Arquitectura ��ptima: Cuatro medios pr��cticos para optimizar proyectos de arquitectura

La investigaci��n trata de mostrar cuatro acciones habitualmente empleadas al proyectar arquitectura. La tesis narra el discurso que construyen cuatro acciones como mecanismos optimizadores, fundamentales, activos y necesarios cuando creamos nuevos proyectos. En este trabajo se estudian en profundidad cuatro acciones optimizadoras a trav��s de numerosos casos de estudio. Se estudia tambi��n la presencia de estas acciones en otros campos creativos, como la biolog��a, el arte, la literatura, la filosof��a, la matem��tica o la psicolog��a de la creatividad. Se busca qu�� tienen en com��n estas cuatro acciones y se indaga sobre la posible narraci��n que construyen entre ellas. La mayor parte de los textos que constituyen este trabajo se escriben en un formato pr��ximo al del ensayo, empleando tiempos verbales presentes evitando los tiempos verbales pret��ritos o imperfectos para potenciar la acci��n a trav��s el estilo narrativo. La investigaci��n se ha realizado a partir de fuentes bibliogr��ficas existentes en numerosas bibliotecas. Se han llevado a cabo estudios de campo realizados a trav��s de entrevistas personales a interlocutores expertos, no s��lo de teor��a arquitect��nica sino tambi��n de pr��cticas constructivas, as�� como visitas a lugares ��ntimamente relacionados con el tema de investigaci��n. Se ha completado el estudio de casos con ejercicios pr��cticos realizados por el autor de esta tesis, para profundizar con la propia investigaci��n por empat��a con los autores estudiados. La investigaci��n bibliogr��fica principal se ha desarrollado en las bibliotecas de la Universidad Polit��cnica de Madrid, de la Universidad de Alicante, de la Universidad Aut��noma de Madrid, de la Universidad Europea de Madrid, de la Universidad Camilo José Cela, de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, de la Columbia University, de la Harvard University, de la Delft University, de Heidelberg University, de la Biblioteca Central de Madrid y de la Regional de Murcia, as�� como de la del COAMU. Tambi��n se ha utilizado recursos bibliogr��ficos propios. La metodolog��a utilizada muestra desde diferentes perspectivas el problema de las acciones optimizadoras, desde obras art��sticas, pasando por ejemplos de arquitectura construida hasta ejercicios puramente intelectuales. La acumulaci��n ha sido el m��todo de obtenci��n de conocimiento de esta tesis. Se han acumulado conocimientos y posteriormente se ha profundizado, reflexionando sobre los datos que se han ido obteniendo. Al profundizar se enlazan unas pruebas con otras, hilando y ensambl��ndolas en un discurso que hace continuo y coherente la aparici��n de cada caso estudiado. Estas entidades probatorias son acciones que han sido aplicadas frecuentemente por distintas generaciones de autores que proyectan utilizando alguna de estas cuatro acciones. Partimos de una extensa bibliograf��a general y de otra espec��fica. A trav��s de citas e im��genes se muestra el repertorio de objetos y textos estudiados. Los casos de estudio seleccionados exponen los efectos que produce cada acci��n en el ejercicio del proyectar. Se ha estudiado la necesidad de cada acci��n en todas y cada una de las partes del ciclo creativo del proyecto, tanto en pr��cticas imaginadas como en construidas, de los autores que proyectan. Se citan y se interpretan las descripciones de bi��logos, soci��logos, antrop��logos, psic��logos, escritores, artistas, arquitectos, matem��ticos, ingenieros, f��sicos, m��dicos y fil��sofos en los cuales estas acciones se encuentran conscientemente incorporadas en su procedimiento de proyectar y de pensar. Por ��ltimo, hemos obtenido unos resultados adecuados a la metodolog��a empleada y a los objetivos planteados gracias a la acumulaci��n y clasificaci��n de pruebas. Los resultados se exponen a modo de discursos conclusivos con un intencionado car��cter abierto que despliega nuevas posibles nuevas v��as de investigaci��n entorno a los temas estudiados. ABSTRACT. The research seeks to show four commonly used actions in designing architecture. Thesis recounts the speech that built four actions like optimizer, fundamental, active and necessary mechanisms when we create new projects. In this work it studies in depth four optimizer actions through numerous case studies. Also, it considers the presence of these actions in other creative fields, such as biology, art, literature, philosophy, mathematics or psychology of creativity. It is intended what these four actions have in common and it explores the possible narrative constructed among them. Most of the texts that constitute this work are written in a format close to the essay, using present tenses avoiding past or imperfect tenses of enhancing the action through the narrative style. Research has been done from literature sources available in numerous libraries. Field studies have been carried out through personal interviews with expert speakers, not just of architectonic theory but also from constructive practices, as well as visits to sites closely related to the research topic. case studies with practical exercises conducted by the author of this thesis has been completed, to deepen with the own research by empathy with the studied authors. Main bibliographical investigation has been developed in the libraries of UPM, UA, UAM, UEM, the CJC, the UCM, Columbia University, Harvard University Delft University, Heidelberg University, Madrid Central Library, Regional Murcia Library and COAMU Library. Also it has been used own bibliographical resources. Methodology shows from different perspectives the problem of optimizers actions, from art, passing through examples of architecture built up to pur�� intellectual exercise. Accumulation has been the method of obtaining knowledge of this thesis. it has been accumulated knowledge and later it has been deepened, reflecting on the data that have been obtained. By deepening tests are linked with other, spinning and locking into a discourse that makes continuous and consistent the development of each case study. These evidentiary entities are actions that have been frequently applied by different generations of authors who project using some of these four stocks. We leave from an extensive general bibliography and another specific one. Through quotes and pictures it shows the repertoire of objects and texts studied. The selected study cases set out the effects that each action produces in the exercise of projecting. It has studied the need of each action in every parts of creative cycle of the project, both imagined as constructed practices, by the authors who project. It is quoted and interpreted the descriptions of biologists, sociologists, anthropologists, psychologists, writers, artists, architects, mathematicians, engineers, physicists, physicians and philosophers in which these actions are consciously incorporated into his projecting and thinking procedure. Finally, we have obtained adequate results to the used methodology and to the stated objectives through the accumulation and classification of evidence. The results are presented as conclusive speeches with an intentional open character that unfolds new possible research routes around the studied topics.

