Characterization Of Friction Stir Welded Joints Of Aa 2024-T351 - Native Vs. Treated By Laser Shock Processing

The paper presents a consistent set of results showing the ability of Laser Shock Processing (LSP) in modifying the overall properties of the Friction Stir Welded (FSW) joints made of AA 2024-T351. Based on laser beam intensities above 109 W/cm2 with pulse energies of several Joules and pulses durations of nanoseconds, LSP is able of inducing a compression residual stress field, improving the wear and fatigue resistance by slowing crack propagation and stress corrosion cracking, but also improving the overall behaviour of the structure. After the FSW and LSP procedures are briefly presented, the results of micro-hardness measurements and of transverse tensile tests, together with the corrosion resistance of the native joints vs. LSP treated are discussed. The ability of LSP to generate compressive residual stresses and to improve the behaviour of the FSW joints is underscored.

Control rod drop surveillance using two friction coefficients

In the case of large burnup, a control rod (CR) guide tube in the pressurized water reactor of a commercial nuclear power plant might bend. As a consequence, a CR drop experiment may indicate an event of a CR partially inserted and whether the CR should be deemed inoperable. Early prevention of such an event can be achieved by measuring two friction coefficients: the hydraulic coefficient and the sliding coefficient. The hydraulic coefficient hardly changes, so that the curvature of the guide tube can only be detected thanks to a variation of the sliding coefficient. A simple model for the CR drop is established and validated with CR drop experiments. If tmx denotes the instant of CR maximum velocity, a linear relationship between (tmx)_2 and the sliding coefficient is found.

Asymptotic Description of Flutter Amplitude Saturation by Nonlinear Friction Forces

The computation of the non-linear vibration dynamics of an aerodynamically unstable bladed-disk is a formidable numerical task, even for the simplified case of aerodynamic forces assumed to be linear. The nonlinear friction forces effectively couple dif- ferent travelling waves modes and, in order to properly elucidate the dynamics of the system, large time simulations are typically required to reach a final, saturated state. Despite of all the above complications, the output of the system (in the friction microslip regime) is basically a superposition of the linear aeroelastic un- stable travelling waves, which exhibit a slow time modulation that is much longer than the elastic oscillation period. This slow time modulation is due to both, the small aerodynamic effects and the small nonlinear friction forces, and it is crucial to deter- mine the final amplitude of the flutter vibration. In this presenta- tion we apply asymptotic techniques to obtain a new simplified model that captures the slow time dynamics of the amplitudes of the travelling waves. The resulting asymptotic model is very re- duced and extremely cheap to simulate, and it has the advantage that it gives precise information about the characteristics of the nonlinear friction models that actually play a role in the satura- tion of the vibration amplitude.

Asymptotic Description of Flutter Amplitude Saturation by Nonlinear Friction Forces

The computation of the non-linear vibration dynamics of an aerodynamically unstable bladed-disk is a formidable numerical task, even for the simplified case of aerodynamic forces assumed to be linear. The nonlinear friction forces effectively couple dif- ferent travelling waves modes and, in order to properly elucidate the dynamics of the system, large time simulations are typically required to reach a final, saturated state. Despite of all the above complications, the output of the system (in the friction microslip regime) is basically a superposition of the linear aeroelastic un- stable travelling waves, which exhibit a slow time modulation that is much longer than the elastic oscillation period. This slow time modulation is due to both, the small aerodynamic effects and the small nonlinear friction forces, and it is crucial to deter- mine the final amplitude of the flutter vibration. In this presenta- tion we apply asymptotic techniques to obtain a new simplified model that captures the slow time dynamics of the amplitudes of the travelling waves. The resulting asymptotic model is very re- duced and extremely cheap to simulate, and it has the advantage that it gives precise information about the characteristics of the nonlinear friction models that actually play a role in the satura- tion of the vibration amplitude.

Laser Shock Processing influence on local properties and overall tensile behavior of friction stir welded joints

Based on laser beam intensities above 109 W/cm2 with pulse energy of several Joules and duration of nanoseconds, Laser Shock Processing (LSP) is capable of inducing a surface compressive residual stress field. The paper presents experimental results showing the ability of LSP to improve the mechanical strength and cracking resistance of AA2024-T351 friction stir welded (FSW) joints. After introducing the FSW and LSP procedures, the results of microstructural analysis and micro-hardness are discussed. Video Image Correlation was used to measure the displacement and strain fields produced during tensile testing of flat specimens; the local and overall tensile behavior of native FSW joints vs. LSP treated were analyzed. Further, results of slow strain rate tensile testing of the FSW joints, native and LSP treated, performed in 3.5% NaCl solution are presented. The ability of LSP to improve the structural behavior of the FSW joints is underscored.

