Estudio del abastecimiento energético para un barrio modelo utilizando cogeneración con pila de combustible

El alcance del proyecto es describir las directrices técnicas, la definición de criterios, y la estrategia de suministro de energía (Electricidad. Calefacción y Agua Caliente Sanitaria (ACS)) a un barrio modelo situado en un entorno urbano. De inicio se estudia los diversos modelos energéticos atendiendo a la normativa y tecnología, que se pueden aplicar en un conjunto residencial, dando como resultado el modelo propuesto de abastecimiento energético, mediante calefacción de distrito, que incorporara el diseño de una planta de producción de energía termo-eléctrica o Central de Energías basada en la tecnología de condensación de baja temperatura para calefacción y A.C.S. incluyendo una cogeneración con pila de combustible. Al mismo tiempo se han calculado y diseñado una serie de chimeneas externas para dar cumplida necesidad técnica y legal al proyecto. Estos estudios nos sirven de punto de partida para analizar la amortización de la inversión y por tanto la rentabilidad y viabilidad del proyecto, comparándose con los costes económicos derivados de la generación por sistemas convencionales. Para finalizar se hace mención a las ventajas medioambientales y a los grados de seguridad en la planta de producción ABSTRACT The scope of this work is the description of an energy supply project ( Electricity, heat and hot water ) to a housing development in a urban neibourhood , including technical criteria in their different options. Initially, several solutions are studied based on available technologies and legal restrictions. The final proposal is based on the district hearing model including electricity production in cogeneration via fuel cell technology as well as heating and hot water produced by low temperature condensation boilers It includes calculations and design criteria of the exhaust gases system and chimeneys in compliance with legal requirement in urban areas. This work also includes an economical model including payback, IRR and VAN analysis and an economical comparaison with the standard solutions. Finally, environmental advantages of the preferred solution over other standards as well as safety issues are also presented.

Estudio técnico y económico para la sustitución del gasóleo por biomasa térmica en edificios urbanos

La finalidad del proyecto consiste en realizar la sustitución de calderas de gasóleo por calderas de biomasa para suministrar calefacción a edificios urbanos. En primer lugar, se ha hecho un estudio de la demanda calorífica de los edificios, y posteriormente se ha estudiado el ciclo completo de la biomasa, incluyendo el suministro y tipo de biomasa, dimensiones de los equipos y espacios necesarios para la instalación. Después de estudiar la viabilidad técnica y económica, podemos concluir que utilizar biomasa en edificios con calderas centralizadas nos aporta un gran ahorro en comparación con el gasóleo, además de evitar emisiones de CO2 y utilizar un combustible renovable y de producción nacional. ABSTRACT The purpose of the project consists of performing the substitution of diesel boilers by biomass boilers to provide the heating to urban buildings. In first place, it has been made a study of the calorific demand of the buildings. In addition, it has been studied the completed cycle of the biomass even including the supply and the type of biomass, the dimensions of the machines and the necessary spaces to carry out the installation. After studying the technical and economical viability, we can conclude that using biomass in buildings with central boilers provides us an important saving in comparison with diesel as well as to avoid CO2 emissions and using a renewable combustible of national production.

Proyecto de mejora de instalaciones de calefacción, ACS y envolvente térmica de un edificio existente

En este escrito se pretende llevar a cabo la realización de un proyecto técnico sobre eficiencia energética en edificios. El proyecto comienza con el estudio de la demanda térmica de un edificio, es decir, de sus necesidades de calefacción, refrigeración y agua caliente sanitaria (ACS). Una vez realizado este análisis, se procede al estudio de distintas alternativas para la disminución del coste asociado al consumo energético del edificio, las cuales son: mejora del aislamiento de la envolvente térmica del edificio, instalación de colectores solares para la producción de ACS y el cambio de los quemadores de las calderas. De estas medidas se han presupuestado aquellas que poseen un bajo periodo de retorno de la inversión, y se ha desarrollado su planificación, programación temporal y análisis económico. ABSTRACT In this document is pretended to be carry out the performance of a technical project about energy efficiency in buildings. The project begins with the study of the thermal demand of the building, that is to say, the heating, cooling and domestic hot water (DHW) needs. Once the analysis has been done, is proceeded the study of different alternatives for diminishing the cost associate to the building energy consumption, which are: improvement of the insulation of the building, solar collector installation to produce DHW and change of the burner of the boilers. Among this measures, has been budgeted the ones that possess a low invest pay-back, and it is been developed their planning, their temporal programming and their economic analysis.

Hybridizing concentrated solar power (CSP) with biogas and biomethane as an alternative to natural gas: Analysis of environmental performance using LCA

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants typically incorporate one or various auxiliary boilers operating in parallel to the solar field to facilitate start up operations, provide system stability, avoid freezing of heat transfer fluid (HTF) and increase generation capacity. The environmental performance of these plants is highly influenced by the energy input and the type of auxiliary fuel, which in most cases is natural gas (NG). Replacing the NG with biogas or biomethane (BM) in commercial CSP installations is being considered as a means to produce electricity that is fully renewable and free from fossil inputs. Despite their renewable nature, the use of these biofuels also generates environmental impacts that need to be adequately identified and quantified. This paper investigates the environmental performance of a commercial wet-cooled parabolic trough 50 MWe CSP plant in Spain operating according to two strategies: solar-only, with minimum technically viable energy non-solar contribution; and hybrid operation, where 12 % of the electricity derives from auxiliary fuels (as permitted by Spanish legislation). The analysis was based on standard Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology (ISO 14040-14040). The technical viability and the environmental profile of operating the CSP plant with different auxiliary fuels was evaluated, including: NG; biogas from an adjacent plant; and BM withdrawn from the gas network. The effect of using different substrates (biowaste, sewage sludge, grass and a mix of biowaste with animal manure) for the production of the biofuels was also investigated. The results showed that NG is responsible for most of the environmental damage associated with the operation of the plant in hybrid mode. Replacing NG with biogas resulted in a significant improvement of the environmental performance of the installation, primarily due to reduced impact in the following categories: natural land transformation, depletion of fossil resources, and climate change. However, despite the renewable nature of the biofuels, other environmental categories like human toxicity, eutrophication, acidification and marine ecotoxicity scored higher when using biogas and BM.