Death of Dr Francisco Javier Ayala-Carcedo, Spanish INHIGEO Member, at Burgos, Spain, 28 November 2004

Death of Dr Francisco Javier Ayala-Carcedo, Spanish lNHIGEO Member, at Burgos, Spain, 28 November 2004

Comparison of several models for calculating ozone stomatal fluxes on a Mediterranean wheat cultivar (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Camacho)

Ozone stomatal fluxes were modeled for a 3-year period following different approaches for a commercial variety of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Camacho) at the phenological stage of anthesis. All models performed in the same range, although not all of them afforded equally significant results. Nevertheless, all of them suggest that stomatal conductance would account for the main percentage of ozone deposition fluxes. A new modeling approach was tested, based on a 3-D architectural model of the wheat canopy, and fairly accurate results were obtained. Plant species-specific measurements, as well as measurements of stomatal conductance and environmental parameters, were required. The method proposed for calculating ozone stomatal fluxes (FO(3_3-D)) from experimental gs data and modeling them as a function of certain environmental parameters in conjunction with the use of the YPLANT model seems to be adequate, providing realistic estimates of the canopy FO(3_3-D), integrating and not neglecting the contribution of the lower leaves with respect to the flag leaf, although a further development of this model is needed.

Fungal microbiota from rain water and pathogenicity of Fusarium species isolated from atmospheric dust and rainfall dust

In order to determine the presence of Fusarium spp. in atmospheric dust and rainfall dust, samples were collected during September 2007, and July, August, and October 2008. The results reveal the prevalence of airborne Fusarium species coming from the atmosphere of the South East coast of Spain. Five different Fusarium species were isolated from the settling dust: Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. dimerum, and F. proliferatum. Moreover, rainwater samples were obtained during significant rainfall events in January and February 2009. Using the dilution-plate method, 12 fungal genera were identified from these rainwater samples. Specific analyses of the rainwater revealed the presence of three species of Fusarium: F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum and F. equiseti. A total of 57 isolates of Fusarium spp. obtained from both rainwater and atmospheric rainfall dust sampling were inoculated onto melon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Piñonet and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. San Pedro. These species were chosen because they are the main herbaceous crops in Almeria province. The results presented in this work indicate strongly that spores or propagules of Fusarium are able to cross the continental barrier carried by winds from the Sahara (Africa) to crop or coastal lands in Europe. Results show differences in the pathogenicity of the isolates tested. Both hosts showed root rot when inoculated with different species of Fusarium, although fresh weight measurements did not bring any information about the pathogenicity. The findings presented above are strong indications that long-distance transmission of Fusarium propagules may occur. Diseases caused by species of Fusarium are common in these areas. They were in the past, and are still today, a problem for greenhouses crops in Almería, and many species have been listed as pathogens on agricultural crops in this region. Saharan air masses dominate the Mediterranean regions. The evidence of long distance dispersal of Fusarium spp. by atmospheric dust and rainwater together with their proved pathogenicity must be taken into account in epidemiological studies.

Diversity and health traits of local landraces of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) from Spain

Diversity and health traits of local landraces of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) from Spain

Methodology for the metric restoration of the historical cartography applied to Francisco Coello's cartografic series of the Royal Site of Aranjuez

Hojas Kilométricas (Kilometric Sheets). Specifically, the study focuses on those sheets referring to the city centre and surrounding area of the Royal Site of Aranjuez, a town in the south of the Province of Madrid. The aim of this study is to restore the actual size and measurements of scanned images of the Hojas Kilométricas. This would allow us, among other things, to reestablish both the format and scale of the original plans. To achieve this goal it is necessary to rectify and then georeference these images, i.e. assign them a geographic reference system. This procedure is essential in the overlaying and comparison of the Hojas Kilométricas of the Royal Site with other historical cartography as well as other sources related to the same area from different time periods. Subsequent research would allow us, for example, to reconstruct the time-evolution of the urban area, to spot new construction and to pinpoint the locations of any altered or missing buildings or architectural features. In addition, this would allow us to develop and integrate databases for GIS models applicable to the management of our cultural heritage.

