Analysis of the geometric altimetry to support aircraft optimal trajectories within the future 4d trajectory management

Over the past few years, the common practice within air traffic management has been that commercial aircraft fly by following a set of predefined routes to reach their destination. Currently, aircraft operators are requesting more flexibility to fly according to their prefer- ences, in order to achieve their business objectives. Due to this reason, much research effort is being invested in developing different techniques which evaluate aircraft optimal trajectory and traffic synchronisation. Also, the inefficient use of the airspace using barometric altitude overall in the landing and takeoff phases or in Continuous Descent Approach (CDA) trajectories where currently it is necessary introduce the necessary reference setting (QNH or QFE). To solve this problem and to permit a better airspace management born the interest of this research. Where the main goals will be to evaluate the impact, weakness and strength of the use of geometrical altitude instead of the use of barometric altitude. Moreover, this dissertation propose the design a simplified trajectory simulator which is able to predict aircraft trajectories. The model is based on a three degrees of freedom aircraft point mass model that can adapt aircraft performance data from Base of Aircraft Data, and meteorological information. A feature of this trajectory simulator is to support the improvement of the strategic and pre-tactical trajectory planning in the future Air Traffic Management. To this end, the error of the tool (aircraft Trajectory Simulator) is measured by comparing its performance variables with actual flown trajectories obtained from Flight Data Recorder information. The trajectory simulator is validated by analysing the performance of different type of aircraft and considering different routes. A fuel consumption estimation error was identified and a correction is proposed for each type of aircraft model. In the future Air Traffic Management (ATM) system, the trajectory becomes the fundamental element of a new set of operating procedures collectively referred to as Trajectory-Based Operations (TBO). Thus, governmental institutions, academia, and industry have shown a renewed interest for the application of trajectory optimisation techniques in com- mercial aviation. The trajectory optimisation problem can be solved using optimal control methods. In this research we present and discuss the existing methods for solving optimal control problems focusing on direct collocation, which has received recent attention by the scientific community. In particular, two families of collocation methods are analysed, i.e., Hermite-Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto collocation and the pseudospectral collocation. They are first compared based on a benchmark case study: the minimum fuel trajectory problem with fixed arrival time. For the sake of scalability to more realistic problems, the different meth- ods are also tested based on a real Airbus 319 El Cairo-Madrid flight. Results show that pseudospectral collocation, which has shown to be numerically more accurate and computa- tionally much faster, is suitable for the type of problems arising in trajectory optimisation with application to ATM. Fast and accurate optimal trajectory can contribute properly to achieve the new challenges of the future ATM. As atmosphere uncertainties are one of the most important issues in the trajectory plan- ning, the final objective of this dissertation is to have a magnitude order of how different is the fuel consumption under different atmosphere condition. Is important to note that in the strategic phase planning the optimal trajectories are determined by meteorological predictions which differ from the moment of the flight. The optimal trajectories have shown savings of at least 500 [kg] in the majority of the atmosphere condition (different pressure, and temperature at Mean Sea Level, and different lapse rate temperature) with respect to the conventional procedure simulated at the same atmosphere condition.This results show that the implementation of optimal profiles are beneficial under the current Air traffic Management (ATM).

La espacialidad radical: transmutando espacios de acción y reacción

RESUMEN. Tres casos de estudio: “Take the square” en la Plaza de Tahrir, El Cairo, “Occupy Wall Street” en la Plaza de Zuccotti Park en New York, y Kreuzberg, barrio subversivo de Berlín; dos acontecimientos situados, una situación que se ha ido consolidando. Éstos son los elementos que conforman una investigación que pretende llegar a definir la espacialidad radical a través de la espontaneidad y de una necesidad de ocupar un lugar por parte de las multitudes y cuerpos creados procesualmente. Aspectos políticos y sociales son el motor de acciones llevadas a cabo por las individuaciones que se materializan en un lugar, se espacializan y llegan a conformar sucesivamente un paisaje. Esto provoca la transmutación de lugares, donde elementos físicos y químicos permiten una equivalencia. Las nuevas proyecciones en base a estas espacialidades radicales generarían una serie de acontecimientos. ABSTRACT. Three case studies: “Take the square” in Cairo’s Tahrir square, “Occupy Wall Street” in Zuccotti Park, New York, and Kreuzberg, subversive neighbourhood in Berlin; two located events, one existent situation. These are the elements that conform a research, which try to define what radical spatiality could be through the spontaneity and the necessity to occupy a place by multitudes and corps created in base of process. Political and social aspects are the engine of actions done by individuations that materialize a place; they spatialize themselves and consequently conform a landscape. These facts commit into the transmutation of places, where elements like physics and chemicals are the tools that allow equivalence. The new projections base on these radical spacialities would generate a set of events.

Comentarios al nuevo libro de Fathi Habashi De Re Metallica. A Metallurgist on the Move

Fathi Habashi es miembro del Comité Editorial de De Re Metallica desde su fundación, y acaba de publicar el libro De Re Metallica. A Metallurgist on the Move Fathi Habshi nació en Al-Minia, Egipto el 9 de Octubre de 1928, tiene por tanto 87 años. Cursó estudios de Ingeniería Química en la Universidad de Al-Awwal, ahora Universidad de El Cairo (1949). De allí pasó a estudiar Tecnología de la Química Inorgánica en la Universidad de Viena (1959). Obteniendo a continuación una beca del gobierno de Canadá en Ottawa (1960-62). Llegó a América con 32 años y ya se quedó allí, aunque nunca olvidó su país de origen.