Aesthetic appreciation: event-related field and time-frequency analyses

Improvements in neuroimaging methods have afforded significant advances in our knowledge of the cognitive and neural foundations of aesthetic appreciation. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to register brain activity while participants decided about the beauty of visual stimuli. The data were analyzed with event-related field (ERF) and Time-Frequency (TF) procedures. ERFs revealed no significant differences between brain activity related with stimuli rated as ���beautiful��� and ���not beautiful.��� TF analysis showed clear differences between both conditions 400 ms after stimulus onset. Oscillatory power was greater for stimuli rated as ���beautiful��� than those regarded as ���not beautiful��� in the four frequency bands (theta, alpha, beta, and gamma). These results are interpreted in the frame of synchronization studies.

Lateral orbitofrontal cortex involvement in initial negative aesthetic impression formation

It is well established that aesthetic appreciation is related with activity in several different brain regions. The identification of the neural correlates of beauty or liking ratings has been the focus of most prior studies. Not much attention has been directed towards the fact that humans are surrounded by objects that lead them to experience aesthetic indifference or leave them with a negative aesthetic impression. Here we explore the neural substrate of such experiences. Given the neuroimaging techniques that have been used, little is known about the temporal features of such brain activity. By means of magnetoencephalography we registered the moment at which brain activity differed while participants viewed images they considered to be beautiful or not. Results show that the first differential activity appears between 300 and 400 ms after stimulus onset. During this period activity in right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) was greater while participants rated visual stimuli as not beautiful than when they rated them as beautiful. We argue that this activity is associated with an initial negative aesthetic impression formation, driven by the relative hedonic value of stimuli regarded as not beautiful. Additionally, our results contribute to the understanding of the nature of the functional roles of the lOFC.

Dynamics of brain networks in aesthetic appreciation

Neuroimage experiments have been essential for identifying active brain networks. During cognitive tasks as in, e.g., aesthetic appreciation, such networks include regions that belong to the default mode network (DMN). Theoretically, DMN activity should be interrupted during cognitive tasks demanding attention, as is the case for aesthetic appreciation. Analyzing the functional connectivity dynamics along three temporal windows and two conditions, beautiful and not beautiful stimuli, here we report experimental support for the hypothesis that aesthetic appreciation relies on the activation of two different networks, an initial aesthetic network and a delayed aesthetic network, engaged within distinct time frames. Activation of the DMN might correspond mainly to the delayed aesthetic network. We discuss adaptive and evolutionary explanations for the relationships existing between the DMN and aesthetic networks and offer unique inputs to debates on the mind/brain interaction.

