On-line measurement of soil properties without direct spectral response in near infrared spectral range

So far, the majority of reports on on-line measurement considered soil properties with direct spectral responses in near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). This work reports on the results of on-line measurement of soil properties with indirect spectral responses, e.g. pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable calcium (Caex) and exchangeable magnesium (Mgex) in one field in Bedfordshire in the UK. The on-line sensor consisted of a subsoiler coupled with an AgroSpec mobile, fibre type, visible and near infrared (vis–NIR) spectrophotometer (tec5 Technology for Spectroscopy, Germany), with a measurement range 305–2200 nm to acquire soil spectra in diffuse reflectance mode. General calibration models for the studied soil properties were developed with a partial least squares regression (PLSR) with one-leave-out cross validation, using spectra measured under non-mobile laboratory conditions of 160 soil samples collected from different fields in four farms in Europe, namely, Czech Republic, Denmark, Netherland and UK. A group of 25 samples independent from the calibration set was used as independent validation set. Higher accuracy was obtained for laboratory scanning as compared to on-line scanning of the 25 independent samples. The prediction accuracy for the laboratory and on-line measurements was classified as excellent/very good for pH (RPD = 2.69 and 2.14 and r2 = 0.86 and 0.78, respectively), and moderately good for CEC (RPD = 1.77 and 1.61 and r2 = 0.68 and 0.62, respectively) and Mgex (RPD = 1.72 and 1.49 and r2 = 0.66 and 0.67, respectively). For Caex, very good accuracy was calculated for laboratory method (RPD = 2.19 and r2 = 0.86), as compared to the poor accuracy reported for the on-line method (RPD = 1.30 and r2 = 0.61). The ability of collecting large number of data points per field area (about 12,800 point per 21 ha) and the simultaneous analysis of several soil properties without direct spectral response in the NIR range at relatively high operational speed and appreciable accuracy, encourage the recommendation of the on-line measurement system for site specific fertilisation.

Soil water availability modulation over estimated relative yield losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) due to ozone exposure

The approach developed by Fuhrer in 1995 to estimate wheat yield losses induced by ozone and modulated by the soil water content (SWC) was applied to the data on Catalonian wheat yields. The aim of our work was to apply this approach and adjust it to Mediterranean environmental conditions by means of the necessary corrections. The main objective pursued was to prove the importance of soil water availability in the estimation of relative wheat yield losses as a factor that modifies the effects of tropospheric ozone on wheat, and to develop the algorithms required for the estimation of relative yield losses, adapted to the Mediterranean environmental conditions. The results show that this is an easy way to estimate relative yield losses just using meteorological data, without using ozone fluxes, which are much more difficult to calculate. Soil water availability is very important as a modulating factor of the effects of ozone on wheat; when soil water availability decreases, almost twice the amount of accumulated exposure to ozone is required to induce the same percentage of yield loss as in years when soil water availability is high.

Effect of row orientation on soil water content and vine water status on a Cabernet franc vineyard in Madrid, spain

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of row orien¬tation on vine and soil water status in an irrigated vineyard. The trial was developed during 2006, 2007 and 2008, in the South East region of Madrid (Spain) on 5-year old Cabernet franc grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grafted onto 140Ru. Plant spacing was 2.5 m x 1.5 m and vines were trained to a VSP. Four orientations were stu¬died: North-South (N-S), East-West (E-W), Northeast-Southwest (N+45) and North-South +20o (N+20). Irrigation (0.4•ET0) started when shoot growth stopped. Soil water availability was measured using a TDR technique with forty buried probes. Row orientation did not have any effect on water consumption in the vineyard. At maturity, leaf water potential was measured at predawn, early mor¬ning, midday and 14:00 solar time, on both canopy sides - sun and shade – ; the early morning measurement was the one that better differentiated treatments. Leaf water potential was a good indica¬tor of plant water status. Differences between (N-S and E-W) and (N+20 and N+45) treatments were obtained both on sun and shade canopy sides, N+20 and N+45 having lower leaf water potentials then drier leaves. The water stress integral shows that N-S and E-W reach the end of maturation with a greater level of hydration than N+45 and N+20. As a whole, N+45 and N+20 orientations, without affecting too much the soil available water content, induce regularly more water stress to the vine at some periods, probably due to an higher sunlight interception in early morning which makes water limitation for the vine more early and thus more severe during the day.

