Topological invariance and spatial scaling of surface roughness in two highly eroded zones of Mexico: a comparative study

The Fractal Image Informatics toolbox (Oleschko et al., 2008 a; Torres-Argüelles et al., 2010) was applied to extract, classify and model the topological structure and dynamics of surface roughness in two highly eroded catchments of Mexico. Both areas are affected by gully erosion (Sidorchuk, 2005) and characterized by avalanche-like matter transport. Five contrasting morphological patterns were distinguished across the slope of the bare eroded surface of Faeozem (Queretaro State) while only one (apparently independent on the slope) roughness pattern was documented for Andosol (Michoacan State). We called these patterns ?the roughness clusters? and compared them in terms of metrizability, continuity, compactness, topological connectedness (global and local) and invariance, separability, and degree of ramification (Weyl, 1937). All mentioned topological measurands were correlated with the variance, skewness and kurtosis of the gray-level distribution of digital images. The morphology0 spatial dynamics of roughness clusters was measured and mapped with high precision in terms of fractal descriptors. The Hurst exponent was especially suitable to distinguish between the structure of ?turtle shell? and ?ramification? patterns (sediment producing zone A of the slope); as well as ?honeycomb? (sediment transport zone B) and ?dinosaur steps? and ?corals? (sediment deposition zone C) roughness clusters. Some other structural attributes of studied patterns were also statistically different and correlated with the variance, skewness and kurtosis of gray distribution of multiscale digital images. The scale invariance of classified roughness patterns was documented inside the range of five image resolutions. We conjectured that the geometrization of erosion patterns in terms of roughness clustering might benefit the most semi-quantitative models developed for erosion and sediment yield assessments (de Vente and Poesen, 2005).

Discovery of ferromanganese hydrocarbon-related nodules associated with the Meknes mud volcano (Western Moroccan margin)

A suite of ferromanganese nodules were sampled during the MVSEIS-2008 cruise aboard of the R/V Hespérides in the flanks of Meknes mud volcano (Moroccan margin, NE Central Atlantic). The nodules were collected at water depths between 750-850 m within a seabed area characterized by high acoustic backscatter values. Debris of cold water corals and hydrocarbon-derived authigenic carbonate crusts were sampled at same time. The nodules show tabular morphology, up to 20 cm in maximum diameter and 2 kg of weight, brown-reddish external color and they are internally composed by a concentric to complex arrangement of laminae. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis show that these ferromanganese nodules are essentially composed of goethite and lepidocrocite, being Mn-oxides, silicates (quartz and clay minerals) and carbonates (calcite, dolomite and siderite) accessory to occasional minerals. All the samples display micritic to micro-sparitic mosaic under the petrographic microscope which forms massive, laminated or dendritic-mottled textures. The nodules show a high abundance of Fe, minor Mn and low contents of trace metals and REEs. Mature hydrocarbons, as n-alkanes derived from marine bacterial activity, and phenanthrene have been detected in all the ferromanganese nodules analyzed. These nodules display analogous characteristics (textural, mineralogical and geochemical) to the nodules studied by González et al (2009) in the carbonate mud-mounds in the Gulf of Cadiz, offshore Iberian margin. In this way, the same preliminary genetic model proposed for these nodules might be applicable to those find in the Meknes mud volcano. Therefore, the anaerobic oxidation of hydrocarbon-rich fluids within the mud-breccia sediments in the flanks of Meknes mud volcano would induce the formation of early diagenetic Fe-(Mn) carbonate nodules. Thus, the nodules were later exhumed by the erosive action of sea bottom currents generating the replacement of ferromanganese carbonates by Fe-Mn oxy-hydroxides. Thus, the hydrocarbon-rich fluid venting from deep seated reservoirs and erosive action of bottom currents must have been essential actors, as mineralization controls, for ferromanganese nodules generation and evolution. These findings imply that this type of nodules must be considered as new product as derived from the anaerobic/aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons in areas of active seepages.