Proyecto de construcci��n de la l��nea de Metro Ligero: tramo Monterrozas-Las Rozas

El presente Proyecto Constructivo define las obras necesarias para la construcci��n de la infraestructura de la l��nea de Metro Ligero Monterrozas- Las Rozas. La l��nea comienza discurriendo por el bulevar central de la Calle Camilo José Cela, donde efect��a dos paradas. La primera se encuentra a la altura de la Biblioteca Leon Tolstoi, mientras que la segunda se sit��a entre el Heron City y Las Rozas Village. Se dise��a as�� la l��nea de transporte guiado urbano tipo metro ligero, y la definici��n alcanza todas las obras precisas para su ejecuci��n: demoliciones, movimiento de tierras, urbanizaci��n y viales, estructuras, obras subterr��neas, subestaciones (obra civil), drenaje, integraci��n ambiental, paradas y estaciones, plataforma y superestructura, desv��os de tr��fico, reposici��n de servicios afectados y obras complementarias

Modelado de l��minas ortotr��picas axisim��tricas para excitaciones con alto contenido en frecuencia

El prop��sito de este art��culo es el an��lisis lineal de estructuras laminares sometidas a excitaciones din��micas con alto contenido en frecuencia. El m��todo num��rico propuesto utiliza para el modelado elementos continuos monodimensionales. La respuesta exacta de este tipo de elementos es conocida, y por lo tanto el m��todo es m��s conveniente para este tipo de problemas que otros m��todos convencionales basados en discretizaci��n espacial, por ejemplo el m��todo de los elementos finitos (MEF), que precisar��an de una malla muy fina para recoger adecuadamente los fen��menos de inter��s. El estudio aqu�� descrito se limita a estructuras axisim��tricas con formas cil��ndricas o c��nicas. Se presentan criterios para modelar dichas estructuras mediante vigas sobre apoyo el��stico.

C��lculo s��smico de puentes. Estudio comparativo

Se presenta un estudio comparativo del c��lculo s��smico de cinco puentes diferentes, utilizando diversos procedimientos. El objetivo es establecer la validez de los m��todos sencillos, habitualmente utilizados, en funci��n del tipo estructural del puente. El desarrollo se centra en el estudio de la importancia de las cargas din��micas producidas en un puente situado en una zona s��smica intermedia, respecto a las cargas el��sticas exigidas por las Norma de C��lculo de Puentes de Carreteras, haciendo especial menci��n de las diferencias que aparecen cuando la estructura est�� realizada en hormig��n pretensado.

Numerical analysis of axisymmetric shells by one-dimensional continuum elements suitable for high frequency excitations

Axisymmetric shells are analyzed by means of one-dimensional continuum elements by using the analogy between the bending of shells and the bending of beams on elastic foundation. The mathematical model is formulated in the frequency domain. Because the solution of the governing equations of vibration of beams are exact, the spatial discretization only depends on geometrical or material considerations. For some kind of situations, for example, for high frequency excitations, this approach may be more convenient than other conventional ones such as the finite element method.

Recommendations on seismic actions on bridges

The paper describes the main features of a technical Recommendation first draft on Seismic Actions on Bridges, promoted by the Spanish Ministry of Public Works (MOPT). Although much more research is needed to clarify the seismic behaviour of the vast class of problems present in port structures the current state of the art allows at least a classificaton of subjects and the establishment of minimum requirements to guide the design. Also the use of more refined methods for specially dangerous situations needs some general guidelines that contribute to mantein the design under reasonable safety margins. The Recommendations of the Spanish MOPT are a first try in those directions.

Recommendations on seismic actions on port structures

The paper describes the main features of a Technical Recommendation first draft on Seismic Action on port structures promoted recently by the Spanish Ministry of Public Works (MOPT). Although much more research is needed to clarify the seismic behaviour of the vast class of problems present in port structures the current state of the art allows at least a classification of subjects and the establishment of minimum requirements to guide the design. Also the use of more refined methods for specially dangerous situations needs some general guidelines that contribute to mantein the design under reasonable safety margins. The Recommendations of the Spanish MOPT are a first try in those directions.

Theoretical Simulation of the A5 VEB Structure Pyrotechnique Shock Propagation

This paper presents some of the modelling criteria that have been used for the study of pyrotechnic shock propagation in the A5 VEB Structure, as well as the main conclusions from a mathematical model of the axymmetric effects in it. The separation of the lower stage of the ARIANE 5 Vehicle Equipment Bay (VEB)Structure is to be done using a pyrotechnic device. The wave propagation effects produced by the explosion have been analyzed with a computer program using as shape functions the analytical solution to the frequency response of a Timoshenko-Rayleigh beams and shells in that way the discretization can have elements as large as possible, depending on the material properties and boundary conditions. Moreover an enormous amount of possibilities in the treatment of concentrated masses, springs and dashpots, either with respect to a fixed reference or between nodes, is open for translational as well as rotational degrees of freedom.