The relationship between soil geochemistry and the bioaccessibility of trace elements in playground soil

A total of 32 samples of surficial soil were collected from 16 playground areas in Madrid (Spain), in order to investigate the importance of the geochemistry of the soil on subsequent bioaccessibility of trace elements. The in vitro bioaccessibility of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was evaluated by means of two extraction processes that simulate the gastric environment and one that reproduces a gastric + intestinal digestion sequence. The results of the in vitro bioaccessibility were compared against aqua regia extractions (“total” concentration), and it was found that total concentrations of As, Cu, Pb and Zn were double those of bioaccessible values, whilst that of Cr was ten times higher. Whereas the results of the gastric + intestinal extraction were affected by a high uncertainty, both gastric methods offered very similar and consistent results, with bioaccessibilities following the order: As = Cu = Pb = Zn > Co > Ni > Cr, and ranging from 63 to 7 %. Selected soil properties including pH, organic matter, Fe and CaCO3 content were determined to assess their influence on trace element bioaccessibility, and it was found that Cu, Pb and Zn were predominantly bound to organic matter and, to a lesser extent, Fe oxides. The former fraction was readily accessible in the gastric solution, whereas Fe oxides seemed to recapture negatively charged chloride complexes of these elements in the gastric solution, lowering their bioaccessibility. The homogeneous pH of the playground soils included in the study does not influence trace element bioaccessibility to any significant extent except for Cr, where the very low gastric accessibility seems to be related to the strongly pH-dependent formation of complexes with organic matter. The results for As, which have been previously described and discussed in detail in Mingot et al. (Chemosphere 84: 1386–1391, 2011), indicate a high gastric bioaccessibility for this element as a consequence of its strong association with calcium carbonate and the ease with which these bonds are broken in the gastric solution. The calculation of risk assessments are therefore dependant on the methodology used and the specific environment they address. This has impacts on management strategies formulated to ensure that the most vulnerable of society, children, can live and play without adverse consequences to their health.

Seasonal evolution of soil respiration in a mixed forestry plantation of walnuts (Juglans × intermedia Carr.) and alders (Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby) in Domaine de Restinclières (France)

The ecological intensification of crops is proposed as a solution to the growing demand of agricultural and forest resources, in opposition to intensive monocultures. The introduction of mixed cultures as mixtures between nitrogen fixing species and non nitrogen fixing species intended to increase crop yield as a result of an improvement of the available nitrogen and phosphorus in soil. Relationship between crops have received little attention despite the wide range of advantages that confers species diversity to these systems, such as increased productivity, resilience to disruption and ecological sustainability. Forests and forestry plantations can develop an important role in storing carbon in their tissues, especially in wood which become into durable product. A simplifying parameter to analyze the amount allocated carbon by plantation is the TBCA (total belowground carbon allocation), whereby, for short periods and mature plantations, is admitted as the subtraction between soil carbon efflux and litterfall. Soil respiration depends on a wide range of factors, such as soil temperature and soil water content, soil fertility, presence and type of vegetation, among others. The studied orchard is a mixed forestry plantation of hybrid walnuts(Juglans × intermedia Carr.) for wood and alders (Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby.), a nitrogen fixing specie through the actinomycete Frankia alni ((Woronin, 1866) Von Tubeuf 1895). The study area is sited at Restinclières, a green area near Montpellier (South of France). In the present work, soil respiration varied greatly throughout the year, mainly influenced by soil temperature. Soil water content did not significantly influence the response of soil respiration as it was constant during the measurement period and under no water stress conditions. Distance between nearest walnut and measurement was also a highly influential factor in soil respiration. Generally there was a decreasing trend in soil respiration when the distance to the nearest tree increased. It was also analyzed the response of soil respiration according to alder presence and fertilizer management (50 kg N·ha-1·año-1 from 1999 to 2010). None of these treatments significantly influenced soil respiration, although previous studies noticed an inhibition in rates of soil respiration under fertilized conditions and high rates of available nitrogen. However, treatments without fertilization and without alder presence obtained higher respiration rates in those cases with significant differences. The lack of significant differences between treatments may be due to the high coefficient of variation experienced by soil respiration measurements. Finally an asynchronous fluctuation was observed between soil respiration and litterfall during senescence period. This is possibly due to the slowdown in the emission of exudates by roots during senescence period, which are largely related to microbial activity.

Do cover crops enhance N2O, CO2 or CH4 emissions from soil in Mediterranean arable systems?

