleares mediante el subgrupo 37 (SG37), se ha llevado a cabo una revisión de las metodologías para generar datos de covarianza. Se ha seleccionando la actualización Bayesiana/GLS para su implementación, y de esta forma, dar una respuesta a dicha falta de matrices completas para rendimientos de fisión. Una vez que el Método Híbrido ha sido implementado, desarrollado y extendido, junto con la capacidad de generar matrices de covarianza completas para los rendimientos de fisión, se han estudiado diferentes aplicaciones nucleares. Primero, se estudia el calor residual tras un pulso de fisión, debido a su importancia para cualquier evento después de la parada/disparo del reactor. Además, se trata de un ejercicio claro para ver la importancia de las incertidumbres de datos de decaimiento y de rendimientos de fisión junto con las nuevas matrices completas de covarianza. Se han estudiado dos ciclos de combustible de reactores avanzados: el de la instalación europea para transmutación industrial (EFIT) y el del reactor rápido de sodio europeo (ESFR), en los cuales se han analizado el impacto de las incertidumbres de los datos nucleares en la composición isotópica, calor residual y radiotoxicidad. Se han utilizado diferentes librerías de datos nucleares en los estudios antreriores, comparando de esta forma el impacto de sus incertidumbres. A su vez, mediante dichos estudios, se han comparando las distintas aproximaciones del Método Híbrido y otras metodologías para la porpagación de incertidumbres de datos nucleares: Total Monte Carlo (TMC), desarrollada en NRG por A.J. Koning y D. Rochman, y NUDUNA, desarrollada en AREVA GmbH por O. Buss y A. Hoefer. Estas comparaciones demostrarán las ventajas del Método Híbrido, además de revelar sus limitaciones y su rango de aplicación. ABSTRACT For an adequate assessment of safety margins of nuclear facilities, e.g. nuclear power plants, it is necessary to consider all possible uncertainties that affect their design, performance and possible accidents. Nuclear data are a source of uncertainty that are involved in neutronics, fuel depletion and activation calculations. These calculations can predict critical response functions during operation and in the event of accident, such as decay heat and neutron multiplication factor. Thus, the impact of nuclear data uncertainties on these response functions needs to be addressed for a proper evaluation of the safety margins. Methodologies for performing uncertainty propagation calculations need to be implemented in order to analyse the impact of nuclear data uncertainties. Nevertheless, it is necessary to understand the current status of nuclear data and their uncertainties, in order to be able to handle this type of data. Great eórts are underway to enhance the European capability to analyse/process/produce covariance data, especially for isotopes which are of importance for advanced reactors. At the same time, new methodologies/codes are being developed and implemented for using and evaluating the impact of uncertainty data. These were the objectives of the European ANDES (Accurate Nuclear Data for nuclear Energy Sustainability) project, which provided a framework for the development of this PhD Thesis. Accordingly, first a review of the state-of-the-art of nuclear data and their uncertainties is conducted, focusing on the three kinds of data: decay, fission yields and cross sections. A review of the current methodologies for propagating nuclear data uncertainties is also performed. The Nuclear Engineering Department of UPM has proposed a methodology for propagating uncertainties in depletion calculations, the Hybrid Method, which has been taken as the starting point of this thesis. This methodology has been implemented, developed and extended, and its advantages, drawbacks and limitations have been analysed. It is used in conjunction with the ACAB depletion code, and is based on Monte Carlo sampling of variables with uncertainties. Different approaches are presented depending on cross section energy-structure: one-group, one-group with correlated sampling and multi-group. Differences and applicability criteria are presented. Sequences have been developed for using different nuclear data libraries in different storing-formats: ENDF-6 (for evaluated libraries) and COVERX (for multi-group libraries of SCALE), as well as EAF format (for activation libraries). A revision of the state-of-the-art of fission yield data shows inconsistencies in uncertainty data, specifically with regard to complete covariance matrices. Furthermore, the international community has expressed a renewed interest in the issue through the Working Party on International Nuclear Data Evaluation Co-operation (WPEC) with the Subgroup (SG37), which is dedicated to assessing the need to have complete nuclear data. This gives rise to this review of the state-of-the-art of methodologies for generating covariance data for fission yields. Bayesian/generalised least square (GLS) updating sequence has been selected and implemented to answer to this need. Once the Hybrid Method has been implemented, developed and extended, along with fission yield covariance generation capability, different applications are studied. The Fission Pulse Decay Heat problem is tackled first because of its importance during events after shutdown and because it is a clean exercise for showing the impact and importance of decay and fission yield data uncertainties in conjunction with the new covariance data. Two fuel cycles of advanced reactors are studied: the European Facility for Industrial Transmutation (EFIT) and the European Sodium Fast Reactor (ESFR), and response function uncertainties such as isotopic composition, decay heat and radiotoxicity are addressed. Different nuclear data libraries are used and compared. These applications serve as frameworks for comparing the different approaches of the Hybrid Method, and also for comparing with other methodologies: Total Monte Carlo (TMC), developed at NRG by A.J. Koning and D. Rochman, and NUDUNA, developed at AREVA GmbH by O. Buss and A. Hoefer. These comparisons reveal the advantages, limitations and the range of application of the Hybrid Method.