La mancha bacteriana o peca del tomate en los invernaderos de Almería y Granada

La mancha bacteriana o peca del tomate es la denominación común que el libro: "Patógenos de plantas descritos en España" (Melgarejo Nardiz et al., 2010) da a la enfermedad causada por Pseudomonas siryngae pv tomato.

Surface deformation studies of Tenerife Island, Spain from joint GPS-DInSAR observations

This work presents results for the three-dimensional displacement field at Tenerife Island calculated from campaign GPS and ascending and descending ENVISAT DInSAR interferograms. The goal of this work is to provide an example of the flexibility of the technique by fusing together new varieties of geodetic data, and to observe surface deformations and study precursors of potential activity in volcanic regions. Interferometric processing of ENVISAT data was performed with GAMMA software. All possible combinations were used to create interferograms and then stacking was used to increase signal-to-noise ratio. Decorrelated areas were widely observed, particularly for interferograms with large perpendicular baseline and large time span. Tropospheric signal was also observed which significantly complicated the interpretation. Subsidence signal was observed in the NW part of the island and around Mount Teide and agreed in some regions with campaign GPS data. It is expected that the technique will provide better results when more high quality DInSAR and GPS data is available

Influence of the application of Jasmonic Acid and Benzoic Acid on Watermelon fruit quality.

In watermelon crops in Southeastern Spain, important thermal differences appear during the first stages of plant development that can affect them. This work shows the effect of applying jasmonic acid and benzoic acid (JA+BA), inductors of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR), respectively, on fruit quality parameters from a crop in a greenhouse in Southeastern Spain, where crops face a remarkable abiotic stress. We assessed two treatments of JA+BA, T1 (500+500 ppm), T2 (2000+2000 ppm) and a control test using an experimental design of randomized blocks with four replications. The results obtained for the parameters assessed (ºBrix, flesh firmness, rind thickness, polar and equatorial diameter) did not show statistically significant differences. The results showed that there was no metabolic cost in the plants when applying the assessed treatments of JA+BA.

Control de la Fusariosis vascular en clavel en el suroeste de España mediante la biodesinfección del suelo.

El presente trabajo presenta una evaluación de las alternativas no químicas al 1,3 dicloropropeno + cloropicrina (AGROC) usado para el control de la fusariosis vascular en clavel en campos experimentales del suroeste de España. Esta enfermedad ha sido un factor limitante en todas las regiones del mediterráneo para poder mantener el cultivo durante 2 años. Tiempo éste necesario para obtener un rendimiento económico aceptable. La desinfección del suelo está basada en el compostado de la materia orgánica, que combinada o no con la solarización, es agrupada bajo la denominación de biodesinfección. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: compost de alperujo con o sin solarización (31días), compost de residuos post-cosecha de clavel y crisantemo con y sin solarización, compost de residuos post-cosecha de clavel y crisantemo + gallinaza con y sin solarización. La gravedad de la enfermedad y la producción de flores se evaluaron semanalmente durante los 2 años que duró el experimento. Los resultados mostraron que la biodesinfección del suelo utilizando compost de clavel y crisantemo + gallinaza + solarización confiere una aceptable protección contra la fusariosis vascular durante los 2 años que dura el cultivo. La producción fue significativamente mayor que en cualquier otro de los tratamientos. Los resultados además sugieren que la adición de la gallinaza y el uso del polietileno estándar de alta densidad (HDPE) de forma conjunta fueron el factor clave en el éxito de la desinfección. No hubo efecto de la solarización sola, posiblemente debido a la época en la cual se aplicó

Effect of the application of jasmonic acid and benzoic acid on grafted watermelons yield under greenhouse conditions in the southeast of Spain for mitigation of stress