This study evaluates the effect of planting three cover crops (CCs) (barley, Hordeum vulgare L.; vetch, Vicia villosa L.; rape, Brassica napus L.) on the direct emission of N2O, CO2 and CH4 in the intercrop period and the impact of incorporating these CCs on the emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) from the forthcoming irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) crop. Vetch and barley were the CCs with the highest N2O and CO2 losses (75 and 47% increase compared with the control, respectively) in the fallow period. In all cases, fluxes of N2O were increased through N fertilization and the incorporation of barley and rape residues (40 and 17% increase, respectively). The combination of a high C:N ratio with the addition of an external source of mineral N increased the fluxes of N2O compared with − Ba and − Rp. The direct emissions of N2O were lower than expected for a fertilized crop (0.10% emission factor, EF) compared with other studies and the IPCC EF. These results are believed to be associated with a decreased NO3− pool due to highly denitrifying conditions and increased drainage. The fluxes of CO2 were in the range of other fertilized crops (i.e., 1118.71–1736.52 kg CO2–C ha− 1). The incorporation of CC residues enhanced soil respiration in the range of 21–28% for barley and rape although no significant differences between treatments were detected. Negative CH4 fluxes were measured and displayed an overall sink effect for all incorporated CC (mean values of − 0.12 and − 0.10 kg CH4–C ha− 1 for plots with and without incorporated CCs, respectively).

Volume, Surface, Connectivity and Size Distribution of Soil Pore Space in CT Images: Comparison of Samples at Different Depths from Nearby Natural and Tillage Areas

The study of soil structure, i.e., the pores, is of vital importance in different fields of science and technology. Total pore volume (porosity), pore surface, pore connectivity and pore size distribution are some (probably the most important) of the geometric measurements of pore space. The technology of X-ray computed tomography allows us to obtain 3D images of the inside of a soil sample enabling study of the pores without disturbing the samples. In this work we performed a set of geometrical measures, some of them from mathematical morphology, to assess and quantify any possible difference that tillage may have caused on the soil. We compared samples from tilled soil with samples from a soil with natural vegetation taken in a very close area. Our results show that the main differences between these two groups of samples are total surface area and pore connectivity per unit pore volume.

Identification of pore spaces in 3D CT soil images using a PFCM partitional clustering

Recent advances in non-destructive imaging techniques, such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), make it possible to analyse pore space features from the direct visualisation from soil structures. A quantitative characterisation of the three-dimensional solid-pore architecture is important to understand soil mechanics, as they relate to the control of biological, chemical, and physical processes across scales. This analysis technique therefore offers an opportunity to better interpret soil strata, as new and relevant information can be obtained. In this work, we propose an approach to automatically identify the pore structure of a set of 200-2D images that represent slices of an original 3D CT image of a soil sample, which can be accomplished through non-linear enhancement of the pixel grey levels and an image segmentation based on a PFCM (Possibilistic Fuzzy C-Means) algorithm. Once the solids and pore spaces have been identified, the set of 200-2D images is then used to reconstruct an approximation of the soil sample by projecting only the pore spaces. This reconstruction shows the structure of the soil and its pores, which become more bounded, less bounded, or unbounded with changes in depth. If the soil sample image quality is sufficiently favourable in terms of contrast, noise and sharpness, the pore identification is less complicated, and the PFCM clustering algorithm can be used without additional processing; otherwise, images require pre-processing before using this algorithm. Promising results were obtained with four soil samples, the first of which was used to show the algorithm validity and the additional three were used to demonstrate the robustness of our proposal. The methodology we present here can better detect the solid soil and pore spaces on CT images, enabling the generation of better 2D?3D representations of pore structures from segmented 2D images.

