Treatment of tropical forages with exogenous fibrolytiic enzymes: effects on chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation

The effects of three treatments of fibrolytic enzymes (cellulase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (CEL), xylanase from rumen micro-organisms (XYL) and a 1:1 mixture of CEL and XYL (MIX) on the in vitro fermentation of two samples of Pennisetum clandestinum (P1 and P2), two samples of Dichanthium aristatum (D1 and D2) and one sample of each Acacia decurrens and Acacia mangium (A1 and A2) were investigated. The first experiment compared the effects of two methods of applying the enzymes to forages, either at the time of incubation or 24 h before, on the in vitro gas production. In general, the 24 h pre-treatment resulted in higher values of gas production rate, and this application method was chosen for a second study investigating the effects of enzymes on chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of forages. The pre-treatment with CEL for 24 h reduced (p < 0.05) the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of P1, P2, D1 and D2, and that of MIX reduced the NDF content of P1 and D1, but XYL had no effect on any forage. The CEL treatment increased (p < 0.05) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production for all forages (ranging from 8.6% to 22.7%), but in general, no effects of MIX and XYL were observed. For both P. clandestinum samples, CEL treatment reduced (p < 0.05) the molar proportion of acetate and increased (p < 0.05) that of butyrate, but only subtle changes in VFA profile were observed for the rest of forages. Under the conditions of the present experiment, the treatment of tropical forages with CEL stimulated their in vitro ruminal fermentation, but XYL did not produce any positive effect. These results showed clearly that effectiveness of enzymes varied with the incubated forage and further study is warranted to investigate specific, optimal enzyme-substrate combinations.

Impact of N2 plasma power and duration on AlGaN/GaN HEMT

urface treatments have been recently shown to play an active role in electrical characteristics in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, in particular during the passivation processing [1-4]. However, the responsible mechanisms are partially unknown and further studies are demanding. The effects of power and time N2 plasma pre-treatment prior to SiN deposition using PE-CVD (plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition) on GaN and AlGaN/GaN HEMT have been investigated. The low power (60 W) plasma pre-treatment was found to improve the electronic characteristics in GaN based HEMT devices, independently of the time duration up to 20 min. In contrast, high power (150 and 210 W) plasma pretreatment showed detrimental effects in the electronic properties (Fig. 1), increasing the sheet resistance of the 2DEG, decreasing the 2DEG charge density in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, transconductance reduction and decreasing the fT and fmax values up to 40% respect to the case using 60 W N2 plasma power. Although AFM (atomic force microscopy) results showed AlGaN and GaN surface roughness is not strongly affected by the N2-plasma, KFM (Kelvin force microscopy) surface analysis shows significant changes in the surface potential, trending to increase its values as the plasma power is higher. The whole results point at energetic ions inducing polarization-charge changes that affect dramatically to the 2-DEG charge density and the final characteristics of the HEMT devices. Therefore, we conclude that AlGaN surface is strongly sensitive to N2 plasma power conditions, which turn to be a key factor to achieve a good surface preparation prior to SiN passivation.

Complexity analysis of spontaneous brain activity: effects of depression and antidepressant treatment

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) allows the real-time recording of neural activity and oscillatory activity in distributed neural networks. We applied a non-linear complexity analysis to resting-state neural activity as measured using whole-head MEG. Recordings were obtained from 20 unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder and 19 matched healthy controls. Subsequently, after 6 months of pharmacological treatment with the antidepressant mirtazapine 30 mg/day, patients received a second MEG scan. A measure of the complexity of neural signals, the Lempel–Ziv Complexity (LZC), was derived from the MEG time series. We found that depressed patients showed higher pre-treatment complexity values compared with controls, and that complexity values decreased after 6 months of effective pharmacological treatment, although this effect was statistically significant only in younger patients. The main treatment effect was to recover the tendency observed in controls of a positive correlation between age and complexity values. Importantly, the reduction of complexity with treatment correlated with the degree of clinical symptom remission. We suggest that LZC, a formal measure of neural activity complexity, is sensitive to the dynamic physiological changes observed in depression and may potentially offer an objective marker of depression and its remission after treatment.

VIS/NIR spectral signature for the identification of peanut contamination of powder foods

Visible-near infrared reflectance spectra are proposed for the characterization of IRMM 481 peanuts variety in comparison to powder food materials: wheat flour, milk and cocoa. Multidimensional analysis of reflectance spectra of powder samples shows a specific NIR band centred at 1200 nm that identifies peanut compared to the rest of food ingredients, regardless compaction level and temperature. Spectral range of 400-1000 nm is not robust for identification of blanched peanut. The visible range has shown to be reliable for the identification of pre-treatment and processing of unknown commercial peanut samples. A spectral index is proposed based on the combination of three wavelengths around 1200 nm that is 100% robust against pre-treatment (raw or blanched) and roasting (various temperatures and treatment duration).