Thermal and mechanical properties of recycled poly(Lactic acid)

Biodegradable polymers have experienced increased attention in recent years because of their wide range of applications in biomedical, packaging and agriculture fields. PLA, poly(lactic acid), is a linear aliphatic biodegradable thermoplastic polyester, with good mechanical properties, thermal stability, processability and low environmental impact, widely used as an alternative to conventional polymers. PLA products can be recycled after use either by remelting and reprocessing the material, or by hydrolysis to basic lactic acid [1]. The object of this communication is the study of the possible variation in physical properties induced by sub sequent reprocessing cycles of PLA.

A multidisciplinary reference framework to support innovative design, implementation and assessment of chronic care models

Hoy en día, por primera vez en la historia, la mayor parte de la población podrá vivir hasta los sesenta años y más (United Nations, 2015). Sin embargo, todavía existe poca evidencia que demuestre que las personas mayores, estén viviendo con mejor salud que sus padres, a la misma edad, ya que la mayoría de los problemas de salud en edades avanzadas están asociados a las enfermedades crónicas (WHO, 2015). Los sistemas sanitarios de los países desarrollados funcionan adecuadamente cuando se trata del cuidado de enfermedades agudas, pero no son lo suficientemente eficaces en la gestión de las enfermedades crónicas. Durante la última década, se han realizado esfuerzos para mejorar esta gestión, por medio de la utilización de estrategias de prevención y de reenfoque de la provisión de los servicios de atención para la salud (Kane et al. 2005). Según una revisión sistemática de modelos de cuidado de salud, comisionada por el sistema nacional de salud Británico, pocos modelos han conceptualizado cuáles son los componentes que hay que utilizar para proporcionar un cuidado crónico efectivo, y estos componentes no han sido suficientemente estructurados y articulados. Por lo tanto, no hay suficiente evidencia sobre el impacto real de cualquier modelo existente en la actualidad (Ham, 2006). Las innovaciones podrían ayudar a conseguir mejores diagnósticos, tratamientos y gestión de pacientes crónicos, así como a dar soporte a los profesionales y a los pacientes en el cuidado. Sin embargo, la forma en las que estas innovaciones se proporcionan no es lo suficientemente eficiente, efectiva y amigable para el usuario. Para mejorar esto, hace falta crear equipos de trabajo y estrategias multidisciplinares. En conclusión, hacen falta actividades que permitan conseguir que las innovaciones sean utilizadas en los sistemas de salud que quieren mejorar la gestión del cuidado crónico, para que sea posible: 1) traducir la “atención sanitaria basada en la evidencia” en “conocimiento factible”; 2) hacer frente a la complejidad de la atención sanitaria a través de una investigación multidisciplinaria; 3) identificar una aproximación sistemática para que se establezcan intervenciones innovadoras en el cuidado de salud. El marco de referencia desarrollado en este trabajo de investigación es un intento de aportar estas mejoras. Las siguientes hipótesis han sido propuestas: Hipótesis 1: es posible definir un proceso de traducción que convierta un modelo de cuidado crónico en una descripción estructurada de objetivos, requisitos e indicadores clave de rendimiento. Hipótesis 2: el proceso de traducción, si se ejecuta a través de elementos basados en la evidencia, multidisciplinares y de orientación económica, puede convertir un modelo de cuidado crónico en un marco descriptivo, que define el ciclo de vida de soluciones innovadoras para el cuidado de enfermedades crónicas. Hipótesis 3: es posible definir un método para evaluar procesos, resultados y capacidad de desarrollar habilidades, y asistir equipos multidisciplinares en la creación de soluciones innovadoras para el cuidado crónico. Hipótesis 4: es posible dar soporte al desarrollo de soluciones innovadoras para el cuidado crónico a través de un marco de referencia y conseguir efectos positivos, medidos en indicadores clave de rendimiento. Para verificar las hipótesis, se ha definido una aproximación metodológica compuesta de cuatro Fases, cada una asociada a una hipótesis. Antes de esto, se ha llevado a cabo una “Fase 0”, donde se han analizado los antecedentes sobre el problema (i.e. adopción sistemática de la innovación en el cuidado crónico) desde una perspectiva multi-dominio y multi-disciplinar. Durante la fase 1, se ha desarrollado un Proceso de Traducción del