Intra-annual patterns of tracheid size in the Mediterranean tree Juniperus thurifera as an indicator of seasonal water stress

Because climate can affect xylem cell anatomy, series of intra-annual cell anatomical features have the potential to retrospectively supply seasonal climatic information. In this study, we explored the ability to extract information about water stress conditions from tracheid features of the Mediterranean conifer Juniperus thurifera L. Tracheidograms of four climatic years from two drought-sensitive sites in Spain were compared to evaluate whether it is possible to link intra-annual cell size patterns to seasonal climatic conditions. Results indicated site-specific anatomical adjustment such as smaller and thicker tracheids at the dryer site but also showed a strong climatic imprint on the intra-annual pattern of tracheid size. Site differences in cell size reflected expected structural adjustments against cavitation failures. Differences between intra-annual patterns, however, indicated a response to seasonal changes in water availability whereby cells formed under drought conditions were smaller and thicker, and vice versa. This relationship was more manifest and stable at the dryer site

Wireless Optical Communications for Intra-Spacecraft Networks Based on OCDMA with Random Optical Codes

In recent years, spacial agencies have shown a growing interest in optical wireless as an alternative to wired and radio-frequency communications. The use of these techniques for intra-spacecraft communications reduces the effect of take-off acceleration and vibrations on the systems by avoiding the need for rugged connectors and provides a significant mass reduction. Diffuse transmission also eases the design process as terminals can be placed almost anywhere without a tight planification to ensure the proper system behaviour. Previous studies have compared the performance of radio-frequency and infrared optical communications. In an intra-satellite environment optical techniques help reduce EMI related problems, and their main disadvantages - multipath dispersion and the need for line-of-sight - can be neglected due to the reduced cavity size. Channel studies demonstrate that the effect of the channel can be neglected in small environments if data bandwidth is lower than some hundreds of MHz.

Mecanización del cultivo del cacahuete. I. Siembra y cuidados culturales

En un artículo anterior (1) se trató del cultivo del cacahuete en España, sus problemas y las posibilidades de mecanización del mismo. El presente trabajo presenta los estudios y ensayos realizados durante las pasadas campañas de 1972 y 1973, los cuales muestran la realidad de esas soluciones mecánicas en pequeña y en gran escala. Puede realizarse un cultivo de cacahuete total o casi totalmente mecanizado, tanto en el caso de grandes superficies como en parcelas del tamaño medio (alrededor de 1/2 ha), usual en la región valenciana, utilizando medios mecánicos naturalmente adaptados a cada tipo de explotación. En fincas pequeñas, cuyos medios mecánicos se basan en el motocultor y / o en el tractor pequeño de 18- 20 CV, es adecuado sembrar el cacahuete en surcos separados 62,5 cm, lo que permite la realización de las labores de forma mecanizada por medio de este tractor con las ruedas en la posición más estrecha. Así puede realizarse la siembra, el cultivo y el arranque con los distintos aperos. La trilla y la limpieza pueden realizarse manualmente o por medio de una cosechadora de alquiler arrastrada por un tractor mayor Los números entre paréntesis se refieren a las reseñas bibliográficas. (ver Recolección en el próximo número) de 1,25 m de anchura. En las explotaciones mayores, con tractores grandes, la siembra adecuada será en líneas pareadas, siendo la distancia entre surcos 125-180 cm, según variedades y según se cultive en regadío o en secano (1), o en mesetas de unos 190 cm, con cuatro filas de plantas. La mecanización en estos casos está mejor adaptada y más justificada económicamente. Para el cultivo mecánico habrán de elegirse, dentro de las variedades existentes, las más adecuadas. Las cultivadas actualmente en la zona valenciana están muy degeneradas y es necesaria su mejora, pero están bien adaptadas a las condiciones climáticas y resultan bastante adecuadas para su mecanización. Algunas variedades americanas ensayadas en el INIA (Benicalap, Valencia), muy atractivas por sus frutos grandes y de gran calidad, vienen de origen adaptadas a la mecanización, pero por ser en general de ciclo largo, presentan problemas en relación a la climatología de la zona; en las experiencias realizadas se han dado campañas de extraordinaria producción y otras de una producción muy baja. Para el cultivo de estas variedades se hace realmente necesaria la recolección mecanizada, a base de arranque con arrancadora, uno o dos días de secado en el campo, recogida y trilla con cosechadora y desecación artificial. Todo ello con el fin de 3 abreviar lo más posible el proceso, evitando el peligro de que las lluvias mojen repetidamente las plantas una vez arrancadas y colocadas en hileras en el campo para su desecación natural. Esto último viene siendo la causa de unas pérdidas de cosecha enormes por pudrición de los frutos.

