Educar en valores a través de programas de deporte escolar: un estudio comparado entre la “Union Nationale du Sport Scolaire” (Francia) y los “Campeonatos Escolares en los IES de la Comunidad de Madrid” (España)

El interés de las administraciones públicas por promover el deporte escolar, suele justificarse por los beneficios educativos y saludables que los escolares obtendrían de las prácticas físico-deportivas. Mas allá de concepciones neutrales o excesivamente idealizadas sobre su valor educativo, las condiciones socioculturales que lo configuran y las intervenciones pedagógicas en el terreno marcan la orientación de la educación en valores propuesta en los programas de deporte escolar. El objeto de estudio de esta tesis doctoral es comprender la educación en valores desde el punto de vista de la estructura organizativa y de los actores implicados en dos programas de deporte escolar seleccionados de países diferentes: la “Union Nationale du Sport Scolaire” (UNSS) en Francia y los “Campeonatos Escolares en los IES de la Comunidad de Madrid” (CEIESCM) en España. El diseño metodológico es un estudio comparado internacional y de corte cualitativo, donde se han analizado 66 entrevistas semiestructuradas, 28 observaciones directas, 45 documentos y el cuaderno etnográfico del investigador por medio de análisis de contenido temático apoyado con el programa NVivo 10. Los resultados aportan dos concepciones distintas de deporte escolar con repercusión en la educación en valores: la UNSS complementa valores del sistema educativo y deportivo proporcionando cauces de implicación y compromiso del alumnado en el arbitraje y la organización asociativa, mientras que en CEIESCM, eximiéndoles de esas responsabilidades, se prioriza la máxima práctica de actividad físico-deportiva reforzando o sancionando durante la misma las conductas que vayan a promover valores del juego limpio propios del deporte. La explicación de estos resultados, contextualizados en sus países respectivos, permite proyectar un eventual deporte escolar europeo basado en valores ciudadanos y democráticos que recogería la perspectiva moral, jurídica y política propuesta a partir del estudio. RÉSUMÉ L’intérêt des administrations publiques pour promouvoir le sport scolaire est souvent justifié par les bénéfices éducatifs et ceux liés à la santé que les élèves obtiendraient des pratiques physiques et sportives. Au-delà des conceptions neutres et excessivement idéalistes sur sa valeur éducative, les conditions socio-culturelles qui le configurent et les interventions pédagogiques sur le terrain marquent l’orientation de l’éducation des valeurs proposée par les programmes de sport scolaire. L’objet de cette étude est de comprendre l’éducation des valeurs du point de vue de la structure organisationnelle et des acteurs impliqués dans deux programmes de sport scolaire sélectionnés de différents pays: l’« Union Nationale du Sport Scolaire » (UNSS) en France et les « Campeonatos Escolares de los IES de la Comunidad de Madrid » (CEIESCM) en Espagne. L’approche méthodologique est une étude comparée internationale et qualitative, où l’on a analysé 66 entretiens semi-directifs, 28 observations directes, 45 documents et le carnet ethnographique du chercheur par le biais d’une analyse de contenu thématique à l’aide du programme NVivo 10. Les résultats apportent deux conceptions différentes du sport scolaire qui ont des répercussions dans l’éducation des valeurs: l’UNSS regroupe les valeurs du système éducatif et sportif en proposant aux élèves des espaces d’implication et d’engagement avec l’arbitrage et l’organisation associative, alors que les CEISCM, les exemptent de ces responsabilités et donnent la priorité au maximum d’activité physique et sportive pratiquée où l’on renforce ou sanctionne pendant son déroulement les conduites qui encourageront les valeurs de fair-play liées au sport. L’explication des résultats, contextualisée dans leurs pays respectifs, permet de projeter un éventuel sport scolaire européen basé sur des valeurs citoyennes et démocratiques qui recueillerait la perspective morale, juridique et politique proposée suite à cette étude. ABSTRACT The interest of public institutions for promoting school sports is often justified by the educational and healthy benefits that the students obtained through physical activity and sports practice. Beyond neutral or overly idealised conceptions about the educational value of sport, sociocultural conditions and pedagogical interventions shape the orientation of education in values given in school sports programs. The aim of this thesis is to understand the values education from the perspectives of the organizational structure and actors involved in two school sports programs selected from different countries: the "Union Nationale du Sport Scolaire" (UNSS) in France and the "School Championships in the IES of the Community of Madrid" (CEIESCM) in Spain. The methodology is a comparative international and qualitative study, with 66 semistructured interviews, 28 direct observations, 45 documentary resources and the ethnographic research notebook being analysed through thematic content analysis using the program NVivo 10. The results provide two different conceptions of school sport that impact on values education: on the one hand, the UNSS complements values of the educational and sports system providing channels of participation and promoting the involvement of students in refereeing and associative organization; on the other hand, CEIESCM is does not assume these responsibilities and the maximum sportive practice is prioritized reinforcing or punishing behaviours that promote sport fair play. The explanation of these results, contextualized in their respective countries, can project an eventual European school sport based on citizens and democratic values and reflect moral, legal and political perspective proposed in this study.