Yield, nutrient utilization and soil properties in a melon crop amended with wine-distillery waste

In Spain, large quantities of wine are produced every year (3,339,700 tonnes in 2011) (FAO, 2011) with the consequent waste generation. During the winemaking process, solid residues like grape stalks are generated, as well as grape marc and wine lees as by-products. According to the Council Regulation (EC) 1493/1999 on the common organization of the wine market, by-products coming from the winery industry must be sent to alcohol-distilleries to generate exhausted grape marc and vinasses. With an adequate composting treatment, these wastes can be applied to soils as a source of nutrients and organic matter. A three-year field experiment (2011, 2012 and 2013) was carried out in Ciudad Real (central Spain) to study the effects of wine-distillery waste compost application in a melon crop (Cucumis melo L.). Melon crop has been traditionally cultivated in this area with high inputs of water and fertilizers, but no antecedents of application of winery wastes are known. In a randomized complete block design, four treatments were compared: three compost doses consisted of 6.7 (D1), 13.3 (D2) and 20 t compost ha-1 (D3), and a control treatment without compost addition (D0). The soil was a shallow sandy-loam (Petrocalcic Palexeralfs) with a depth of 0.60 m and a discontinuous petrocalcic horizon between 0.60 and 0.70 m, slightly basic (pH 8.4), poor in organic matter (0.24%), rich in potassium (410 ppm) and with a medium level of phosphorus (22.1 ppm). During each growing period four harvests were carried out and total and marketable yield (fruits weighting <1 kg or visually rotten were not considered), fruit average weight and fruit number per plant were determined. At the end of the crop cycle, four plants per treatment were sampled and the nutrient content (N, P and K) was determined. Soil samplings (0-30 cm depth) were carried before the application of compost and at the end of each growing season and available N and P, as well as exchangeable K content were analyzed. With this information, an integrated analysis was carried out with the aim to evaluate the suitability of this compost as organic amendment.

Geometrical characterization of undisturbed soil samples using X-ray computed tomography image analysis. Effect of soil management on soil structure

El estudio de la estructura del suelo es de vital importancia en diferentes campos de la ciencia y la tecnología. La estructura del suelo controla procesos físicos y biológicos importantes en los sistemas suelo-planta-microorganismos. Estos procesos están dominados por la geometría de la estructura del suelo, y una caracterización cuantitativa de la heterogeneidad de la geometría del espacio poroso es beneficiosa para la predicción de propiedades físicas del suelo. La tecnología de la tomografía computerizada de rayos-X (CT) nos permite obtener imágenes digitales tridimensionales del interior de una muestra de suelo, proporcionando información de la geometría de los poros del suelo y permitiendo el estudio de los poros sin destruir las muestras. Las técnicas de la geometría fractal y de la morfología matemática se han propuesto como una poderosa herramienta para analizar y cuantificar características geométricas. Las dimensiones fractales del espacio poroso, de la interfaz poro-sólido y de la distribución de tamaños de poros son indicadores de la complejidad de la estructura del suelo. Los funcionales de Minkowski y las funciones morfológicas proporcionan medios para medir características geométricas fundamentales de los objetos geométricos tridimensionales. Esto es, volumen, superficie, curvatura media de la superficie y conectividad. Las características del suelo como la distribución de tamaños de poros, el volumen del espacio poroso o la superficie poro-solido pueden ser alteradas por diferentes practicas de manejo de suelo. En este trabajo analizamos imágenes tomográficas de muestras de suelo de dos zonas cercanas con practicas de manejo diferentes. Obtenemos un conjunto de medidas geométricas, para evaluar y cuantificar posibles diferencias que el laboreo pueda haber causado en el suelo. ABSTRACT The study of soil structure is of vital importance in different fields of science and technology. Soil structure controls important physical and biological processes in soil-plant-microbial systems. Those processes are dominated by the geometry of soil pore structure, and a quantitative characterization of the spatial heterogeneity of the pore space geometry is beneficial for prediction of soil physical properties. The technology of X-ray computed tomography (CT) allows us to obtain three-dimensional digital images of the inside of a soil sample providing information on soil pore geometry and enabling the study of the pores without disturbing the samples. Fractal geometry and mathematical morphological techniques have been proposed as powerful tools to analyze and quantify geometrical features. Fractal dimensions of pore space, pore-solid interface and pore size distribution are indicators of soil structure complexity. Minkowski functionals and morphological functions provide means to measure fundamental geometrical features of three-dimensional geometrical objects, that is, volume, boundary surface, mean boundary surface curvature, and connectivity. Soil features such as pore-size distribution, pore space volume or pore-solid surface can be altered by different soil management practices. In this work we analyze CT images of soil samples from two nearby areas with contrasting management practices. We performed a set of geometrical measures, some of them from mathematical morphology, to assess and quantify any possible difference that tillage may have caused on the soil.

