España: evolutionism & religion, Century XIX

From the Englightenment to the middle of the 19th century, geological time and the antiquity of human beings received ever growing attention. This was caused by a series of events, such as: *the beginnings of experimentation in Geology (Buffon, 1778) *the development of the transformism (Lamarck, 1809) *the recognition and description of extinct animals (Cuvier, 1812) *as well as the studies made in alluvial deposits, caves and gravel beds, with brought to light artefacts, human rest and bone of extinguished animals (from John Frere, 1797, to Albert Gaudry, 1859). The development towards evolutionism (Darwin, 1859) came gradually. In Spain, all these currents found their echo: Spain, e.g. was the third country where the Palaeolithic remains were discovered (Verneuil and Lartet, 1863). Also the Darwin ideas were introduced forcefully, right from the beginning. But the change in worldview, which was prerequisite to these ideas, lead to polemic controversies in the political and religious realm. The most significant evidence was the official prohibition of the teaching Darwinism in public educational centres (1875). At theological level, thanks to the advance of the geologic knowledge, went leaving the literal interpretations of Biblical texts was eventually discontinued and replaced by more liberal interpretation. In some case, the process was difficult because some political, religious and scientific authors and researchers didn’t understand the new scientific ideas.

Influencia de organizaciones en el desarrollo rural: caso de Salinas, San Luis de Potosí

La organización es considerada como elemento estratégico en el desarrollo de una localidad rural, ya que a través de ésta se obtienen mayores beneficios, permite a las personas desarrollar sus capacidades y son impulsoras de proyectos dentro de las comunidades. Sin embargo, es común que los territorios rurales cuenten con un tejido asociativo desarticulado que limita esas posibilidades. Por lo anterior se planteo conocer las causas de la escasa participación de la sociedad en grupos organizados y la problemática que enfrentan las organizaciones asentadas en un territorio, a través de un estudio de caso en el municipio de Salinas, San Luis Potosí, México, en 2009. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar las causas que están originando que la organización no tenga impacto en el municipio, lo que permitirá formular una estrategia para lograr que ésta sea un motor de desarrollo en el territorio. Los resultados indican que la mayoría de las personas no participan en ningún tipo de organización aún cuando les gusta trabajar en grupo. En general, las organizaciones se enfrentan a dificultades para tomar acuerdos y cumplir los compromisos adquiridos. Las organizaciones formales en el municipio incluyen organizaciones económicas y de representación. Ambas presentan problemas internos relacionados con la falta de recursos económicos, la escasa capacitación y la falta compromiso del grupo; elementos que no han permitido su consolidación y su participación en el desarrollo del territorio.

Análisis de la cadena de valor del sector ovino en Salinas, San Luis de Potosí, México

El concepto de cadena de valor se ha utilizado para el diagnóstico e identificación de soluciones a los problemas que enfrenta una actividad determinada. En este trabajo de investigación se analiza la cadena de valor desde el enfoque de la integración social y el establecimiento de vínculos entre los actores que intervienen: productores, minoristas, mayoristas, transformadores, comercializadores y organizaciones locales. La metodología usada incluye: 1) identificación del sector; 2) identificación de agentes; 3) análisis de la cadena de valor; 4) análisis de agentes y, 5) estrategia de cooperación. La investigación se realizó en el municipio de Salinas, San Luis Potosí, México. Se obtuvo la información de campo mediante encuestas y entrevistas estructuradas. Los datos señalan que la cadena de valor del sector ovino en Salinas se encuentra en un nivel bajo de competitividad. Además que se encuentra desarticulada en lo que se refiere tanto a las relaciones horizontales como a las verticales. Es recomendable fomentar la capacitación y asistencia técnica en las distintas áreas del manejo de la especie: alimentación, reproducción, transformación del producto y comercialización

Influence of cement properties in the reaction rate and mechanical behavior of concrete with high fl y ash content

The use of fly ash (FA) as an admixture to concrete is broadly extended for two main reasons: the reduction of costs that supposes the substitution of cement and the micro structural changes motivated by the mineral admixture. Regarding this second point, there is a consensus that considers that the ash generates a more compact concrete and a reduction in the size of the pore. However, the measure in which this contributes to the pozzolanic activity or as filler is not well defined. There is also no justification to the influence of the physical parameters, fineness of the grain and free water, in its behavior. This work studies the use of FA as a partial substitute of the cement in concretes of different workability (dry and wet) and the influence in the reactivity of the ash. The concrete of dry consistency which serves as reference uses a cement dose of 250 Kg/m 3 and the concrete of fluid consistency utilized a dose of cement of 350 Kg/m 3 . Two trademark of Portland Cement Type 1 were used. The first reached the resistant class for its fineness of grain and the second one for its composition. Moreover, three doses of FA have been used, and the water/binder ratio was constant in all the mixtures. We have studied the mechanical properties and the micro-structure of the concretes by means of compressive strength tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and thermal analysis (TA). The results of compressive strength tests allow us to observe that concrete mixtures with cements of the same classification and similar dosage of binder do not present the same mechanical behavior. These results show that the effective water/binder ratio has a major role in the development of the mechanical properties of concrete. The study of different dosages using TA, thermo-gravimetry and differential thermal analysis, revealed that the portlandite content is not restrictive in any of the dosages studied. Again, this proves that the rheology of the material influences the reaction rate and content of hydrated cement products. We conclude that the available free water is determinant in the efficiency of pozzolanic reaction. It is so that in accordance to the availability of free water, the ashes can react as an active admixture or simply change the porous distribution. The MIP shows concretes that do not exhibit significant changes in their mechanical behavior, but have suffered significant variation in their porous structure

Lift devices in the flight of Archaeopteryx

Archaeopteryx has played a central role in the debates on the origins of avian (and dinosaurian) flight, even though as a flier it probably represents a relatively late stage in the beginnings of fl ight. We report on aerodynamic tests using a life-sized model of Archaeopteryx performing in a low turbulence wind tunnel. Our results indicate that tail deflection significantly decreased take-off velocity and power consumption, and that the first manual digit could have functioned as the structural precursor of the alula. Such results demonstrate that Archaeopteryx had already evolved high-lift devices, which are functional analogues of those present in today's birds.

José Luis Sánchez y Luis Cubillo: entre el románico y la vanguardia

Comunicación realizada a partir de una entrevista realizada al artista José Luis Sánchez, centrándose en su colaboración en la arquitectura religiosa de Luis Cubillo

Balance 1960. Para una localización de la arquitectura española de posguerra ; réplica y complemento de Luis Moya Blanco

Balance 1960. Para una localización de la arquitectura española de posguerra ; réplica y complemento de Luis Moya Blanco

Visibility. Sobre la arquitectura de Emilio Tuñón y Luis Moreno Mansilla. Mansilla + Tuñón. Madrid

When I lncluded the then very young Emilio Tunon ln the book Young Spanish Architecture twenty years ago, he had just built a beautlful chapel in Alcala. Some people criticized this vote of confidence, as they saw it as a bit premature.

Luis Cervera Vera (1914-1998)

Luis Cervera Vera (1914-1998)