Environmental assay on the effect of poultry manure application on soil organisms in agroecosystems

This paper reports the effects produced on the organisms of the soil (plants, invertebrates and microorganisms), after the application of two types of poultry manure (sawdust and straw bed) on an agricultural land. The test was made using a terrestrial microcosm, Multi-Species Soil System (MS3) developed in INIA. There was no difference in the germination for any of the three species of plants considered in the study. The biomass was increased in the wheat (Triticum aestivum) coming from ground treated with both kinds of poultry manure. Oilseed rape (Brasica rapa) was not affected and regarding vetch (Vicia sativa) only straw poultry manure showed significant difference. For length only Vicia sativa was affected showing a reduction when straw was exposed to poultry manure. When the effect on invertebrates was studied, we observed a reduction in the number of worms during the test, especially from the ground control (13.7%), higher than in the ground with sawdust poultry manure (6.7%), whereas in the ground with straw poultry manure, there was no reduction. The biomass was affected and at the end of the test it was observed that while the reduction of worms in the ground control was about 48%, the number of those that were in the ground with sawdust poultry manure or straw poultry manure decreased by 41% and 22% respectively. Finally, the effects on microorganisms showed that the enzymatic activities: dehydrogenase (DH) and phosphatase and basal respiration rate increased at the beginning of the test, and the differences were statistically significant compared with the values of the control group. During the test, all these parameters decreased (except DH activities) but they were always higher than in the ground control. This is why it is possible to deduce that the contribution of poultry manure caused an improvement in the conditions of fertilization and also for the soil.

Response of Chrysantemum Plant to Addition of Broiler Manure as a Substitute for Commercial Substrate

Dos tipos diferentes de pollinaza mezclados con el material de cama (paja o serrín) añadidas en tasas de 0 y 10% más dos substratos comerciales de turba (turba negra y turba rubia) se usaron para estudiar el crecimiento de crisantemo en maceta. En todos los casos, la calidad y el tamaño de las plantas fue mejor con las mezclas de substratos de turba negra que con las mezclas de turba rubia. Con las mezclas de turba negra con pollinaza hubo un aumento significativo del número de flores sin que hubiese un aumento en el tamaño de las plantas. También se pudo observar que con la adición de pollinaza, el substrato de turba rubia mejoró significativamente los parámetros de crecimiento estudiados, esto fue debido a que el pH del substrato fue más adecuado para el cultivo. Por último, no hubo mortalidad de plantas con las mezclas experimentadas, pero cuando la cantidad de gallinaza aumentó en la mezcla fue más notable la mortalidad de plantas.

Effects of sheep and horse manure and pine bark amendments on metal distribution and chemical properties of contaminated mine soils.

Mine soils usually contain large levels of heavy metals and poor fertility conditions which limit their reclamation and the application of phyto-remediation technologies. Two organic waste materials (pine bark compost and sheep and horse manure compost), with different pHs and varying degrees of humification and nutrient contents, were applied as amendments to assess their effects on copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) bioavailability and on fertility conditions of mine soils. Soil samples collected from two abandoned mining areas near Madrid (Spain) were mixed with 0, 30 and 60 t ha?1 of the organic amendments. The concentrations of metals among the different mineral and organic fractions of soil were determined by several extraction procedures to study the metal distribution in the solid phase of the soil affected by the organic amendments. The results showed that the manure amendment increased the soil pH and the cation exchange capacity and enhanced the nutrient levels of these soils. The pine bark amendment decreased the soil pH and did not significantly change the nutrient status of soil. Soil pH, organic matter content and its degree of humification, which were altered by the amendments, were the main factors affecting Cu fractionation. Zn fractionation was mainly affected by soil pH. The addition of manure not only improved soil fertility, but also decreased metal bioavailability resulting in a reduction of metal toxicity. Conversely, pine bark amendment increased metal ioavailability. The use of sheep and horse manure could be a cost-effective practice for the restoration of contaminated mine soils.

¿Qué es el cow comfort?