Water chemistry at Hontomín-Huermeces (Burgos, Spain): insights for a pre-, intra- and post-CO2 injection geochemical monitoring.

In this study, the very first geochemical and isotopic data related to surface and spring waters and dissolved gases in the area of Hontomín-Huermeces (Burgos, Spain) are presented and discussed. Hontomín-Huermeces was selected as a pilot site for the injection of pure (>99 %) CO2. Injection and monitoring wells are planned to be drilled close to 6 oil wells completed in the 1980’s. Stratigraphical logs indicate the presence of a confined saline aquifer at the depth of about 1,500 m into which less than 100,000 tons of liquid CO2 will be injected, possibly starting in 2013. The chemical and isotopic features of the spring waters suggest the occurrence of a shallow aquifer having a Ca2+(Mg2+)-HCO3- composition, relatively low salinity (Total Dissolved Solids _800 mg/L) and a meteoric isotopic signature. Some spring waters close to the oil wells are characterized by relatively high concentrations of NO3- (up to 123 mg/L), unequivocally indicating anthropogenic contamination that adds to the main water-rock interaction processes. The latter can be referred to Ca-Mg-carbonate and, at a minor extent, Al-silicate dissolution, being the outcropping sedimentary rocks characterized by Palaeozoic to Quaternary rocks. Anomalous concentrations of Cl-, SO42-, As, B and Ba were measured in two springs discharging a few hundreds meters from the oil wells and in the Rio Ubierna, possibly indicative of mixing processes, although at very low extent, between deep and shallow aquifers. Gases dissolved in spring waters show relatively high concentrations of atmospheric species, such as N2, O2 and Ar, and isotopically negative CO2 (<-17.7 h V-PDB), likely related to a biogenic source, possibly masking any contribution related to a deep source. The geochemical and isotopic data of this study are of particular importance when a monitoring program will be established to verify whether CO2 leakages, induced by the injection of this greenhouse gas, may affect the quality of the waters of the shallow Hontomín-Huermeces hydrological circuit. In this respect, carbonate chemistry, the isotopic carbon of dissolved CO2 and TDIC (Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) and selected trace elements can be considered as useful parameters to trace the migration of the injected CO2 into near-surface environments.

Características funcionales que influyen en la respuesta a la sequía de las especies del género Quercus: variación inter- e intra-específica

El género Quercus sp. tiene una amplia distribución geográfica a lo largo de todo el Hemisferio Norte, y está presente desde zonas templado-frías de Europa o Norte-América, hasta zonas tropicales de América del Sur. En términos de macro-evolución son muchas las especies de este género que han desarrollado mecanismos de resistencia al estrés hídrico en combinación con caracteres funcionales y morfológicos que evitan la deshidratación de los tejidos aéreos, y que en último término hacen de este grupo de especies organismos muy efectivos en ambientes caracterizados por una fuerte restricción hídrica esporádica o estacional. La falta de agua, sobre todo en fases como la regeneración, interactúa con la disponibilidad lumínica, y de cuyo resultado se establece una compleja modulación de la expresión de los rasgos funcionales. Además, y desde un punto de vista micro-evolutivo, es elemento característico de muchas especies de Quercus un alto grado de variación genética intraespecífica en la respuesta a sequía. Esta diversidad en la respuesta se establece bajo distintos órdenes jerárquicos de variación genética, y desde diferencias poblacionales hasta líneas maternas o individuos dentro de una misma población. Así, muchas especies albergan unos niveles relativamente altos de variabilidad intraespecífica en respuesta a la falta de agua. En este trabajo se revisan diferentes mecanismos de tolerancia y evitación de la sequía que explican el éxito de numerosas especies del género Quercus en ambientes con importantes limitaciones hídricas. El análisis se hace extensible a los estudios de la variación intra-específica, para finalizar con una breve visión de algunos posibles patrones de respuesta esperables en un futuro caracterizado por ambientes hídricamente más estresantes en amplias zonas del mundo, y en particular en el área mediterránea.