Tratamientos avanzados de agua potable para eliminación de materia orgánica disuelta : aplicación del BAC

Los procesos de biofiltración por carbón activo biológico se han utilizado desde hace décadas, primeramente en Europa y después en Norte América, sin embargo no hay parámetros de diseño y operación específicos que se puedan utilizar de guía para la biofiltración. Además, el factor coste a la hora de elegir el carbón activo como medio de filtración impacta en el presupuesto, debido al elevado coste de inversión y de regeneración. A la hora de diseñar y operar filtros de carbón activo los requisitos que comúnmente se buscan son eliminar materia orgánica, olor, y sabor de agua. Dentro de la eliminación de materia orgánica se precisa la eliminación necesaria para evitar subproductos en la desinfección no deseados, y reducir los niveles de carbono orgánico disuelto biodegradable y asimilable a valores que consigan la bioestabilidad del agua producto, a fin de evitar recrecimiento de biofilm en las redes de distribución. El ozono se ha utilizado durante años como un oxidante previo a la biofiltración para reducir el olor, sabor, y color del agua, oxidando la materia orgánica convirtiendo los compuestos no biodegradables y lentamente biodegradables en biodegradables, consiguiendo que puedan ser posteriormente eliminados biológicamente en los filtros de carbón activo. Sin embargo la inestabilidad del ozono en el agua hace que se produzcan ácidos carboxilos, alcoholes y aldehídos, conocidos como subproductos de la desinfección. Con esta tesis se pretende dar respuesta principalmente a los siguientes objetivos: análisis de parámetros requeridos para el diseño de los filtros de carbón activo biológicos, necesidades de ozonización previa a la filtración, y comportamiento de la biofiltración en un sistema compuesto de coagulación sobre un filtro de carbón activo biológico. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la biofiltración es un proceso que encaja perfectamente con los parámetros de diseño de plantas con filtración convencional. Aunque la capacidad de eliminación de materia orgánica se reduce a medida que el filtro se satura y entra en la fase biológica, la biodegradación en esta fase se mantienen estable y perdura a lo lago de los meses sin preocupaciones por la regeneración del carbón. Los valores de carbono orgánico disuelto biodegradable se mantienen por debajo de los marcados en la literatura existente para agua bioestable, lo que hace innecesaria la dosificación de ozono previa a la biofiltración. La adición de la coagulación con la corrección de pH sobre el carbón activo consigue una mejora en la reducción de la materia orgánica, sin afectar a la biodegradación del carbón activo, cumpliendo también con los requerimientos de turbidez a la salida de filtración. Lo que plantea importantes ventajas para el proceso. Granular activated carbon filters have been used for many years to treat and produce drinking water using the adsorption capacity of carbon, replacing it once the carbon lost its adsorption capacity and became saturated. On the other hand, biological activated carbon filters have been studied for decades, firstly in Europe and subsequently in North America, nevertheless are no generally accepted design and operational parameters documented to be used as design guidance for biofiltration. Perhaps this is because of the cost factor; to choose activated carbon as a filtration media requires a significant investment due to the high capital and regeneration costs. When activated carbon filters are typically required it is for the reduction of an organic load, removal of colour, taste and / or odour. In terms of organic matter reduction, the primary aim is to achieve as much removal as possible to reduce or avoid the introduction of disinfection by products, the required removal in biodegradable dissolved organic carbon and assimilable organic carbon to produce a biologically stable potable water which prohibits the regrowth of biofilm in the distribution systems. The ozone has historically been used as an oxidant to reduce colour, taste and odour by oxidizing the organic matter and increasing the biodegradability of the organic matter, enhancing the effectiveness of organic removal in downstream biological activated carbon filters. Unfortunately, ozone is unstable in water and reacts with organic matter producing carboxylic acids, alcohols, and aldehydes, known as disinfection by products. This thesis has the following objectives: determination of the required parameters for the design of the biological activated filters, the requirement of ozonization as a pre-treatment for the biological activated filters, and a performance assessment of biofiltration when coagulation is applied as a pretreatment for biological activated carbon filters. The results show that the process design parameters of biofiltration are compatible with those of conventional filtration. The organic matter removal reduces its effectiveness as soon as the filter is saturated and the biological stage starts, but the biodegradation continues steadily and lasts for a long period of time without the need of carbon regeneration. The removal of the biodegradable dissolved organic carbon is enough to produce a biostable water according to the values shown on the existing literature; therefore ozone is not required prior to the filtration. Furthermore, the addition of coagulant and pH control before the biological activated carbon filter achieves a additional removal of organic matter, without affecting the biodegradation that occurs in the activated carbon whilst also complying with the required turbidity removal.