En la última década, el bienestar de los animales, en general, ha cobrado una extraordinaria importancia, habiéndose publicado numerosas normativas que fijan las condiciones en que han de ser alojados y manejados para no causarles sufrimientos innecesarios y estrés (http://www.mapya.es/es/ganaderia/pags/bienestar/granja.htm). Los consumidores de los países desarrollos cada vez son más conscientes de este hecho y su demanda de productos de origen animal obtenidos en condiciones de producción éticamente correctas está aumentando. De hecho, la mayoría de los programas y modelos de certificación de producto (la leche, en este caso) tienen en cuenta los aspectos de bienestar animal entre sus requisitos. Definir el bienestar animal no siempre resulta fácil. Al fin y al cabo, lo interpretamos desde una perspectiva humana. No obstante, no resulta tan complicado rectificar aquello que provoca dolor, miedo, hambre, sed, calor, frío, etc., o evitarlo cuando construimos algo nuevo. También es importante conseguir un mantenimiento correcto de las instalaciones y un manejo del animal que evite los malos tratos.

Agronomic properties of biochars from different manure wastes

Biochar research has focused in the last years in the use of wood or grass derived materials for carbon sequestration. However, manure derived biochar can provide other benefits after soil addition, including nutrient supply. At present, there is an incomplete understanding of pyrolysis on manures. In order to understand the benefits obtained after addition of these types of materials to the soil, an experiment involving the use of different manures and pyrolysis temperatures was performed. Five manure wastes were selected for this experiment: cattle manure (E); cattle manure mixed with straw (EP), chicken manure (G), chicken manure mixed with sawdust (GS) and pig slurry (PC). Unpyrolyzed samples were compared to biochars prepared at 300 and 500?C. Relevant properties for agronomic purposes were determined, including pH, electrical conductivity, nutrient content, metal content, proximate analysis and carbon thermostability. Our results show that biochars tailored for different purposes can be prepared after a careful choice of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature.

Viability of the biochar production from different manure wastes in the Amblés Valley (Ávila, Spain)

In the last years, intensive animal husbandry production has led to a large concentration of animals in small areas. This has resulted in the production of excessive amounts of manures with insufficient nearby land for application. One of this areas is the Amblés Valley located in the centre of Spain, near to Ávila city, with an extension of 167472 ha of which 88.9% is agricultural land. This valley has an important livestock focused on pig, cattle, chicken production which is associated with the generation of more than 200,000 t/year of manure. There are a number of environmental problems associated with these intensive agricultural systems, including N and P pollution of water bodies, methane emissions and odour pollution. These serious environmental threats are called for innovative environmental management approaches. A feasible technology for the management of manures, offering a potential to valorise these wastes, is pyrolysis, which results in the production of biochar. The objective of this work is evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of the production of biochar in Amblés Valley (Spain).

Multiresidue Analysis of Insecticides and Other Selected Environmental Contaminants in Poultry Manure by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

An analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination in poultry manure of 41 organic contaminants belonging to different chemical classes: pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Poultry manure was extracted with a modified QuEChERS method, and the extracts were analyzed by isotope dilution GC/MS. Recovery of these contaminants from samples spiked at levels ranging from 25 to 100 ng/g was satisfactory for all the compounds. The developed procedure provided LODs from 0.8 to 9.6 ng/g. The analysis of poultry manure samples collected on different farms confirmed the presence of some of the studied contaminants. Pyrethroids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the main contaminants detected.

The major allergens of birch pollen and cow milk, Bet v 1 and Bos d 5, are structurally related to human licocalin 2, enabling them to manipulate T-helper cells depending on their load with siderophore-bound iron

We conclude that Bet v 1 and Bos d 5 not only structurally mimic human LCN2, but also functionally by their ability to bind iron via siderophores. The apo-forms promote Th2 cells, whereas the holo-forms appear to be immunosuppressive. These results provide for the first time a functional understanding on the principle of allergenicity of major allergens from entirely independent sources, like birch and milk.