Discrimination of AE Signals From Friction and Concrete Cracking in a Reinforced Concrete Frame Subjected to Seismic Trainings

This paper shows the preliminary results of the development and application of a procedure to filter the Acoustic Emission (AE) signals to distinguish between AE signals coming from friction and AE signals coming from concrete cracking. These signals were recorded during the trainings of an experiment carried out on a reinforced concrete frame subjected to dynamic loadings with the shaking table of the University of Granada (Spain). Discrimination between friction and cracking AE signals is the base to develop a successful procedure and damage index based on AE testing for health monitoring of RC structures subjected to earthquakes.

Effect of LSP treatment on the surface topography, friction and wear of Al2024 alloy

OUTLINE: •Introduction •Experimental Setup • Experimental Procedure • Experimental Results - Surface Roughness - Residual Stresses - Friction - Wear - EDX •Conclusions

La estabilidad del frente de excavación de un túnel en terrenos heterogéneos o con un criterio de rotura no-lineal

El frente de un túnel puede colapsar si la presión aplicada sobre el es inferior a un valor limite denominado presión “critica” o “de colapso”. En este trabajo se desarrolla y presenta un mecanismo de rotura rotacional generado punto a punto para el cálculo de la presión de colapso del frente de túneles excavados en terrenos estratificados o en materiales que siguen un criterio de rotura nolineal. La solución propuesta es una solución de contorno superior en el marco del Análisis Límite y supone una generalización del mecanismo de rotura mas reciente existente en la bibliografía. La presencia de un terreno estratificado o con un criterio de rotura no-lineal implica una variabilidad espacial de las propiedades resistentes. Debido a esto, se generaliza el mecanismo desarrollado por Mollon et al. (2011b) para suelos, de tal forma que se puedan considerar valores locales del ángulo de rozamiento y de la cohesión. Además, la estratificación del terreno permite una rotura parcial del frente, por lo que se implementa esta posibilidad en el mecanismo, siendo la primera solución que emplea un mecanismo de rotura que se ajusta a la estratigrafía del terreno. Por otro lado, la presencia de un material con un criterio de rotura no-lineal exige introducir en el modelo, como variable de estudio, el estado tensional en el frente, el cual se somete al mismo proceso de optimización que las variables geométricas del mecanismo. Se emplea un modelo numérico 3D para validar las predicciones del mecanismo de Análisis Limite, demostrando que proporciona, con un esfuerzo computacional significativamente reducido, buenas predicciones de la presión critica, del tipo de rotura (global o parcial) en terrenos estratificados y de la geometría de fallo. El mecanismo validado se utiliza para realizar diferentes estudios paramétricos sobre la influencia de la estratigrafía en la presión de colapso. Igualmente, se emplea para elaborar cuadros de diseño de la presión de colapso para túneles ejecutados con tuneladora en macizos rocosos de mala calidad y para analizar la influencia en la estabilidad del frente del método constructivo. Asimismo, se lleva a cabo un estudio de fiabilidad de la estabilidad del frente de un túnel excavado en un macizo rocoso altamente fracturado. A partir de el se analiza como afectan las diferentes hipótesis acerca de los tipos de distribución y de las estructuras de correlación a los resultados de fiabilidad. Se investiga también la sensibilidad de los índices de fiabilidad a los cambios en las variables aleatorias, identificando las mas relevantes para el diseño. Por ultimo, se lleva a cabo un estudio experimental mediante un modelo de laboratorio a escala reducida. El modelo representa medio túnel, lo cual permite registrar el movimiento del material mediante una técnica de correlación de imágenes fotográficas. El ensayo se realiza con una arena seca y se controla por deformaciones mediante un pistón que simula el frente. Los resultados obtenidos se comparan con las estimaciones de la solución de Análisis Límite, obteniéndose un ajuste razonable, de acuerdo a la literatura, tanto en la geometría de rotura como en la presión de colapso. A tunnel face may collapse if the applied support pressure is lower than a limit value called the ‘critical’ or ‘collapse’ pressure. In this work, an advanced rotational failure mechanism generated ‘‘point-by-point” is developed to compute the collapse pressure for tunnel faces in layered (or stratified) grounds or in materials that follow a non-linear failure criterion. The proposed solution is an upper bound solution in the framework of limit analysis which extends the most advanced face failure mechanism in the literature. The excavation of the tunnel in a layered ground or in materials with a non-linear failure criterion may lead to a spatial variability of the strength properties. Because of this, the rotational mechanism recently proposed by Mollon et al. (2011b) for Mohr-Coulomb soils is generalized so that it can consider local values of the friction angle and of the cohesion. For layered soils, the mechanism needs to be extended to consider the possibility for partial collapse. The proposed methodology is the first solution with a partial collapse mechanism that can fit to the stratification. Similarly, the use of a nonlinear failure criterion introduces the need to introduce new parameters in the optimization problem to consider the distribution of normal stresses along the failure surface. A 3D numerical model is employed to validate the predictions of the limit analysis mechanism, demonstrating that it provides, with a significantly reduced computational effort, good predictions of critical pressure, of the type of collapse (global or partial) in layered soils, and of its geometry. The mechanism is then employed to conduct parametric studies of the influence of several geometrical and mechanical parameters on face stability of tunnels in layered soils. Similarly, the methodology has been further employed to develop simple design charts that provide the face collapse pressure of tunnels driven by TBM in low quality rock masses and to study the influence of the construction method. Finally, a reliability analysis of the stability of a tunnel face driven in a highly fractured rock mass is performed. The objective is to analyze how different assumptions about distributions types and correlation structures affect the reliability results. In addition, the sensitivity of the reliability index to changes in the random variables is studied, identifying the most relevant variables for engineering design. Finally, an experimental study is carried out using a small-scale laboratory model. The problem is modeled in half, cutting through the tunnel axis vertically, so that displacements of soil particles can be recorded by a digital image correlation technique. The tests were performed with dry sand and displacements are controlled by a piston that supports the soil. The results of the model are compared with the predictions of the Limit Analysis mechanism. A reasonable agreement, according to literature, is obtained between the shapes of the failure surfaces and between the collapse pressures observed in the model tests and computed with the analytical solution.