Evaluación de tecnologías de manejo de arvenses en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp. híbrido)

En Cuba, las arvenses que afectan al cultivo de la caña de azúcar son una de las causas fundamentales de los bajos rendimientos agrícolas y su control constituye unas de las principales partidas de gastos. En general, se aplican los herbicidas, así como otros métodos de control, sin tener en cuenta el tipo de suelo y las características de estas plantas. Sobre el manejo de arvenses no existen trabajos de investigación que aborden aspectos de eficiencia energética de las producciones y daños al ambiente. Por lo antes señalado, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar diversas tecnologías de manejo de arvenses en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp. híbrido), en cepas de primavera y retoño, en tres tipos de suelos, con el propósito de obtener producciones sustentables. El área de estudio se localizó en los campos de la Empresa Azucarera del municipio “Majibacoa”, provincia de Las Tunas (oriente de Cuba), que posee condiciones edafoclimáticas que abundan a lo largo del país. Los tres tipos de suelos más representativos son Fersialítico Pardo Rojizo ócrico, Pardo Mullido y Vertisol Crómico gléyco. En dicha área se han identificado 31 especies de arvenses, 16 de la clase Liliopsida y 15 de la Magnoliopsida. En un primer grupo de experimentos, se desarrollaron nueve ensayos de campo para evaluar la efectividad de herbicidas y mezclas de estos en el manejo de arvenses en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar, tanto en cepas de primavera como de retoño, en los tres tipos de suelos. Se establecieron parcelas de 80 m2 distribuidas en bloques al azar con cuatro réplicas. La efectividad se evaluó por medio del porcentaje de cobertura por arvenses y la fitotoxicidad provocada a las plantas de caña, teniendo en cuenta el coste asociado a cada tratamiento. En aplicaciones preemergentes en caña planta de primavera, el herbicida más eficiente fue el Isoxaflutole con dosis de 0,15; 0,20 y 0,25 kg.ha-1 de producto comercial (pc) en los suelos Fersialítico, Pardo y Vertisol respectivamente. En aplicaciones postemergentes tempranas la mezcla más eficiente fue la de Isoxaflutole + Ametrina +2,4-D con las dosis de Isoxaflutole citadas anteriormente. En aplicaciones preemergentes en cepa de retoño, el herbicida más eficiente fue el Isoxaflutole a dosis de 0,20 kg.ha-1 pc para el suelo Fersialítico y a 0,25 kg.ha-1 pc para los suelos Pardo y Vertisol. En un segundo grupo, se realizaron seis ensayos de campo distribuidos en dos fases. En la primera fase, se desarrollaron tres experimentos, uno por cada tipo de suelo, para evaluar la eficiencia de nueve tecnologías de manejo de arvenses (químicas y físicas combinadas) en cepa de primavera de caña de azúcar. En la siguiente fase, los tres ensayos restantes (uno por tipo de suelo) evaluaron tecnologías de manejo de arvenses durante dos ciclos de producción de caña de azúcar (etapa de primavera y retoño). En la etapa de primavera se aplicó la tecnología más eficiente de los tres experimentos anteriores y durante la etapa de retoño se evaluaron otras nueve tecnologías propias de este tipo de cepa. En estos experimentos los diferentes tratamientos se aplicaron en franjas distribuidas al azar con cuatro réplicas. En las tecnologías evaluadas se emplearon los herbicidas y mezclas que resultaron más eficientes en el primer grupo de experimentos. En cada caso, se evaluaron la eficiencia energética de la producción de azúcar y otros derivados, la resistencia a la penetración de los suelos, la carga contaminante hacia la atmósfera producto de la combustión del diésel y los beneficios al aplicar las diferentes tecnologías. En la primera fase (cepa de primavera), la tecnología con mejor resultado fue la aplicación preemergente de Isoxaflutole inmediatamente después de la plantación, seguida de descepe químico con Glufosinato de amonio, más labor con grada múltiple aproximadamente a los 80 días de la plantación y aplicación pre-cierre con Glufosinato de amonio. En la segunda fase (dos ciclos del cultivo), el mejor resultado se obtuvo cuando en la etapa de retoño se realizó una aplicación preemergente de Isoxaflutole, descepe químico con Glufosinato de amonio y aplicación pre-cierre con este mismo herbicida. En los tres tipos de suelos durante los dos ciclos, la eficiencia energética tuvo valores de 7,2 - 7,5, la resistencia a la penetración 1,2 - 1,5 MPa, la carga contaminante hacia la atmósfera fue de 63,3 - 64,9 kg.t-1 de caña cosechada y beneficios de 8.324 - 8.455 pesos cubanos por hectárea. Este estudio demuestra que un control eficiente de las arvenses debe tener en cuenta necesariamente el tipo de suelo. Así, en los Vertisoles, con mayor contenido en arcilla, se requieren mayores dosis de Isoxaflutole y la