Amino acid epimerization dating of coastal neotectonic processes in southeastern Iberian Peninsula: the region between Aguas and Antas river mouths

The coastal area between the mouths of the Aguas and Antas Rivers presents a deformed system of raised marine deposits, some of which have been strongly affected by active tectonics. The use of amino acid epimerization dating of Glycymeris shells from raised coastal deposits allowed determining the age of these marine deposits, all of them linked to highstand sea levels in the Mediterranean realm, with ages between MIS 11 and MIS 1. These results allowed corroborating the age of some previously studied sites, and using new sampling sites, the general aminostratigraphy for the Quaternary raised marine deposits on the Mediterranean coast was confirmed. The main deformation event took place after MIS 11 and continued until MIS 5, and was linked to the activity of the Palomares Faul

Procesos de depuración de los efluentes líquidos de actividades petrolíferas

La Tesis Doctoral surge debida de los problemas de contaminación ambientales que presentan los efluentes líquidos refinería del petróleo y las industrias de extracción del petróleo crudo en la zona costera de Angola principalmente en las provincias de Cabinda, Zaire y Luanda, en las cuales sus vertidos destruyen la flora y fauna acuática. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en implementar nuevas técnicas de los procesos de oxidación avanzada para el tratamiento de los efluentes líquidos de refinerías de petróleo, que permitan conseguir una calidad adecuada de los vertidos. Este sector se considera como una fuente de contaminación del medio ambiente, que requiere un control estricto y un tratamiento adecuado para la eliminación de los contaminantes existente en este tipo de agua y posteriormente poder reutilizar estas aguas tratadas para otros fines industriales o verter a los cauces receptores que al menos no perjudique a los ecosistemas. En esta tesis se ha investigado las técnicas más modernas de los procesos de oxidación avanzada para el tratamiento de agua residual de refinería de petróleo, así como: 1) ozonización, 2) peróxido de hidrógeno con ozono, y 3) ultravioleta con ozono. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo muestran que el proceso de ozonización simple, ha dado mejores resultados para el tratamiento de este tipo agua residual de petróleo, tanto, en la eliminación de materia orgánica y los fenoles presentes en el agua residual. En la primera fase, con 1 litro de muestra, se alcanzó un rendimiento del 80% en la eliminación de la DQO utilizando 5,97 mg/l de dosis de ozono, con 11 minutos de tiempo de contacto. Respecto a los fenoles se alcanzó una eliminación del 100 % con la misma dosis de ozono y con 11 minutos de tiempo de contacto. En la segunda fase, con 4 litros de muestra, se alcanzó un rendimiento del 66% de la DQO utilizando 22,21 mg/l de dosis de ozono, con 15 minutos de tiempo de contacto y el rendimiento en la eliminación de los fenoles fue de 90 % a las mismas condiciones. The doctoral thesis arises because of environmental pollution problems posed by liquid effluents and oil refinery industries extraction of crude oil in the coastal area of Angola mainly in the provinces of Cabinda, Zaire and Luanda, in which their discharges destroy aquatic flora and fauna. The objective of this work is to implement new techniques of advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of liquid effluents of oil refineries that will achieve an adequate quality of discharges. This sector is considered as a source of environmental pollution, which requires close monitoring and appropriate treatment for the removal of existing contaminants in this water and then treated to reuse this water for other industrial purposes or discharging into streams receptors that at least does not harm ecosystems. In this thesis we investigate the most modern techniques of advanced oxidation processes for treatment of wastewater from oil refinery and: 1) ozonation, 2) hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and 3) radiation with ozone. The results obtained in this study show that the ozonation process simple, has yielded better results for treating wastewater of this type of oil, so the removal of phenols and organic matter present in the wastewater. In the first phase, with 1 liter of sample was reached in 80% yield COD removal using 5.97 mg/l ozone dosage, with 11 minutes of contact time. Regarding phenols elimination was achieved of 100% with the same dose of ozone and 11 minutes contact time In the second phase, with sample 4 liters was reached in 66% yield using 22.21 COD mg / l ozone dosage, with 15 minutes of contact time and the performance in the removal of phenols was of 90% at the same conditions.

Unconformity-bounded stratigraphic units (UBSUs) in an italian alluvial-plain area: recognizing and dating

