An ecological approach to anomaly detection: the EIA Model.

The presented work proposes a new approach for anomaly detection. This approach is based on changes in a population of evolving agents under stress. If conditions are appropriate, changes in the population (modeled by the bioindicators) are representative of the alterations to the environment. This approach, based on an ecological view, improves functionally traditional approaches to the detection of anomalies. To verify this assertion, experiments based on Network Intrussion Detection Systems are presented. The results are compared with the behaviour of other bioinspired approaches and machine learning techniques.

El problema isostático inverso de Vening Meinesz. Teoría y desarrollo. Aplicación práctica para la determinación de la profundidad de la discontinuidad de Mohorovičić en la Península Ibérica

La discontinuidad de Mohorovičić, más conocida simplemente como “Moho” constituye la superficie de separación entre los materiales rocosos menos densos de la corteza y los materiales rocosos más densos del manto, suponiendo estas capas de densidad constante del orden de 2.67 y 3.27 g/cm3, y es un contorno básico para cualquier estudio geofísico de la corteza terrestre. Los estudios sísmicos y gravimétricos realizados demuestran que la profundidad del Moho es del orden de 30-40 km por debajo de la Península Ibérica y 5-15 km bajo las zonas marinas. Además las distintas técnicas existentes muestran gran correlación en los resultados. Haciendo la suposición de que el campo de gravedad de la Península Ibérica (como le ocurre al 90% de la Tierra) está isostáticamente compensado por la variable profundidad del Moho, suponiendo un contraste de densidad constante entre la corteza y el manto y siguiendo el modelo isostático de Vening Meinesz (1931), se formula el problema isostático inverso para obtener tal profundidad a partir de la anomalía Bouguer de la gravedad calculada gracias a la gravedad observada en la superficie terrestre. La particularidad de este modelo es la compensación isostática regional de la que parte la teoría, que se asemeja a la realidad en mayor medida que otros modelos existentes, como el de Airy-Heiskanen, que ha sido históricamente el más utilizado en trabajos semejantes. Además, su solución está relacionada con el campo de gravedad global para toda la Tierra, por lo que los actuales modelos gravitacionales, la mayoría derivados de observaciones satelitales, deberían ser importantes fuentes de información para nuestra solución. El objetivo de esta tesis es el estudio con detalle de este método, desarrollado por Helmut Moritz en 1990, que desde entonces ha tenido poca evolución y seguidores y que nunca se ha puesto en práctica en la Península Ibérica. Después de tratar su teoría, desarrollo y aspectos computacionales, se está en posición de obtener un modelo digital del Moho para esta zona a fin de poder utilizarse para el estudio de la distribución de masas bajo la superficie terrestre. A partir de los datos del Moho obtenidos por métodos alternativos se hará una comparación. La precisión de ninguno de estos métodos es extremadamente alta (+5 km aproximadamente). No obstante, en aquellas zonas donde exista una discrepancia de datos significaría un área descompensada, con posibles movimientos tectónicos o alto grado de riesgo sísmico, lo que le da a este estudio un valor añadido. ABSTRACT The Mohorovičić discontinuity, simply known as “Moho” constitutes the division between the rocky and less thick materials of the mantle and the heavier ones in the crust, assuming densities of the orders of 2.67 y 3.27 g/cm3 respectively. It is also a basic contour for every geophysical kind of studies about the terrestrial crust. The seismic and previous gravimetric observations done in the study area show that the Moho depth is of the order of 30-40 km beneath the ground and 5-15 km under the ocean basin. Besides, the different techniques show a good correlation in their results. Assuming that the Iberian Peninsula gravity field (as it happens for the 90% of the Earth) is isostatically compensated according to the variable Moho depth, supposing a constant density contrast between crust and mantle, and following the isostatic Vening Meinesz model (1931), the inverse isostatic problem can be formulated from Bouguer gravity anomaly data obtained thanks to the observed gravity at the surface of the Earth. The main difference between this model and other existing ones, such as Airy- Heiskanen’s (pure local compensation and mostly used in these kinds of works) is the approaching to a regional isostatic compensation, much more in accordance with reality. Besides, its solution is related to the global gravity field, and the current gravitational models -mostly satellite derived- should be important data sources in such solution. The aim of this thesis is to study with detail this method, developed by Helmut Moritz in 1990, which hardly ever has it put into practice. Moreover, it has never been used in Iberia. After studying its theory, development and computational aspects, we are able to get a Digital Moho Model of the Iberian Peninsula, in order to study the masses distribution beneath the Earth’s surface. With the depth Moho information obtained from alternative methods, a comparison will be done. Both methods give results with the same order of accuracy, which is not quite high (+ 5 km approximately). Nevertheless, the areas in which a higher difference is observed would mean a disturbance of the compensation, which could show an unbalanced area with possible tectonic movements or potential seismic risk. It will give us an important additive value, which could be used in, at first, non related fields, such as density discrepancies or natural disasters contingency plans.

PUE attack detection in CWSNs using anomaly detection techniques

Cognitive wireless sensor network (CWSN) is a new paradigm, integrating cognitive features in traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to mitigate important problems such as spectrum occupancy. Security in cognitive wireless sensor networks is an important problem since these kinds of networks manage critical applications and data. The specific constraints of WSN make the problem even more critical, and effective solutions have not yet been implemented. Primary user emulation (PUE) attack is the most studied specific attack deriving from new cognitive features. This work discusses a new approach, based on anomaly behavior detection and collaboration, to detect the primary user emulation attack in CWSN scenarios. Two non-parametric algorithms, suitable for low-resource networks like CWSNs, have been used in this work: the cumulative sum and data clustering algorithms. The comparison is based on some characteristics such as detection delay, learning time, scalability, resources, and scenario dependency. The algorithms have been tested using a cognitive simulator that provides important results in this area. Both algorithms have shown to be valid in order to detect PUE attacks, reaching a detection rate of 99% and less than 1% of false positives using collaboration.

Anomaly detection on cup anemometers

The performances of two rotor-damaged commercial anemometers (Vector Instruments A100 LK) were studied. The calibration results (i.e. the transfer function) were very linear, the aerodynamic behavior being more efficient than the one shown by both anemometers equipped with undamaged rotors. No detection of the anomaly (the rotors'damage) was possible based on the calibration results. However, the Fourier analysis clearly revealed this anomaly.

Anomaly Detection Using Remote Sensing for the Archaeological Heritage Registration

The aim of this work is an approach using multisensor remote sensing techniques to recognize the potential remains and recreate the original landscape of three archaeological sites. We investigate the spectral characteristics of the reflectance parameter and emissivity in the pattern recognition of archaeological materials in several hyperspectral scenes of the prehispanic site in Palmar Sur (Costa Rica), the Jarama Valley site and the celtiberian city of Segeda in Spain. Spectral ranges of the visible-near infrared (VNIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR) and thermal infrared (TIR) from hyperspectral data cubes of HyMAP, AHS, MASTER and ATM have been used. Several experiments on natural scenarios of Costa Rica and Spain of different complexity, have been designed. Spectral patterns and thermal anomalies have been calculated as evidences of buried remains and change detection. First results, land cover change analyses and their consequences in the digital heritage registration are discussed.