Arrecifes de corales de aguas frías como posibles indicadores de emisiones de hidrocarburos en el Golfo de Cádiz

El presente documento trata de exponer la relación existente entre los corales de aguas frías encontrados en el Golfo de Cádiz (Atlántico NE) con los procesos tectónicos y las estructuras relacionadas con la migración y la emisión de fluidos ricos en hidrocarburos (principalmente metano). Para ello, desde el año 2000 hasta la actualidad, se han llevado a cabo diversas campañas oceanográficas en las cuales se han obtenido datos y muestras relacionadas con las emisiones de hidrocarburos al fondo marino. Gracias a los datos y las muestras recogidas durante las campañas se han creado una base de datos, en la que se reúnen todos los datos significativos relacionados con las campañas oceanográficas y con el objeto de este trabajo. Para finalizar, tras la creación de la base de datos, y con las muestras proporcionadas por el IGME recogidas durante la campaña oceanográfica MVSEIS08, se han podido llevar a cabo diversos estudios de laboratorio como la racemización de aminoácidos, análisis de biomarcadores así como la datación de los esqueletos aragoníticos de los corales de aguas frías mediante la técnica de U-Th en un futuro, con el objetivo de esclarecer la relación existente entre estas emisiones de fluidos a través de diversas estructuras y los corales de aguas frías, su edad, y en última instancia determinar los cambios producidos en la composición química de la masa de agua atlántica así como la variación de las corrientes en el Golfo de Cádiz durante el último periodo glaciar. ABSTRACT This project attempts to explain the relationship between cold-water coral found in the Gulf of Cadiz (NE Atlantic) with tectonic processes and structures related to migration and hydrocarbon-rich fluids emissions (mainly methane). Since 2000 until present, have conducted various oceanographic cruises in which data were obtained and samples related to hydrocarbon emissions to the seabed. Thanks to data and samples collected during the cruises, I have created a database in which all gather meaningful data related to oceanographic and the object of this work. Finally, after the creation of the database, and the samples provided by the IGME collected during the oceanographic cruise MVSEIS08 have been able to carry out laboratory studies of racemization of aminoacids, biomarkers analysis and dating of aragonitic skeletons of cold-water corals in a future by U-Th data , in order to clarify the relationship between these fluids emissions through various structures, ages cold-water corals, and ultimately determine changes in the chemical composition of Atlantic water mass and the change of currents in the Gulf of Cadiz during the last glacial period.

Arrecifes de corales de aguas frías como posibles indicadores de emisiones de hidrocarburos en el banco de Galicia y determinación de su edad mediante racemizacion de aminoácidos

Este proyecto tiene como objetivo analizar la posible relación entre los corales de aguas frías encontrados en el Banco de Galicia con los procesos tectónicos y las estructuras relacionadas con la migración y la emisión de fluidos ricos en hidrocarburos (debido a su interés económico), así como la creación de un algoritmo que establezca una relación entre el grado de racemización sufrido por los aminoácidos de las muestras y la edad de estas. Para ello, se han recopilado datos y muestras en el área de estudio, gracias a los cuales se ha creado una base de datos que contiene una clasificación de las muestras recogidas junto a los datos más relevantes de que están relacionados con el objetivo de este trabajo. Estas muestras han sido proporcionadas por el IGME y fueron recogidas mayoritariamente en la campaña oceanográfica DIVA ARTABRIA II. Con estas muestras se han llevado a cabo análisis de laboratorio como el estudio de racemización de aminoácidos, el análisis de biomarcadores y la datación por uranio-torio de los esqueletos aragoníticos de los corales de aguas frías. Para finalizar, se han estudiado dichos datos con el objeto de comprobar la hipótesis de que los corales de aguas frías colonizan zonas con emisiones de hidrocarburos, conocer su edad y en última instancia crear un algoritmo capaz de datar dichos corales a partir del grado de racemización de sus aminoácidos. Palabras clave: corales de aguas frías, Banco de Galicia, campaña oceanográfica, DIVA ARTABRIA II, base de datos, racemización, aminoácidos, biomarcadores, datación uranio-torio, hidrocarburos, algoritmo. ABSTRACT This project studies the relationship between cold-water corals found in the Galicia Bank with tectonic processes and with the structures related to migration and hydrocarbon-rich fluids emissions. Firstly, data and samples in the study were collected, through to classify the collected samples with the most relevant characteristics to our research scope. Sampling and data collection provided by the IGME were collected in the DIVA ARTABRIA II oceanographic cruise. Secondly, the current work presents a systematic laboratory analysis that allowed the study of aminoacid racemization as well as the analysis of biomarkers and the uranium-thorium dating of aragonitic cold-water coral skeletons. Finally, this data was studied to test the hypothesis that cold-water corals colonize areas with emissions of hydrocarbons, know its age and ultimately create and algorithm capable of dating these corals from the degree of racemization in its amino acids. Keywords: cold-water corals, Galicia Bank, oceanographic cruise, DIVA ARTABRIA II, database, racemization, amino acids, biomarkers, uranium-thorium datation, hydrocarbons, algorithm.