Conocimiento, elaborado a partir del JBI Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) model of evidence-based healthcare (Pearson, 2005), y sobre el cual se han definido cuatro Bloques de Innovación. Estos bloques consisten en una descripción de elementos innovadores, definidos en la fase 0, que han sido añadidos a los cuatros elementos que componen el modelo JBI. El trabajo llevado a cabo en esta fase ha servido también para definir los materiales que el proceso de traducción tiene que ejecutar. La traducción que se ha llevado a cabo en la fase 2, y que traduce la mejor evidencia disponible de cuidado crónico en acción: resultado de este proceso de traducción es la parte descriptiva del marco de referencia, que consiste en una descripción de un modelo de cuidado crónico (se ha elegido el Chronic Care Model, Wagner, 1996) en términos de objetivos, especificaciones e indicadores clave de rendimiento y organizada en tres ciclos de innovación (diseño, implementación y evaluación). Este resultado ha permitido verificar la segunda hipótesis. Durante la fase 3, para demostrar la tercera hipótesis, se ha desarrollado un método-mixto de evaluación de equipos multidisciplinares que trabajan en innovaciones para el cuidado crónico. Este método se ha creado a partir del método mixto usado para la evaluación de equipo multidisciplinares translacionales (Wooden, 2013). El método creado añade una dimensión procedural al marco. El resultado de esta fase consiste, por lo tanto, en una primera versión del marco de referencia, lista para ser experimentada. En la fase 4, se ha validado el marco a través de un caso de estudio multinivel y con técnicas de observación-participante como método de recolección de datos. Como caso de estudio se han elegido las actividades de investigación que el grupo de investigación LifeStech ha desarrollado desde el 2008 para mejorar la gestión de la diabetes, actividades realizadas en un contexto internacional. Los resultados demuestran que el marco ha permitido mejorar las actividades de trabajo en distintos niveles: 1) la calidad y cantidad de las publicaciones; 2) se han conseguido dos contratos de investigación sobre diabetes: el primero es un proyecto de investigación aplicada, el segundo es un proyecto financiado para acelerar las innovaciones en el mercado; 3) a través de los indicadores claves de rendimiento propuestos en el marco, una prueba de concepto de un prototipo desarrollado en un proyecto de investigación ha sido transformada en una evaluación temprana de una intervención eHealth para el manejo de la diabetes, que ha sido recientemente incluida en Repositorio de prácticas innovadoras del Partenariado de Innovación Europeo en Envejecimiento saludable y activo. La verificación de las 4 hipótesis ha permitido demonstrar la hipótesis principal de este trabajo de investigación: es posible contribuir a crear un puente entre la atención sanitaria y la innovación y, por lo tanto, mejorar la manera en que el cuidado crónico sea procurado en los sistemas sanitarios. ABSTRACT Nowadays, for the first time in history, most people can expect to live into their sixties and beyond (United Nations, 2015). However, little evidence suggests that older people are experiencing better health than their parents, and most of the health problems of older age are linked to Chronic Diseases (WHO, 2015). The established health care systems in developed countries are well suited to the treatment of acute diseases but are mostly inadequate for dealing with CDs. Healthcare systems are challenging the burden of chronic diseases by putting more emphasis on the prevention of disease and by looking for new ways to reorient the provision of care (Kane et al., 2005). According to an evidence-based review commissioned by the British NHS Institute, few models have conceptualized effective components of care for CDs and these components have been not structured and articulated. “Consequently, there is limited evidence about the real impact of any of the existing models” (Ham, 2006). Innovations could support to achieve better diagnosis, treatment and management for patients across the continuum of care, by supporting health professionals and empowering patients to take responsibility. However, the way they are delivered is not sufficiently efficient, effective and consumer friendly. The improvement of innovation delivery, involves the creation of multidisciplinary research teams and taskforces, rather than just working teams. There are several actions to improve the adoption of innovations from healthcare systems that are tackling the epidemics of CDs: 1) Translate