eficiencia energética de la producción es menor. La persistencia de ciertas arvenses, especialmente de la clase Liliopsida, requiere de un manejo integrado que incluya diferentes tipos de herbicidas. ABSTRACT In Cuba, weeds affecting the sugarcane are one of the main causes of low agricultural yields, and their control constitutes some of the main items of expenditure. In general, herbicides are applied, as well as other control methods, without keeping in mind the soil type and the characteristics of these plants. Moreover, weed control research approaching aspects about energy efficiency of the crop production, and environmental damages are missing. Hence, the objective of this investigation was to evaluate diverse technologies of weed handling in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid), both in spring cane plant and ratoon, in three types of soils, with the purpose of obtaining sustainable productions. The study area was located in the fields of the Sugar Enterprise of the Municipality "Majibacoa”, Las Tunas province (east of Cuba) that possesses ecological conditions that are plentiful along the country. The three more representative types of soils are Fersialitic, Brown, and Vertisol. In this area 31 weeds species have been identified, 16 of the Class Liliopsida and 15 of the Magnoliopsida. In a first group of experiments, nine field rehearsals were developed to evaluate the effectiveness of herbicides and mixtures of these for weed handling in sugarcane, in spring cane plants as well as in ratoon, in the three types of soils. Plots of 80 m-2 were distributed at random blocks with four replications. The effectiveness was evaluated by means of the covering percentage by weeds and the provoked toxicity to the cane plants, keeping in mind the cost associated to each treatment. In preemergence applications in spring cane plant, the most efficient herbicide was the Isoxaflutole with dose of 0.15; 0.20 and 0.25 kg.ha-1 of commercial product (pc) in the soils Fersialítico, Brown and Vertisol respectively. In early postemergence applications the most efficient mixture was that of Isoxaflutole + Ametrina + 2,4-D with the doses of Isoxaflutole mentioned previously. In preemergence applications in ratoon, the most efficient herbicide was the Isoxaflutole at dose of 0.20 kg.ha-1 pc for the soil Fersialític and to 0.25 kg. ha-1 pc for the Brown soil and Vertisol. In a second group, six field rehearsals distributed in two phases were carried out. In the first phase, three experiments were developed, one for each soil type, to evaluate the efficiency of nine technologies of weed handling in spring cane plant. In the following phase, the three remaining rehearsals (one for each soil type) diverse technologies of weed handling were evaluated during two cycles of sugarcane production (spring stage and ratoon). In the spring stage the most efficient technology in the three previous experiments was applied and during ratoon stage other nine technologies were evaluated. In these experiments the different treatments were applied in fringes distributed at random with four replicas. In the evaluated technologies the herbicides and mixtures were used selecting those that were more efficient in the first group of experiments. In each case, the energy efficiency of the sugar production and other derivatives, the soil penetration resistance, the polluting load toward the atmosphere product of the combustion, and the benefits when applying the different technologies were all evaluated. In the first phase (spring cane plant), the technology with better result was the preemergence application of Isoxaflutole immediately after the plantation, followed by chemical eradication with Ammonia Glufosinate, hoeing work with multiple tier approximately to the 80 days of the plantation and pre-closing application with Ammonia Glufosinate. In the second phase (two cycles of the cultivation), the best result was obtained when a preemergence application of Isoxaflutole was carried out in sprout's stage, chemical eradication with Ammonia Glufosinate and pre-closing application with this same herbicide. In the three types of soils during the two cycles, the energy efficiency achieved values of 7.2 to 7.5, the resistance to the penetration 1.2 - 1.5 MPa, the polluting load toward the atmosphere was of 63.3 - 64.9 kg.t-1 of the harvested cane and the obtained benefits of 8,324 - 8,455 Cuban pesos per hectare. This study demonstrates that an efficient control of the weeds should necessarily keep in mind the soil type. This way, in the Vertisols, with more clay content, bigger dose of Isoxaflutole is required and the energy efficiency of the production is smaller. The persistence of certain weeds, especially of the class Liliopsida, requires of an integrated handling him to include different types of herbicides.