We studied the coastal zone of the Tavoliere di Puglia plain, (Puglia region, southern Italy) with the aim to recognize the main unconformities, and therefore, the unconformity-bounded stratigraphic units (UBSUs; Salvador 1987, 1994) forming its Quaternary sedimentary fill. Recognizing unconformities is particularly problematic in an alluvial plain, due to the difficulties in distinguishing the unconformities that bound the UBSUs. So far, the recognition of UBSUs in buried successions has been made mostly by using seismic profiles. Instead, in our case, the unavailability of the latter has prompted us to address the problem by developing a methodological protocol consisting of the following steps: I) geological survey in the field; II) draft of a preliminary geological setting based on the field-survey results; III) dating of 102 samples coming from a large number of boreholes and some outcropping sections by means of the amino acid racemization (AAR) method applied to ostracod shells and 14C dating, filtering of the ages and the selection of valid ages; IV) correction of the preliminary geological setting in the light of the numerical ages; definition of the final geological setting with UBSUs; identification of a ‘‘hypothetical’’ or ‘‘attributed time range’’ (HTR or ATR) for each UBSU, the former very wide and subject to a subsequent modification, the latter definitive; V) cross-checking between the numerical ages and/or other characteristics of the sedimentary bodies and/or the sea-level curves (with their effects on the sedimentary processes) in order to restrict also the hypothetical time ranges in the attributed time ranges. The successful application of AAR geochronology to ostracod shells relies on the fact that the ability of ostracods to colonize almost all environments constitutes a tool for correlation, and also allow the inclusion in the same unit of coeval sediments that differ lithologically and paleoenvironmentally. The treatment of the numerical ages obtained using the AAR method required special attention. The first filtering step was made by the laboratory (rejection criteria a and b). Then, the second filtering step was made by testing in the field the remaining ages. Among these, in fact, we never compared an age with a single preceding and/or following age; instead, we identified homogeneous groups of numerical ages consistent with their reciprocal stratigraphic position. This operation led to the rejection of further numerical ages that deviate erratically from a larger, homogeneous age population which fits well with its stratigraphic position (rejection criterion c). After all of the filtering steps, the valid ages that remained were used for the subdivision of the sedimentary sequences into UBSUs together with the lithological and paleoenvironmental criteria. The numerical ages allowed us, in the first instance, to recognize all of the age gaps between two consecutive samples. Next, we identified the level, in the sedimentary thickness that is between these two samples, that may represent the most suitable UBSU boundary based on its lithology and/or the paleoenvironment. The recognized units are: I) Coppa Nevigata sands (NEA), HTR: MIS 20–14, ATR: MIS 17–16; II) Argille subappennine (ASP), HTR: MIS 15–11, ATR: MIS 15–13; III) Coppa Nevigata synthem (NVI), HTR: MIS 13–8, ATR: MIS 12–11; IV) Sabbie di Torre Quarto (STQ), HTR: MIS 13–9.1, ATR: MIS 11; V) Amendola subsynthem (MLM1), HTR: MIS 12–10, ATR: MIS 11; VI) Undifferentiated continental unit (UCI), HTR: MIS 11–6.2, ATR: MIS 9.3–7.1; VII) Foggia synthem (TGF), ATR: MIS 6; VIII) Masseria Finamondo synthem (TPF), ATR: Upper Pleistocene; IX) Carapelle and Cervaro streams synthem (RPL), subdivided into: IXa) Incoronata subsynthem (RPL1), HTR: MIS 6–3; ATR: MIS 5–3; IXb) Marane La Pidocchiosa–Castello subsynthem (RPL3), ATR: Holocene; X) Masseria Inacquata synthem (NAQ), ATR: Holocene. The possibility of recognizing and dating Quaternary units in an alluvial plain to the scale of a marine isotope stage constitutes a clear step forward compared with similar studies regarding other alluvial-plain areas, where Quaternary units were dated almost exclusively using their stratigraphic position. As a result, they were generically associated with a geological sub-epoch. Instead, our method allowed a higher detail in the timing of the sedimentary processes: for example, MIS 11 and MIS 5.5 deposits have been recognized and characterized for the first time in the study area, highlighting their importance as phases of sedimentation.

An analysis of recent changes in Spanish Coastal Law

Spanish coastal legislation has changed in response to changing circumstances. The objective of the 1969 Spanish Coastal Law was to assign responsibilities in the Public Domain to the authorities. The 1980 Spanish Coastal Law addressed infractions and sanctions issues. The 1988 Spanish Coastal Law completed the responsibilities and sanctions aspects and included others related to the delimitation of the Public Domain, the private properties close to the Public Domain, and limitations on landuse in this area. The 1988 Spanish Coastal Law has been controversial since its publication. The “European Parliament Report on the impact of extensive urbanization in Spain on individual rights of European citizen, on the environment and on the application of EU law, based upon petitions received”, published in 2009 recommended that the Spanish Authorities make an urgent revision of the Coastal Law with the main objective of protecting property owners whose buildings do not have negative effects on the coastal environment. The revision recommended has been carried out, in the new Spanish Coastal Law “Ley 2/2013, de 29 de mayo, de protección y uso sostenible del litoral y de modificación de la Ley 22/1988, de 28 de Julio, de Costas”, published in May of 2013. This is the first major change in the 25 years since the previous 1988 Spanish Coastal Law. This paper compares the 1988 and 2013 Spanish Coastal Law documents, highlighting the most important issues like the Public Domain description, limitations in private properties close to the Public Domain limit, climate change influence, authorizations length, etc. The paper includes proposals for further improvements.