One of the main problems of watermelon crops in Sou theast Spain is the thermal difference because of c limatic conditions that appear during the first stages of the crop. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of inducing the systemic acq uired resistance (SAR) and the induced systemic resistance (ISR) through the application of jasmonic ac id (JA) and benzoic acid (BA), respectively, to counter the abiotic stress. We assessed two treatments of JA and BA, T1 (500 mg·kg-1 + 500 mg·kg -1 ) and T 2 (2000 mg·kg -1 + 2000 mg·kg -1), as well as a control test using an experimental design of randomized blocks with four replications. The results obtained for kg·m -2, fruits/m², kg/plant and fruits/plant did not show statistically significant differences. However, we obtained statistically sig nificant differences in the average fruit weight co mpared with the control test in the two experiments carried out in 2009 and 2010. The results showed that there was no metabolic cost in the plants when applying the assessed treatments of JA and BA.

¿Contienen los preparados microbiológicos para usos en hortícolas lo que indican sus etiquetas?

La homologación en los países más industrializados es un obstáculo para la comercialización de biopesticidas. Para evitar tan complejo proceso, el término bioestimulantes parece ser la denominación que los acoge con menos complicación de registro. En esta comunicación se recoge el análisis de 9 preparados microbiológicos remitidos por empresas distribuidoras y por técnicos de cooperativas. La pregunta fue siempre la misma: ¿contienen lo que indica la etiqueta del envase?. Ocho de los preparados indicaban en su etiqueta un número concreto (concentración) de unidades formadoras de colonias de un hongo antagonista (materia activa) y una indicaba la concentración de un hongo endomicorrícico. Los análisis se ajustaron a los tipos de hongos prescritos en investigación para éstos. Los resultados pusieron en evidencia que en ninguno de los casos su contenido microbiológico se ajustaba a lo indicado en la etiqueta. En la mayoría, existían otros microorganismos no expresados en la etiqueta, en igual o mayor concentración que el hongo indicado.

Comportamiento de patrones de tomate frente a la patogenicidad de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici

La fusariosis del cuello y de las raíces del tomate ("mancha chocolate"), causada por el hongo F. o. f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, es una micosis cada vez más extendida en los cultivos de tomate de las provincias de Almería y Granada. Su gravedad es alta, llegando a alcanzar al 78% de las plantas en algún invernadero con cultivo sobre fibra de coco. Ante esta situación, se estimó necesario evaluar la resistencia de patrones utilizados para injertar variedades de tomate. Así, 16 patrones fueron valorados frente a una cepa muy patógena del hongo. Los patrones fueron:CLXTPG01, AR9704, AR97015, AR97009, Morgan, Spirit, Herman, Armstrong, Arnold, Big Power, Emperador, 61-071, Montezuma, Beaufort, Multifort, Maxifort, Tovi Star y Alegro. Dos ensayos sobre plantas en estado de 6-8 hojas verdaderas bien formadas, mostraron que todos los patrones expresaron una resistencia completa, exceptuando los denominados CLXTPG01 y AR97015. Entendemos que esta información es necesaria debidio a la escasa disponibilidad.

Fitopatometría de suelos para diagnosticar la sanidad de un suelo de Albuñol (Granada) cultivado con tomate

El diccionario de Ciencias Hortícolas de la Sociedad Española de Ciencias Hortícolas, define el término fitopatometría de la siguiente manera: "medida y evaluación de las enfermedades de las plantas. Requiere conocimientos de los efectos y daños de las enfermedades y es muy utilizada en la evaluación de productos químicos y en la de la resistencia de un hospedador". En esta comunicación se utilizará para detectar: la presencia del inóculo primario en un suelo cultivado. La técnica es muy sencilla y consiste en mezclar una proporción de suelo (puede oscilar entre 0,01 g y 75 g) con un sustrato inerte (vermiculita), sembrar las plantas que se cultivan en el invernadero de donde se tomaron las muestras, poner el conjunto en una cámara de ambiente controlado (23-28ºC, 16 h luz/día, 12-14000 lux) y esperar un máximo de 45 días. Durante ese tiempo las plantas enfermas indicarán el patógeno o los patógenos fúngicos edáficos presentes. La fitopatometría puede ser utilizada como técnica de rutina en laboratorios de diagnóstico de enfermedades de plantas.