Evaluación de la seguridad al deslizamiento de una presa de fábrica en un cimiento con una familia de discontinuidades y con un criterio de rotura con ley de fluencia no asociada

En España existen del orden de 1,300 grandes presas, de las cuales un 20% fueron construidas antes de los años 60. El hecho de que existan actualmente una gran cantidad de presas antiguas aún en operación, ha producido un creciente interés en reevaluar su seguridad empleando herramientas nuevas o modificadas que incorporan modelos de fallo teóricos más completos, conceptos geotécnicos más complejos y nuevas técnicas de evaluación de la seguridad. Una manera muy común de abordar el análisis de estabilidad de presas de gravedad es, por ejemplo, considerar el deslizamiento a través de la interfase presa-cimiento empleando el criterio de rotura lineal de Mohr-Coulomb, en donde la cohesión y el ángulo de rozamiento son los parámetros que definen la resistencia al corte de la superficie de contacto. Sin embargo la influencia de aspectos como la presencia de planos de debilidad en el macizo rocoso de cimentación; la influencia de otros criterios de rotura para la junta y para el macizo rocoso (ej. el criterio de rotura de Hoek-Brown); las deformaciones volumétricas que ocurren durante la deformación plástica en el fallo del macizo rocoso (i.e., influencia de la dilatancia) no son usualmente consideradas durante el diseño original de la presa. En este contexto, en la presente tesis doctoral se propone una metodología analítica para el análisis de la estabilidad al deslizamiento de presas de hormigón, considerando un mecanismo de fallo en la cimentación caracterizado por la presencia de una familia de discontinuidades. En particular, se considera la posibilidad de que exista una junta sub-horizontal, preexistente y persistente en el macizo rocoso de la cimentación, con una superficie potencial de fallo que se extiende a través del macizo rocoso. El coeficiente de seguridad es entonces estimado usando una combinación de las resistencias a lo largo de los planos de rotura, cuyas resistencias son evaluadas empleando los criterios de rotura no lineales de Barton y Choubey (1977) y Barton y Bandis (1990), a lo largo del plano de deslizamiento de la junta; y el criterio de rotura de Hoek y Brown (1980) en su versión generalizada (Hoek et al. 2002), a lo largo del macizo rocoso. La metodología propuesta también considera la influencia del comportamiento del macizo rocoso cuando este sigue una ley de flujo no asociada con ángulo de dilatancia constante (Hoek y Brown 1997). La nueva metodología analítica propuesta es usada para evaluar las condiciones de estabilidad empleando dos modelos: un modelo determinista y un modelo probabilista, cuyos resultados son el valor del coeficiente de seguridad y la probabilidad de fallo al deslizamiento, respectivamente. El modelo determinista, implementado en MATLAB, es validado usando soluciones numéricas calculadas mediante el método de las diferencias finitas, empleando el código FLAC 6.0. El modelo propuesto proporciona resultados que son bastante similares a aquellos calculados con FLAC; sin embargo, los costos computacionales de la formulación propuesta son significativamente menores, facilitando el análisis de sensibilidad de la influencia de los diferentes parámetros de entrada sobre la seguridad de la presa, de cuyos resultados se obtienen los parámetros que más peso tienen en la estabilidad al deslizamiento de la estructura, manifestándose además la influencia de la ley de flujo en la rotura del macizo rocoso. La probabilidad de fallo es obtenida empleando el método de fiabilidad de primer orden (First Order Reliability Method; FORM), y los resultados de FORM son posteriormente validados mediante simulaciones de Monte Carlo. Los resultados obtenidos mediante ambas metodologías demuestran que, para el caso no asociado, los valores de probabilidad de fallo se ajustan de manera satisfactoria a los obtenidos mediante las simulaciones de Monte Carlo. Los resultados del caso asociado no son tan buenos, ya que producen resultados con errores del 0.7% al 