Evidence-Based Healthcare (EBH) into actionable knowledge; 2) Face the complexity of healthcare through multidisciplinary research; 3) Identify a systematic approach to support effective implementation of healthcare interventions through innovation. The framework proposed in this research work is an attempt to provide these improvements. The following hypotheses have been drafted: Hypothesis 1: it is possible to define a translation process to convert a model of chronic care into a structured description of goals, requirements and key performance indicators. Hypothesis 2: a translation process, if executed through evidence-based, multidisciplinary, holistic and business-oriented elements, can convert a model of chronic care in a descriptive framework, which defines the whole development cycle of innovative solutions for chronic disease management. Hypothesis 3: it is possible to design a method to evaluate processes, outcomes and skill acquisition capacities, and assist multidisciplinary research teams in the creation of innovative solutions for chronic disease management. Hypothesis 4: it is possible to assist the development of innovative solutions for chronic disease management through a reference framework and produce positive effects, measured through key performance indicators. In order to verify the hypotheses, a methodological approach, composed of four Phases that correspond to each one of the stated hypothesis, was defined. Prior to this, a “Phase 0”, consisting in a multi-domain and multi-disciplinary background analysis of the problem (i.e.: systematic adoption of innovation to chronic care), was carried out. During phase 1, in order to verify the first hypothesis, a Knowledge Translation Process (KTP) was developed, starting from the JBI Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) model of evidence-based healthcare was used (Pearson, 2005) and adding Four Innovation Blocks. These blocks represent an enriched description, added to the JBI model, to accelerate the transformation of evidence-healthcare through innovation; the innovation blocks are built on top of the conclusions drawn after Phase 0. The background analysis gave also indication on the materials and methods to be used for the execution of the KTP, carried out during phase 2, that translates the actual best available evidence for chronic care into action: this resulted in a descriptive Framework, which is a description of a model of chronic care (the Chronic Care Model was chosen, Wagner, 1996) in terms of goals, specified requirements and Key Performance Indicators, and articulated in the three development cycles of innovation (i.e. design, implementation and evaluation). Thanks to this result the second hypothesis was verified. During phase 3, in order to verify the third hypothesis, a mixed-method to evaluate multidisciplinary teams working on innovations for chronic care, was created, based on a mixed-method used for the evaluation of Multidisciplinary Translational Teams (Wooden, 2013). This method adds a procedural dimension to the descriptive component of the Framework, The result of this phase consisted in a draft version of the framework, ready to be tested in a real scenario. During phase 4, a single and multilevel case study, with participant-observation data collection, was carried out, in order to have a complete but at the same time multi-sectorial evaluation of the framework. The activities that the LifeStech research group carried out since 2008 to improve the management of diabetes have been selected as case study. The results achieved showed that the framework allowed to improve the research activities in different directions: the quality and quantity of the research publications that LifeStech has issued, have increased substantially; 2 project grants to improve the management of diabetes, have been assigned: the first is a grant funding applied research while the second is about accelerating innovations into the market; by using the assessment KPIs of the framework, the proof of concept validation of a prototype developed in a research project was transformed into an early stage assessment of innovative eHealth intervention for Diabetes Management, which has been recently included in the repository of innovative practice of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Health Ageing initiative. The verification of the 4 hypotheses lead to verify the main hypothesis of this research work: it is possible to contribute to bridge the gap between healthcare and innovation and, in turn, improve the way chronic care is delivered by healthcare systems.