Alicia en el pa��s de las realidades: las nuevas tecnolog��as de la informaci��n en el d��a a d��a docente

La revoluci��n, o mejor, la evoluci��n acelerada de las tecnolog��as de la informaci��n y su implantaci��n en el tejido social, es uno de los hechos m��s relevantes en este inicio de milenio. Esa revoluci��n afecta a la labor de las instituciones docentes, y a la forma en la que ��stas ense��an a los futuros "ciberciudadanos". O al menos as�� se deducir��a del extraordinario crecimiento que el estudio de la aplicaci��n de estas tecnolog��as al ��mbito docente est�� teniendo. Sin embargo, en el d��a a d��a de nuestras universidades nada parece haber cambiado. Las clases magistrales y el estudio solitario siguen dominando la actividad educativa. ��Qu�� est�� sucediendo? ��Por qu�� las instituciones educativas parecen impermeables al acelerado avance tecnol��gico? Y sobre todo, ��cu��l ha de ser la actitud de la tecnolog��a entonces? Se pretende aqu�� hacer un peque��o an��lisis de esa situaci��n de "s�� pero no" en que parece encontrarse actualmente la tecnolog��a educativa.

Coder/decoder with an optical programmable logic cell

A major research area is the representation of knowledge for a given application in a compact manner such that desired information relating to this knowledge is easily recoverable. A complicated procedure may be required to recover the information from the stored representation and convert it back to usable form. Coder/decoder are the devices dedicated to that task. In this paper the capabilities that an Optical Programmable Logic Cell offers as a basic building block for coding and decoding are analyzed. We have previously published an Optically Programmable Logic Cells (OPLC), for applications as a chaotic generator or as basic element for optical computing. In optical computing previous studies these cells have been analyzed as full-adder units, being this element a basic component for the arithmetic logic structure in computing. Another application of this unit is reported in this paper. Coder and decoder are basic elements in computers, for example, in connections between processors and memory addressing. Moreover, another main application is the generation of signals for machine controlling from a certain instruction. In this paper we describe the way to obtain a coder/decoder with the OPLC and which type of applications may be the best suitable for this type of cell.

Modelo de calidad para el software orientado a objetos

El software ha obtenido en la actualidad una gran importancia en todos los ��mbitos de la vida cotidiana. Es indudable que la calidad del software juega un papel fundamental en todo desarrollo inform��tico, aunque en ocasiones no se le presta la suficiente atenci��n, quiz��s debido a los relativamente escasos trabajos relacionados con este tema desarrollados hasta la fecha. En el presente trabajo, se plantea la necesidad de un modelo de calidad completo. Para cubrir esta necesidad se presenta un nuevo modelo de calidad, obtenido tras un estudio pormenorizado de los modelos de calidad existentes, centrado en el paradigma orientado a objetos. Este modelo de calidad muestra c��mo la calidad del software se descompone en una serie de factores y ��stos, a su vez, se descomponen en un conjunto de criterios medibles utilizando medidas. El modelo incluye un amplio conjunto de medidas, dise��adas especialmente para su aplicaci��n dentro del paradigma orientado a objetos. Para completar el modelo, se ha dise��ado un sencillo m��todo de aplicaci��n de este modelo de calidad para que pueda ser utilizado de una forma simple por los desarrolladores de sistemas inform��ticos orientados a objetos. El modelo de calidad definido se ha validado realizando un juego de experimentos. Estos experimentos han consistido en la aplicaci��n del modelo sobre una serie de desarrollos orientados a objetos. Los resultados obtenidos han demostrado su utilidad pr��ctica para determinar tanto la calidad global de los sistemas, como para identificar aquellas partes del sistema susceptibles de ser mejoradas. Con este trabajo, se llena un importante hueco existente en esta ��rea, pues, en primer lugar, no existen modelos de calidad completos para la orientaci��n a objetos. En segundo lugar, aunque hay medidas para la orientaci��n a objetos, no se han asociado a los atributos que determinan la calidad del software, por lo que su utilidad, tal cual fueron definidas, resulta bastante cuestionable. Para finalizar, nunca se ha asociado un modelo de calidad con una m��todo de aplicaci��n, por lo que su utilidad quedaba considerablemente mermada, quedando a expensas de la habilidad y experiencia del Ingeniero del Software que lo utilizara.