Damage reduction of the laser drilling process on back contact solar cells by chemical treatment

Production of back contact solar cells requires holes generations on the wafers to keep both positive and negative contacts on the back side of the cell. This drilling process weakens the wafer mechanically due to the presence of the holes and the damage introduced during the process as microcracks. In this study, several chemical processes have been applied to drilled wafers in order to eliminate or reduce the damage generated during this fabrication step. The treatments analyzed are the followings: alkaline etching during 1, 3 and 5 minutes, acid etching for 2 and 4 minutes and texturisation. To determine mechanical strength of the samples a common mechanical study has been carried out testing the samples by the Ring on Ring bending test and obtaining the stress state in the moment of failure by FE simulation. Finally the results obtained for each treatment were fitted to a three parameter Weibull distribution

Análisis de las diferencias en el crecimiento vegetativo, en los componentes del rendimiento y en la composición de las uvas y vinos del cv. cabernet sauvignon (vitis vinifera L.), producidos por el déficit hídrico durante pre-envero y post-envero

La presente Tesis Doctoral se realizó con el fin de estimar conjuntamente la respuesta agronómica y fisiológica de la vid (Vitis vinifera L.), así como los efectos sobre la evolución de la maduración, composición y la calidad de la uva y del vino, bajo la aplicación de diferentes déficit hídricos en pre-envero y post-envero, dentro de un marco de referencia de cambio climático. La variación climática que prevén los estudios sobre el cambio climático, resulta un factor decisivo en la eficiencia del uso del agua en la vid. En zonas cálidas, las estrategias de cultivo del viñedo frente al cambio climático deben de ir dirigidas a atenuar sus efectos sobre el crecimiento y el desarrollo de la vid, haciéndose imprescindible el estudio pormenorizado del déficit hídrico como factor decisivo en la obtención de las uvas adecuadas, ya que son la clave indispensable para el éxito en la elaboración del vino, y de forma muy especial en los vinos enfocados a un sector de alta calidad. El ensayo se llevó a cabo en un viñedo comercial de Bodegas Licinia, en la Comunidad de Madrid, durante los años 2010 y 2011. La variedad estudiada fue Cabernet sauvignon / 41 B, plantada a un marco de plantación de 3 m x 1 m, con un guiado vertical de la vegetación. El dispositivo experimental fue totalmente al azar, y se establecieron 4 tratamientos experimentales con 4 grados de disponibilidad hídrica, déficit moderado continuo (T0,45-0,6), déficit severo continuo (T0-0,3), déficit severo después de envero (T0,45-0,3) y déficit severo antes de envero (T0-0,6). En cada tratamiento se distribuyeron 3 repeticiones. El año 2010 fue el más lluvioso de los años de ensayo, con 478 mm de precipitaciones anuales, lo que supuso 146 mm más que en el año 2011. Su distribución a lo largo del ciclo fue más homogénea en el año 2010, mientras que en 2011 las precipitaciones contabilizadas en el período de maduración de la uva fueron nulas. La temperatura media subió 0,9ºC en 2011, respecto a 2010 y en cuanto a la integral térmica eficaz, en 2011 se acumularon, desde el 1 de abril hasta el final de ciclo, 217 grados•día más que en 2010. El déficit hídrico en pre-envero, modificó notablemente el crecimiento vegetativo y la producción de cosecha de la parcela de ensayo, no así la fertilidad de las yemas. El tratamiento con mayor disponibilidad hídrica (T0,45-0,6) obtuvo el mayor peso de baya, y los tratamientos con menor déficit hídrico en pre-envero (T0,45-0,6 y T0,45-0,3) registraron los mayores rendimientos de cosecha, mientras que las menores tasas de cuajado correspondieron al tratamiento con un déficit severo continuo (T0-0,3). La parcela de ensayo se caracterizó por un exceso de vigor y un alto crecimiento vegetativo. El pH del mosto se vio afectado por el déficit hídrico, disminuyendo su valor en el tratamiento de déficit hídrico severo antes de envero (T0-0,6). Organolépticamente, no se percibieron diferencias significativas en los vinos elaborados en función del déficit hídrico, y respecto a su composición físico-química, solo existieron diferencias en la concentración de ácido L-Málico, con mayores concentraciones en los tratamientos sin déficit hídrico en pre-envero, T0,45-0,6 y T0,45-0,3. El déficit hídrico modificó notablemente el color del vino, aumentando los valores de las coordenadas CIELAB a* y b*, la luminosidad (L*), croma (C*) y tonalidad (H*), para los tratamientos con un déficit severo en pre-envero (T0-0,3 y T0-0,6) y disminuyendo estas en el tratamiento con mayor disponibilidad hídrica (T0,45-0,6). Del mismo modo, mediante el análisis de color por métodos tradicionales, IPT e IC de los vinos, aumentó en los tratamientos con mayor déficit hídrico en pre-envero (T0-0,3 y T0-0,6), respecto a los tratamientos de mayor disponibilidad (T0,45-0,6 y T0,45-0,3). La concentración de taninos de la baya en vendimia, no se vio afectada