Analyzing size-symmetric vs. size-asymmetric and intra-vs. inter-specific competition in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) mixed stands

In mixed stands, inter-specific competition can be lower than intra-specific competition when niche complementarity and/or facilitation between species prevail. These positive interactions can take place at belowground and/or aboveground levels. Belowground competition tends to be size symmetric while the aboveground competition is usually for light and almost always size-asymmetric. Interactions between forest tree species can be explored analyzing growth at tree level by comparing intra and inter-specific competition. At the same time, possible causes of niche complementarity can be inferred relating intra and inter-specific competition with the mode of competition, i.e. size-symmetric or sizeasymmetric. The aim of this paper is to further our understanding of the interactions between species and to detect possible causes of competition reduction in mixed stands of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) with other species: pine?beech, oak?beech and fir?beech. To test whether species growth is better explained by size-symmetric and/or size-asymmetric competition, five different competition structures where included in basal area growth models fitted using data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory for the Pyrenees. These models considered either size-symmetry only (Reineke?s stand density index, SDI), size-asymmetry only (SDI of large trees or SDI of small trees), or both combined. In order to assess the influence of the admixture, these indices were introduced in two different ways, one of which was to consider that trees of all species compete in a similar way, and the other was to split the stand density indices into intra- and inter-specific competition components. The results showed that in pine?beech mixtures, there is a slightly negative effect of beech on pine basal area growth while beech benefitted from the admixture of Scots pine; this positive effect being greater as the proportion of pine trees in larger size classes increases. In oak?beech mixtures, beech growth was also positively influenced by the presence of oaks that were larger than the beech trees. The growth of oak, however, decreased when the proportion of beech in SDI increased, although the presence of beech in larger size classes promoted oak growth. Finally, in fir?beech mixtures, neither fir nor beech basal area growth were influenced by the presence of the other species. The results indicate that size-asymmetric is stronger than size-symmetric competition in these mixtures, highlighting the importance of light in competition. Positive species interactions in size-asymmetric competition involved a reduction of asymmetry in tree size-growth relationships.

Study of PM10 and PM2.5 levels in three European cities: Analysis of intra and inter urban variations

In the present paper, 1-year PM10 and PM 2.5 data from roadside and urban background monitoring stations in Athens (Greece), Madrid (Spain) and London (UK) are analysed in relation to other air pollutants (NO,NO2,NOx,CO,O3 and SO2)and several meteorological parameters (wind velocity, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, solar radiation and atmospheric pressure), in order to investigate the sources and factors affecting particulate pollution in large European cities. Principal component and regression analyses are therefore used to quantify the contribution of both combustion and non-combustion sources to the PM10 and PM 2.5 levels observed. The analysis reveals that the EU legislated PM 10 and PM2.5 limit values are frequently breached, forming a potential public health hazard in the areas studied. The seasonal variability patterns of particulates varies among cities and sites, with Athens and Madrid presenting higher PM10 concentrations during the warm period and suggesting the larger relative contribution of secondary and natural particles during hot and dry days. It is estimated that the contribution of non-combustion sources varies substantially among cities, sites and seasons and ranges between 38-67% and 40-62% in London, 26-50% and 20-62% in Athens, and 31-58% and 33-68% in Madrid, for both PM10 and PM 2.5. Higher contributions from non-combustion sources are found at urban background sites in all three cities, whereas in the traffic sites the seasonal differences are smaller. In addition, the non-combustion fraction of both particle metrics is higher during the warm season at all sites. On the whole, the analysis provides evidence of the substantial impact of non-combustion sources on local air quality in all three cities. While vehicular exhaust emissions carry a large part of the risk posed on human health by particle exposure, it is most likely that mitigation measures designed for their reduction will have a major effect only at traffic sites and additional measures will be necessary for the control of background levels. However, efforts in mitigation strategies should always focus on optimal health effects.