Geochemical monitoring in the Hontomín (Burgos, Spain) injection site: preliminary results and perspectives

CO2 capture and storage (CCS) projects are presently developed to reduce the emission of anthropogenic CO2 into the atmosphere. CCS technologies are expected to account for the 20% of the CO2 reduction by 2050. One of the main concerns of CCS is whether CO2 may remain confined within the geological formation into which it is injected since post-injection CO2 migration in the time scale of years, decades and centuries is not well understood. Theoretically, CO2 can be retained at depth i) as a supercritical fluid (physical trapping), ii) as a fluid slowly migrating in an aquifer due to long flow path (hydrodynamic trapping), iii) dissolved into ground waters (solubility trapping) and iv) precipitated secondary carbonates. Carbon dioxide will be injected in the near future (2012) at Hontomín (Burgos, Spain) in the frame of the Compostilla EEPR project, led by the Fundación Ciudad de la Energía (CIUDEN). In order to detect leakage in the operational stage, a pre-injection geochemical baseline is presently being developed. In this work a geochemical monitoring design is presented to provide information about the feasibility of CO2 storage at depth.

New perspectives on quantitative textural analysis

Process mineralogy provides the mineralogical information required by geometallurgists to address the inherent variation of geological data. The successful benefitiation of ores mostly depends on the ability of mineral processing to be efficiently adapted to the ore characteristics, being liberation one of the most relevant mineralogical parameters. The liberation characteristics of ores are intimately related to mineral texture. Therefore, the characterization of liberation necessarily requieres the identification and quantification of those textural features with a major bearing on mineral liberation. From this point of view grain size, bonding between mineral grains and intergrowth types are considered as the most influential textural attributes. While the quantification of grain size is a usual output of automated current technologies, information about grain boundaries and intergrowth types is usually descriptive and difficult to quantify to be included in the geometallurgical model. Aiming at the systematic and quantitative analysis of the intergrowth type within mineral particles, a new methodology based on digital image analysis has been developed. In this work, the ability of this methodology to achieve a more complete characterization of liberation is explored by the analysis of chalcopyrite in the rougher concentrate of the Kansanshi copper-gold mine (Zambia). Results obtained show that the method provides valuable textural information to achieve a better understanding of mineral behaviour during concentration processes. The potential of this method is enhanced by the fact that it provides data unavailable by current technologies. This opens up new perspectives on the quantitative analysis of mineral processing performance based on textural attributes.

Urbanism and dictatorship: perspectives of the field of urban studies

In 1933 public letter to Wilhelm Furtwängler, Joseph Goebbels synthesized the official understanding of the link between politics, art and society in the early steps of the Third Reich. By assuming the ethos of art, politics acquired a plastic agency to mold its objects —population and the state— as a unified entity in the form of a ‘national-popular community’ (Volksgemeinschaft); in turn, by infusing art with a political valence, it became part of a wider governmental apparatus that reshaped aesthetic discourses and practices. Similar remarks could be made about the ordering of cities and territories in this period. Dictatorial imaginations mobilized urbanism —including urban theory, urban design and planning— as a fundamental tool for social organization. Under their aegis the production of space became a moment in a wider production of society. Many authors suggest that this political-spatial nexus is intrinsic to modernity itself, beyond dictatorial regimes. In this light, I propose to use dictatorial urbanisms as an analytical opportunity to delve into some concealed features of modern urban design and planning. This chapter explores some of these aspects from a theoretical standpoint, focusing on the development of dictatorial planning mentalities and spatial rationalities and drawing links to other historical episodes in order to inscribe the former in a broader genealogy of urbanism. Needless to say, I don’t suggest that we use dictatorships as mere templates to understand modern productions of space. Instead, these cases provide a crude version of some fundamental drives in the operationalization of urbanism as an instrument of social regulation, showing how far the modern imagination of sociospatial orderings can go. Dictatorial urbanisms constituted a set of experiences where many dreams and aspirations of modern planning went to die. But not, as the conventional account would have it, because the former were the antithesis of the latter, but rather because they worked as the excess of a particular orientation of modern spatial governmentalities — namely, their focus on calculation, social engineering and disciplinary spatialities, and their attempt to subsume a wide range of everyday practices under institutional structuration by means of spatial mediations. In my opinion the interest of dictatorial urbanisms lies in their role as key regulatory episodes in a longer history of our urban present. They stand as a threshold between the advent of planning in the late 19th and early 20th century, and its final consolidation as a crucial state instrument after World War II. We need, therefore, to pay attention to these experiences vis-à-vis the alleged ‘normal’ development of the field in contemporary democratic countries in order to develop a full comprehension thereof.