por el déficit hídrico, aunque sí estuvo relacionada positivamente con el tamaño de las bayas. Organolépticamente, los hollejos del año 2011 resultaron con menor frescura, acidez, afrutado, sensación herbácea e intensidad tánica, aunque con mayor astringencia respecto a 2010. Las pepitas fueron más astringentes y aromáticas pero menos crujientes, sin llegar a los niveles de madurez del año 2010. El catador relacionó los taninos con la calidad del vino, asociándolos con un mayor cuerpo, acidez, intensidad, equilibrio gustativo, amargor y menor astringencia en la fase gustativa. La concentración de taninos en los vinos se vio favorecida con el déficit hídrico en pre-envero y post-envero. Los tratamientos con mayor déficit hídrico en pre-envero, T0-0,6 y T0-0,3, obtuvieron las menores concentraciones de potasio en mostos y vinos. Las relaciones entre la concentración de potasio, ácido L-Málico y el porcentaje de color rojo puro (dA(%)) resultaron altamente significativas, de modo que las mayores tasas de potasio en el vino se asociaron a los valores más bajos de color rojo y a los mayores de ácido L-Málico. ABSTRACT The present Doctoral Thesis has been done in order to estimate the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) agronomic and physiologic performance or response as well as the impact in the grape and wine maturity, composition and quality evolution, with different water deficits. The variation in climate that the global warming studies for seen is a key factor for the grapevine water use efficiency. In warm areas the farming vineyards strategy to face the climatic change, should be focused on diminish the effects on the grapevine growth and development, so that the water deficit detailed analysis becomes decisive to obtain the appropriate grapes, that are the main subject for a successful wine production and especially for top quality wines. The trial was carried out in a commercial vineyard in Chinchón (Madrid), Licinia winery, during the 2010 and 2011 seasons. The grape variety studied was Cabernet Sauvignon grafted onto 41B with a vine spacing 3m x 1m trained as VSP. Experimental design consisted on 4 irrigation treatments with 3 replications totally randomized. Irrigation treatments were: moderate regulated deficit (T0,45-0,6), severe continuous deficit (T0-0,3), severe post-veraison deficit (T0,45-0,3) and severe pre veraison deficit (T0-0,6). The 2010 was rainier year than the 2011; Total annual rain in 2010 was 478 mm, which resulted in 146 mm more than in 2011. The distribution along the vine cycle was more homogeneous in the 2010, whereas precipitations in 2011 along the grape maturity period were nonexistent. The average temperature in 2011 was 0,9ºC higher than that of the 2010 and regarding to the thermal integral, in the 2011 from 1st April to the end of the growing cycle, was 217 degrees•day higher than that in 2010. Water deficit significantly modified the vegetative growth and yield but, it did not modified bud fertility. The treatment with the highest water availability (T0,45-0,6) got the highest berry size, the lowest berry set rates were found in the severe continuous deficit treatment (T0-0,3). The plot studied in this trial was characterized by both excessive vigour and vegetative growth. Water deficit modified the pH must by, reducing it in the severe water deficit during pre-veraison (T0-0,6). There were not differences in wine tasting between the water deficits treatments. Regarding to the physical-chemical composition, it only existed differences in the L-malic acid concentration, resulting higher concentrations in the water deficit pre-veraison treatments: T0,45-0,6 y T0,45-0,3. Water deficit significantly modified wine colour by, increasing the CIELAB coordinates a* and b*, the brightness (L*), croma (C*) and tonality (H*), in the lower water availability pre-veraison treatments (T0-0,3 y T0-0,6), and reducing them in the in the moderate continuous water deficit ones (T0,45-0,6). By means of traditional wine colour parameters analyses, red colour percentage, TPI, they became higher in the lower water availability pre-veraison treatments (T0-0,3 y T0-0,6), than in those with higher availability (T0,45-0,6 y T0,45-0,3). At harvest, berry tannins concentrations was not affected by the water deficit although it did in a positive way, in the berry size. Berry tasting in 2011, resulted in a lower freshness, acidity, fruity, herbaceous flavour and tannic intensity, but with higher astringency respect to the 2010 season. Seeds, in 2011, were more astringent and aromatic as in the 2010, but less crunchy, without getting to the point of maturity. The taster linked the tannins to wine quality, associating them with a higher bodiest wine, acidity, intensity, taste balance, bitterness and with a lower astringency in the tasting stage. Treatments with a higher water deficit up to veraison T0-0,6 y T0-0,3 got less musts and wines potassium concentration. The relation between L-malic acid and the full red color percentage (dA(%)), were highly related, resulting the higher potassium content the lower wine quality.