66%, en los que no obstante se obtiene una buena concordancia cuando los casos se encuentran en, o cerca de, la situación de equilibrio límite. La eficiencia computacional es la principal ventaja que ofrece el método FORM para el análisis de la estabilidad de presas de hormigón, a diferencia de las simulaciones de Monte Carlo (que requiere de al menos 4 horas por cada ejecución) FORM requiere tan solo de 1 a 3 minutos en cada ejecución. There are 1,300 large dams in Spain, 20% of which were built before 1960. The fact that there are still many old dams in operation has produced an interest of reevaluate their safety using new or updated tools that incorporate state-of-the-art failure modes, geotechnical concepts and new safety assessment techniques. For instance, for gravity dams one common design approach considers the sliding through the dam-foundation interface, using a simple linear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion with constant friction angle and cohesion parameters. But the influence of aspects such as the persistence of joint sets in the rock mass below the dam foundation; of the influence of others failure criteria proposed for rock joint and rock masses (e.g. the Hoek-Brown criterion); or the volumetric strains that occur during plastic failure of rock masses (i.e., the influence of dilatancy) are often no considered during the original dam design. In this context, an analytical methodology is proposed herein to assess the sliding stability of concrete dams, considering an extended failure mechanism in its rock foundation, which is characterized by the presence of an inclined, and impersistent joint set. In particular, the possibility of a preexisting sub-horizontal and impersistent joint set is considered, with a potential failure surface that could extend through the rock mass; the safety factor is therefore computed using a combination of strength along the rock joint (using the nonlinear Barton and Choubey (1977) and Barton and Bandis (1990) failure criteria) and along the rock mass (using the nonlinear failure criterion of Hoek and Brown (1980) in its generalized expression from Hoek et al. (2002)). The proposed methodology also considers the influence of a non-associative flow rule that has been incorporated using a (constant) dilation angle (Hoek and Brown 1997). The newly proposed analytical methodology is used to assess the dam stability conditions, employing for this purpose the deterministic and probabilistic models, resulting in the sliding safety factor and the probability of failure respectively. The deterministic model, implemented in MATLAB, is validated using numerical solution computed with the finite difference code FLAC 6.0. The proposed deterministic model provides results that are very similar to those computed with FLAC; however, since the new formulation can be implemented in a spreadsheet, the computational cost of the proposed model is significantly smaller, hence allowing to more easily conduct parametric analyses of the influence of the different input parameters on the dam’s safety. Once the model is validated, parametric analyses are conducting using the main parameters that describe the dam’s foundation. From this study, the impact of the more influential parameters on the sliding stability analysis is obtained and the error of considering the flow rule is assessed. The probability of failure is obtained employing the First Order Reliability Method (FORM). The probabilistic model is then validated using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Results obtained using both methodologies show good agreement for cases in which the rock mass has a nonassociate flow rule. For cases with an associated flow rule errors between 0.70% and 66% are obtained, so that the better adjustments are obtained for cases with, or close to, limit equilibrium conditions. The main advantage of FORM on sliding stability analyses of gravity dams is its computational efficiency, so that Monte Carlo simulations require at least 4 hours on each execution, whereas FORM requires only 1 to 3 minutes on each execution.